Espacios Restringidos

Presentación del tema: "Espacios Restringidos"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Espacios Restringidos
Welcome to Confined Space Safety Training.

2 Este material fue producido bajo la donación numero 46B4-HT15 de la Seguridad Laboral y la Administración de Salud pertenecientes al Departamento del Trabajo de los Estados Unidos. El material no representa necesariamente los puntos de vista o políticas del Departamento del Trabajo de los Estados Unidos. La mención de marcas, productos comerciales, o de organizaciones no implica ninguna aprobación o apoyo con el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. This material was produced under grant number 46B4-HT15 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

3 Acceso a Espacios Restringidos
Norma de la Industria General Mejores Practicas para todas las Industrias Confined space entry is regulated by OSHA under the general industry standard 29CFR The regulations apply to many different areas and many different industries all over the United States. Best practices guidelines also endorse strict regulation and control of confined space entry.

4 Que es un Espacio Restringido?
Existen dos tipos de Espacios Restringidos. Aquellos que no requieren permiso – es un espacio que: Es lo suficientemente grande y esta configurado de tal manera que un empleado puede entrar corporalmente y realizar el trabajo asignado, Los accesos de entrada y salida son limitados o están restringidos (por ejemplo tanques, recipientes, tolvas, compartimentos, pozos, espacios para elevadores); No esta diseñado para la ocupación continua de los empleados. Aquellos que si requieren permiso – es un espacio restringido con alguna de las caracterisitcas ya mencionadas y que ademas tiene una o mas de las siguientes caracteristicas: El potencial de contener una atmósfera peligrosa; Contiene un material con el potencial de “engolfar” a quien entre, Tiene una configuración tal que quien entre podría quedar atrapado o asfixiado por paredes convergentes hacia adentro o por un piso con una inclinación hacia abajo y que se reduce gradualmente a un área menor, Contiene cualquier otro riesgo reconocido severo para la seguridad o la salud. What is a confined space? According to the regulatory definition, a confined space is one that: Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, pits and elevator shafts); and Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. A permit required confined space is one that meets the definition of a “confined space” AND has one or more of the following characteristics: A potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; Contains a material that has the potential to engulf an entrant, Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section, or Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

5 La Norma Todos los empelados que requieran entrar a espacios restringidos o encerrados tienen que recibir instrucciones sobre la naturaleza de los posibles riesgos, las precauciones que tienen tomar y el uso de equipo de protección y de emergencia. El patrón tiene que cumplir con todos los reglamentos referentes al trabajo en áreas peligrosas o potencialmente peligrosas. All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. The employer shall comply with any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. This means that if an employee must enter a tank or vessel that meets the definition of a permit-required confined space, and if they are going to steam-clean the inside of the tank, they must wear and be trained in not only confined space entry, but also in any protective equipment (like gloves, respirators or fall protection systems) that will be used, and any emergency equipment that may need to be used.

6 Espacios Restringidos Típicos
Caldera, Desengrasador, Horno Tubería, Hoyos, Estación de bombeo Recipiente de Procesos o Reacciones, Molinos Drenaje, Cabina de Utilidades, Pozo de Registro Zanjas, Cigüeñales, Cámara de aire comprimido There are some areas that typically are considered to be “confined spaces” in the food processing industry. These include: Boilers, Degreasers, and Furnaces Pipelines, Pits, and Pumping Stations Reaction or Processing Vessels and Mills Sewers, Utility Vaults, and Manholes Trenches, Shafts, and Caissons

7 Como Identificar Espacios Restringidos
Aberturas para entrada y salida limitadas Ventilación Natural Desfavorable No Diseñado para la Ocupación Continua de Trabajadores Señalización Because a confined space has limited openings for entry and exit, any time a person puts any part of their body (including an arm or hand) into the confined space, it is considered an “entry”. This is called “breaking the plane” of the confined space. A confined space is: Any area where there is inadequate or “unfavorable” natural ventilation – for example a shaft or tank where a respirator is required because the breathing air is contaminated with chemicals, will most likely be considered a confined space. The space contains materials that could engulf an entrant or the space has an internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant, or the space has any other serious safety or health hazards. Confined spaces are not designed for continuous worker occupancy. Remember, confined spaces are areas such as tanks, shafts and pits, a closet or work-room is not considered to be a confined space. Any confined space should be identified with an appropriate sign, or have other means (like a lock) to prevent employees from entering the space and being engulfed by a hazardous condition. Signs should read either “Confined Space” or “Permit Required Confined Space”, depending on the type.

8 Como Categorizar los Espacios de Trabajo
* Espacio suficientemente grande para entrar; * Entrada o salida restringida; * No diseñado para la ocupación continua de trabajadores. NO Espacio no Restringido SI Espacio Restringido Espacio que no requiere permiso Espacio Restringido que requiere permiso Atmósfera Peligrosa O NO SI This shows a fairly simple flow chart to determine if the space is a confined space, and if so, is it permit required or non-permit required. First, does the space meet the definition of a “confined space”? Is it large enough to enter, have limited entry or exit, and is not designed for continuous occupancy? If the answer is no, then the space is not a confined space. If the answer is yes, then you must determine if the space is permit required or non-permit required. If the space contains a hazardous atmosphere, and engulfment hazard, a configuration hazard or any other recognized serious hazard, then it is considered to be a permit required confined space. If it does NOT contain any of these, then the space is considered to be a non-permit required space. Riesgo de “Engolfar” O Peligro de Configuración O Cualquier otro peligro reconocido

9 Aberturas para entrada y salida limitadas
Aberturas de 18 pulgadas de diámetro o mas pequeñas. Difícil de entrar con SCBA u otro equipo salva vidas. Difícil de sacar un trabajador herido en posición doblada. La salida a través de aberturas grandes puede dificultarse debido a la presencia de escaleras, izadores, etc. What does limited or restricted access mean? Any openings that are 18 inches across at the smallest point Any opening that would be difficult to enter if an air-pack or SCBA respirator were worn – or difficult to enter with any other life saving equipment on. Any opening through which you could not remove an injured worker if they were bent over or curled up. Also, any opening that may be large, but where ladders or hoisting equipment may restrict or impede the access and exit to the space.

10 Ventilación Natural Desfavorable
La falta de movimiento de aire hacia fuera y adentro puede crear una atmósfera muy diferente a la atmósfera de afuera. Gases mortíferos pueden quedar atrapados adentro. Materiales orgánicos pueden descomponerse Falta de oxigeno posible debido a la presencia de otros gases o reacciones químicas tales como la oxidación. Inadequate or unfavorable ventilation is one of the most dangerous aspects of a permit required confined space. Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an atmosphere much different than the outside atmosphere. Sometimes this can be alleviated through the use of forced-ventilation or fans that blow clean air into the space. Deadly gases can be trapped inside or Organic materials can decompose, causing the breathing air to be contaminated, or the oxygen to be used up during the decomposition process. Usually, a supplied air or SCBA respiratory protection system will be required to be used, in these situations. Sometimes there may not be enough oxygen due to presence of other gases, or due to chemical reactions (such as rusting). An example would be a special room where special fire protection equipment is required. The room can be filled with a special gas that suppresses or “knocks down” the fire, but the gas replaces the oxygen in the room, and jeopardizes the atmosphere of any person in the room when the system activates. Monitoring equipment that constantly or periodically checks the quality of the breathing air in the space may be required to be used. When it is, the person performing the monitoring must understand the use of the equipment, and be prepared to remove all entrants when the breathing air levels is in jeopardy.

11 No Diseñado para la Ocupación Continua de Trabajadores
La mayoría de los espacios restringidos no están diseñados para entrar y salir constantemente. Diseñados para guardar un producto. Encierran materiales o procesos. Transportan productos o substancias. Entrada ocasional de trabajadores para la inspección, reparación, limpieza, mantenimiento, etc. Confined spaces are not designed for continuous worker occupancy. Remember, confined spaces are areas such as tanks, shafts and pits, a closet or work-room is not considered to be a confined space. Confined spaces could be storage bins or silos that are designed to store product. Spaces could also take the form of specially built areas to enclose a material or a process line. – Or they could be tunnels or large piping systems that carry or transport products and materials from one area to another. (for example a 4 foot diameter pipe that carries water to a large processing vessel, or even a sewer pipe or tunnel) Spaces could be vats or tanks, or shafts or pits, where workers go only occasionally to inspect the integrity of the structure, make repairs, cleaning, or maintenance.

12 Combinaciones Peligrosas
La presencia de las tres características que definen un espacio restringido pueden complicar la situación. Trabajar adentro y alrededor del espacio. Operaciones de rescate durante emergencias. Empeoramiento de las condiciones debido a actividades de trabajo: Soldar, cortar o el uso de agentes de enlace Limpieza con solventes, o uso de otros químicos. Uso de equipo que funciona con gas Presence of all three confined space characteristics (limited openings, ventilation and occupancy) can complicate the situation. Working in and around the space may impact the ability of the entrants, monitors and monitoring equipment to perform their assigned duties. If monitors are required to be used, the equipment will take up some of the limited space, along with the entrant and the respiratory protection equipment. If tools, chemicals or other equipment are required to be used to perform work activities in the space, additional limitations and ventilation issues may result from the use of the tools, chemicals or equipment. Rescue operations during emergencies may be severely impacted by the limitations of the space and ventilation issues. Each rescuer must have respiratory equipment, as well as body harnesses and lanyards. If backboards or body cages are required to remove an entrant who is injured or overcome, additional precautions and steps may need to be taken to get the person out safely. Worsened conditions due to work activities are sometimes overlooked when considering the hazards of a confined space: Welding and cutting, use of bonding agents can create fumes that will require additional ventilation. Cleaning with solvents, use of other chemicals, can create vapors or fire protection issues, in that many solvents and chemicals are extremely flammable and can be easily ignited by a spark from a tool. Use of gas-powered equipment creates not only noise issues, but exhaust issues as well from the equipment.

13 Los Peligros de un Espacio Restringido
Atmósferas Deficientes en Oxigeno (debajo de 19.5%) Atmósferas Ricas en Oxigeno (arriba de 23.5%) Atmósferas Inflamables (10% LEL o mas) Atmósferas Toxicas - Ejemplo: Sulfato de Hidrogeno Temperaturas Extremas Riesgos de “Engolfamento” Ruido, Superficies Mojadas o Resbalosas, Objetos Cayendo Confined spaces present unique hazards with regard to atmosphere and breathable conditions. Oxygen levels can be too rich or too thin. Oxygen deficient atmospheres are those that have less than 19.5% oxygen. At this level the body does not receive enough oxygen during normal breathing and people can easily become disoriented, pass out, and potentially die from lack of oxygen. Atmospheres can also be too rich in oxygen, meaning that there is too much oxygen in the air. Although this does not cause as many problems in terms of breathing, it does pose other potential problems such as fire or explosion hazards. Flammable gases in the air can also cause fire and explosion hazards, and potential injury to the body and body systems if there is sufficient quantities of the flammable gas in the air. The lower explosive limit of a flammable gas must not be exceeded. The Lower Explosive Limit (or LEL) is the lower limit of flammability of a gas or vapor. This is measured at ordinary ambient temperatures and is expressed by a percentage of the gas or vapor in air by volume. Toxic gases and vapors can accumulate inside a confined space and replace the oxygen in the area. Some types of gases, like hydrogen sulfide are extremely toxic to humans, and people can easily be overcome by these types of atmospheres. Temperature extremes are another hazard that may need to be addressed. The temperature inside a confined space may be higher than the temperature outside the space, as air movement may be restricted, and there is no method for the higher temperature air to move and mix with the lower temperature outside the space. Equipment and protective clothing may also add to the potential to be overcome by temperatures, as the body must work harder to make accommodations for the additional layers of clothing or protective equipment used. It is easy enough for some types of confined spaces to collapse inward or engulf an entrant. For example in a trench or tunnel, the sides may collapse inward, or in a grain silo the chute may give way and dump several tons of material onto someone below. Noise, surface tension and falling objects pose additional hazards to entrants. Noise is amplified in most confined spaces, so equipment that would not normally cause a noise issue, may require hearing protection to be used if the equipment is located inside a confined space. Slippery or wet surfaces can cause tripping or slipping hazards which in turn increase the potential for injury inside the space. And falling objects may not be seen or a person inside the space may not be able to move out of the way in time to prevent an impact with a falling object, because of the limitations in the size and configuration of the space.

14 Atmósferas Deficientes en Oxigeno
19.5 % Nivel de oxigeno mínimo aceptable % Habilidad para trabajar vigorosamente reducida; Coordinación deteriorada; Comienzo de síntomas 12-14% Aumento de respiración 10-12% Aumento de respiración; los labios se tornan azules 8-10% Falla mental; Desmayos; Nausea; Vomito; Perdida de conciencia 6-8% 8 minutos – mortal; 6 minutos - 50% mortal; 4-5 minutos – con posibilidad de recuperacion 4-6% Coma en 40 segundos; Muerte It is very easy in a confined space for oxygen to be displaced by other gases, fumes or vapors. 19.5% Oxygen is the minimum acceptable level for working without respiratory protection Between 15 and 19% oxygen, a worker’s ability to perform strenuous activity is decreased and coordination is impaired. Early symptoms include an inability to focus and concentrate. A shortness of breath becomes more apparent. At 12-14%, respiration and breathing rates increases, because the body is not receiving sufficient oxygen. Between 10-12% oxygen, the lips turn blue and breathing is very shallow. Around 8-10%, mental failure occurs, nausea and vomiting occur as the body rejects the lack of oxygen. Fainting and unconsciousness occur. At 6-8% fatalities occur, depending upon how long you are exposed to the oxygen deficient atmosphere. At 4-5 minutes there is possible recovery, at 6 minutes 50% fatality rate occurs, at 8 minutes it is fatal for any person. At 4-6% oxygen, coma occurs in as little as 40 seconds, and death.

15 Atmósferas Ricas en Oxigeno
Nivel de oxigeno superior al 23.5%. Causa que materiales inflamables o combustibles se quemen de manera violenta al encenderlos. Cabello, Ropa, Materiales, etc. Ropa y materiales empapados en aceite. Nunca usar oxigeno puro para ventilar. Nunca guardar o colocar tanques comprimidos en un espacio restringido. Too much oxygen in the atmosphere also poses significant hazards. When oxygen levels rise above 23.5%, ignition sources must be controlled. Oxygen is one of the three elements required to support combustion, and too much oxygen increases the rate at which items burn. Flammable and combustible materials (chemicals, solvents, paper, fiber and cardboard) will burn vigorously and violently if ignited in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Hair, clothing and similar materials will more easily catch on fire, as will oil soaked clothing, rags and materials. Pure oxygen should never be used to ventilate an area. Normal breathing air or compressed breathing air should be used. However, if using compressed gas cylinders, they should never be stored or placed inside a confined space, as they can pose a significant safety threat if there is a fire or other emergency situation.

16 Atmósferas Inflamables
3 Factores Críticos: El contenido de oxigeno en el aire La presencia de un gas o vapor inflamable La presencia de polvo (visibilidad de 5’ o menos) La mezcla inapropiada de aire y gas puede llevar a una explosión Fuentes típicas de encendido: Herramientas eléctricas o chispas Operaciones de soldadura o corte Fumar To support combustion, fire requires oxygen, fuel and heat. Remove any one of those three and the fire will go out. With the presence of a flammable atmosphere, the ignition of a fire and the rate it will burn is significantly increased. If the oxygen content in the air rises above 23.5%, or if there is a flammable gas or vapor, or if dusts are present in the air, a fire or an explosion could result if there is an ignition in the confined space area. The increased oxygen level supports a higher combustion rate. Flammable gas or vapors will flash over and ignite materials that the flash touches. Dusts could also flash burn, support fire or even explode. A good rule of thumb for determining dust levels, is that if there is not clear visibility within 5 feet, there is a problem. If an ignition source is present in the area, and there is a flammable atmosphere, the mixture rate of the air to the flammable gas or vapor may cause an explosion. Oxygen will easily be displaced by the vapors or gas, and increase the amount of flash and heat generated, therefore increasing the severity of the explosion. Typical ignition sources in a confined space include tools that are electrically driven or sparking. Tools used in a flammable atmosphere must be intrinsically safe or “non-sparking”. These are specialized tools. Every-day use tools are generally not considered intrinsically safe. Welding or cutting operations, because of the sparks, heat and flame generated, are prohibited in areas where flammable atmospheres can occur. Smoking is also prohibited in these areas.

17 Atmósferas Toxicas Productos guardados en un espacio restringido:
- Gases liberados al limpiar - Materiales absorbidos en las paredes del espacio restringido - Descomposición de materiales en el espacio restringido Trabajo realizado en un espacio restringido: - Soldadura (con cautín, bronce, etc.), corte - Pintar, raspar, pulir, desengrasar - Sellar, derretir, amarre Áreas adyacentes al espacio restringido Toxic atmospheres can be created when chemicals are used or stored in a confined space. When cleaning a tank, vat or other confined space, toxic gases can be released from the chemicals. The chemicals could be absorbed into the walls of the confined space and “off-gas” slowly, without the entrant realizing that a toxic level is building. As organic materials decompose, they also give off gases that can be potentially toxic if the levels are allowed to build up without adequate venting. Food products fall into this category. The work performed in the confined space can also contribute to the toxicity of the atmosphere. Welding, cutting, brazing and soldering operations produce fumes, and the danger of those fumes can easily be intensified in a confined space. Paint fumes, scraping and sanding dusts, and degreasing solvents’ vapors are potentially hazardous conditions. Epoxy sealers, bonders and melting operations may also contribute to the hazards inside a space. When evaluating the hazards inside a space, you must also consider any hazards that are outside the space, where toxic fumes or noxious gases could migrate into the space and be trapped there. Therefore areas adjacent or next to a confined space must be evaluated as well.

18 Sulfuro de Hidrogeno Descomposición de materiales; deshechos humanos
Olor a huevo podrido en concentraciones bajas Posiblemente no haya ningún aviso en concentraciones altas PPM Efecto Tiempo 10 Nivel de exposición admisible 8 Horas Irritación leve - ojos, garganta 1 Hora Irritación significativa 1 Hora 500 – Perdida de conciencia, Muerte /2 - 1 Hora >1000 Perdida de conciencia, Muerte Minutos As organic materials decompose (fruits, vegetables, waste materials), hydrogen sulfide gas is frequently given off during the decomposition process. At low concentrations, an odor of rotten eggs may be detected, at higher concentrations there may be no warning at all, and people can be overcome by the gas in a confined space. There are specific levels of hydrogen sulfide that are acceptable for people to be exposed to without any adverse health effects. This level is set at 10 parts per million (or PPM). This means that for every million particles of air, only 10 of them can be hydrogen sulfide particles. At this level, employees can work in the area for up to 8 hours without effect. At parts per million, employees will experience mild irritation to the nose and throat after one hour. At levels between 200 and 300 PPM, there is significant irritation after one hour. At high levels of exposure ( PPM) after ½ hour to one hour, an employee will be overcome and fall unconscious. Death can occur shortly after this, and it only takes minutes to have this occur at significantly high levels.

19 Monóxido de Carbono Gas sin olor o color Generado por combustión
Se colapsa rápidamente en concentraciones altas PPM Efecto Tiempo 50 Nivel de exposición admisible 8 Horas 200 Dolor de cabeza menor, incomodidad 3 Horas 600 Dolor de cabeza, incomodidad 1 Hora Mareo, Nauseas, Dolor de cabeza 2 Horas Tendencia a arrastrarse 1 1/2 Horas Palpitaciones cardiacas moderadas 30 Min. Perdida de conciencia 30 Min. Carbon monoxide gas exposure is another hazard that may be encountered in the food processing industry. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that is undetectable by smell. It is a by-product of combustion, so when foods are heated, the fuels used can give off carbon monoxide if the area is not well ventilated. People will very quickly become unconscious at very high levels of carbon monoxide. At 50 parts per million, employees can work in an area with carbon monoxide without any ill effects. At 200 parts per million, they will experience a slight headache after about three hours of exposure. A headache will occur after about an hour of exposure at 600 PPM, and the employee will be quite uncomfortable. At levels between 1000 and 2000 parts per million, employees may experience heart palpitations, be confused or nauseous or begin to stagger, depending upon how long they are exposed. Employees will fall unconscious after just 30 minutes of exposure at significantly high levels of 2000 parts per million of carbon monoxide.

20 Temperaturas Extremas
Temperaturas extremadamente calientes o frías Limpieza con vapor de espacios restringidos Factores relacionados con la humedad Líquidos extremadamente fríos Procesos de trabajo dentro del espacio restringido puede incrementar las temperaturas extremas Equipo de protección personal The temperature inside a confined space can easily elevate to make it more difficult to perform work activities inside the space. Or if the space is located outside a normal building (such as an external tank or tunnel) temperatures can rise or drop dramatically with the outside temperature. Extremely hot or cold temperatures must be accounted for when working in a confined space. Additionally the task, activity or equipment used in the space can contribute to the internal temperature of the space. For example: Steam cleaning of confined spaces. Food processing tanks do require occasional cleaning. Heated steam is frequently used, and the heat generated from the equipment, the steam itself and the radiant heat from the tank walls can all contribute to an elevated temperature inside a tank or vat. Humidity factors can contribute to the ability to breathe easily or function inside the space, or employees could faint because the ambient temperature inside the space is high, and their body must work harder to sweat and compensate for the external temperature. Fainting or heat-exhaustion could result. Heat and humidity must have some ventilation process to remove it from the space and maintain an adequate level of worker safety. Extremely cold liquids, freezers, refrigerated warehouses and other extremely cold work areas can be just as unsafe as extremely hot temperatures. At 61 degrees, over a several hour exposure, dexterity falls and the ability to use and handle tools is reduced. At colder temperatures hypothermia can set in, the ability to focus on the tasks at hand is reduced, and people can become confused. Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature extremes. Many bodies inside a small space can generate enough heat to make working difficult. Ventilation systems must be adequate to remove the heated air inside the space and keep the air flow inside the space moving to accommodate situations of this type. Personal protective equipment can add to the stress on the body. Heavy respiratory equipment, or protective clothing designed to protect the breathing air of the entrant or to protect them from chemical or steam contact can contribute to overheating. The body must work harder to compensate for the additional weight of the equipment or the protective clothing may prevent the sweat from escaping and evaporating off the body, thereby increasing the body temperature of the person working inside the space.

21 Riesgos de “Engolfamento”
Materiales sueltos y granulares guardados en tolvas y compartimentos, tales como granos, arena, carbón, etc. Formación de costras o puentes debajo de un trabajador Inundación de un espacio restringido Agua o flujo de un drenaje Engulfment hazards mean that a person is engulfed or suddenly surrounded by materials inside a confined space. This can be caused by the sides of a trench or tunnel caving in, or inside a silo or tank and materials fall from above (such as a confined space underneath a grain silo). Loose materials stored in bins, hoppers, silos and similar containment vessels must be prevented from collapse or from flowing down onto or over people inside them. Sides of trenches must be appropriately banked or stepped, or shored up with specialized walls and supports to prevent them from collapsing inward. Crusting and bridging below a worker can also be hazardous and cause engulfment. If a worker falls through a platform or crust of solid material into a loose, granular material (or into a water or liquid surface) below the crust or platform. An example without a confined space element would be falling through the ice in a pond. An example with confined space elements would be a well with a cover, and if the cover breaks and the person falls through the well shaft and is engulfed by the water below. Flooding of a confined space can also occur. Large piping systems must be blocked or blanked to prevent the flow of water or other materials through the space. Water must be prevented from accumulating inside any confined space, but especially in trenches. Pools of water can be extremely dangerous, as the present slipping hazards, electrical hazards, and can compromise the safety of the sides of the trench and increase the likelihood of collapse. Water must be removed from the space and the integrity of the structure checked and verified as safe to enter and perform work. In most cases, this checking and verification must be done by a person who is competent and knowledgeable about structural engineering. Sewer systems, tunnels, water mains and other sources of flowing liquids and materials must be blocked and blanked to prevent the flow through the system for the duration of the confined space entry.

22 Otros riesgos Ruido - Amplificado debido a la acústica del espacio
- Audición dañada, comunicación afectada Superficies mojadas o resbaladizas - Resbalones y caídas - Riesgo mayor de ser electrocutado Objetos que caen - Aberturas en la parte alta del espacio restringido exponen a la trabajadores a que les caiga un objeto Otros riesgos físicos - Ejemplos: ahogarse, peligro de golpearse la cabeza con tornillo o perno sobresalientes, roedores, etc. The atmosphere, temperatures, and potential for engulfment are not the only hazards that are encountered inside a confined space. Noise can pose a significant problem. In most spaces, the noise levels inside are amplified or increase due to the acoustics within the space. The sound bounces off the walls and echoes back. Consider how loud a hammer is when it bangs on the outside of a tank. Then consider the noise level when someone is inside that same tank and a hammer is banged on the tank. There is no place for the sound inside to travel outward, and is therefore amplified until it travels back and forth inside the tank several times. Sharp loud noises, and consistent noise above certain levels can damage someone’s hearing, or affect the ability to communicate effectively with the attendants on the outside of the space. Slick or Wet Surfaces can cause entrants to loose their footing and to slip or fall. Not only can this cause injury to the body, it can also damage protective equipment that the person is wearing, thereby compromising their safety even further. Damage can also occur to tools and equipment near the person falling, as the first instinct of the falling person is to grab onto something to prevent them from falling. If this equipment is electrical in nature, the chances of electrical shock are significantly increased. Falling Objects can injure someone below them, even when they are not in a confined space. However, inside a space there is limited ability to move out of the way or avoid a falling object. Tools, materials and equipment must be secured and prevented from falling through an opening into a confined space below, as topside openings expose workers inside the confined space to falling objects Other Physical Hazards must be assessed and evaluated. Small amounts of water (as little as one and one-half inch deep, can drown a person, should they slip or be unable to turn their body. Bolts, pipes and other protruding objects could pose hazards if an entrant strikes against them. Vermin (rats, mice and other pests) may also pose hazards from disease, bites or frighten and entrant, causing them to move quickly and without thought as to other immediate hazards inside the space.

23 Examinando la Atmósfera
Verificar la presencia de un ambiente de trabajo seguro. Examinar todas las áreas de un espacio restringido Parte superior, media e inferior El metano es mas ligero que el aire El monóxido de carbono tiene el mismo peso como el aire El sulfato de hidrogeno es mas pesado que el aire Deficiencia de oxigeno Verifying the presence of safe work atmosphere must be undertaken whenever there is a possibility that the air inside the space could be contaminated. Because some gases are lighter than the air, they will accumulate at the top of the space, and may fill the space from the top, replacing the breathable air from the top down. Some gases may mix with the air, and some are heavier than the air and will accumulate inside a space near the bottom. Therefore, the entire space must be tested, top, middle, and bottom. For example, Methane is lighter than air, and will float up, filling the space from the top. Carbon Monoxide is the same as air and will mix with the air, and could reach dangerous levels. Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air and will accumulate at the bottom of the space. Any of these three types of gases will replace the oxygen inside the confined space, causing an Oxygen deficiency in the breathable air. In such cases the hazardous gases must be removed and prevented from re-accumulating, or the entrants must use supplied air or self-contained respiratory equipment.

24 Examinando la Atmósfera
Parámetro Oxigeno Inflamables CO2 H2S Condición de alarma Debajo de 19.5% Arriba de 10% de LEL Arriba de 35 ppm Presencia When there is a danger of the breathing atmosphere being compromised, monitoring of the atmosphere inside the space must take place. Depending upon the tasks or activities to take place inside the space, this monitoring may be required to be performed frequently (every hour) or may be required to be done constantly. Most air monitors are set up to monitor each of the four major hazards simultaneously, so only one monitor is needed, rather than four separate monitors. The combination monitor will sound an alarm if the Oxygen level falls below 19.5%, if Flammable Gases rise above 10% of the LEL, if the Carbon dioxide rises above 35ppm, and if any Hydrogen Sulfide is present. Most monitors additionally scan for dangerous levels of carbon monoxide as well, but not all of them do.

25 Ventilación La primera opción para corregir problemas
Tiene que estar alerta de los peligros que se están tratando de corregir en el espacio restringido La entrada de aire estará en un lugar seguro para que esta pueda obtener solo aire fresco La ventilación será continua siempre que sea posible Re-examinar el espacio restringido antes de entrar Once a problem is detected, control measures must be put in place to correct the problem. In most cases, providing additional ventilation by fans or air moving equipment will remediate or fix the situation. As the fresh air moves in, the contaminated air is pushed out of the space. There are a few things that must be noted, however. You must be aware of the hazards you are trying to correct for within the confined space. If ventilation alone will not be adequate to maintain a safe breathing atmosphere, additional respiratory protection and other control measures may be required. The air intake for the ventilation equipment must be located far enough away from the entry location, and in a safe place, that it is not going to draw the contaminated air from the space and push it back into the space. Also it must be far enough away from other equipment or hazards so that it can draw fresh air. For example, if you place the air intake equipment near an exhaust port for a building or near motorized equipment, you may be sucking in fumes from that exhaust and pushing those fumes into the confined space. If there is a problem detected, it is recommended that the fresh air ventilation take place continuously while any entrant is inside the space. It does not take long for toxic fumes to accumulate to dangerous levels inside some spaces. The atmosphere must be tested whenever the potential for contamination is present and an entry takes place . It must be re-tested once the ventilation system is activated, and re-tested frequently (or constantly). If entrants leave the space (for example, on a lunch break or to go home for the day) before any person re-enters the space, the atmosphere must be re-tested.

26 Aislamiento Interrupción de las fuentes eléctricas usando candado y etiqueta Drenar todas las líneas hidráulicas y neumáticas Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts Asegurar las partes mecánicas Drenar el flujo de agua y el drenaje Etiquetar y usar candado en las válvulas de cierre Because there are so many potential hazards and difficulties entering and working in confined spaces, many employees forget about some of the more basic safety rules and regulations. They are more focused on the breathing atmosphere, personal protective equipment, how to maneuver in the space, and how to perform the tasks or activities required, that they forget about locking and tagging energy sources, or amplified noise and many other safety issues. After breathing and atmospheric situations, failing to isolate energy sources is one of the most common causes of injury inside confined spaces. Entrants must be trained in lockout/tagout, and the requirements for any isolation of energy sources should be written into the confined space entry procedure or on the permit as a required activity or task. This includes locking and tagging out electrical sources and the blanking and bleeding of pneumatic and hydraulic lines that lead into the space and could be impacted by the work activities in the space. Mechanical drives and shafts may be required to be disconnected and mechanical parts secured so that they do not shift, move or operate while a person is inside the space. Sewer and water flow lines (or chemical pipes) may have to be blanked and shutoff valves locked and tagged to prevent the flow of water or chemicals through the pipes or into the space.

27 Espera / Rescate Un trabajador estará asignado a permanecer fuera del espacio restringido y estará en contacto constante con los trabajadores que estén adentro Conocer los procedimientos de rescate de emergencia El 50% de los trabajadores que mueren en espacios restringidos murieron intentando rescatar a alguien Estar entrenado en el uso de equipo para rescate de emergencia y de equipo de protección personal Whenever someone is inside a confined space, there must be someone standing by outside the space in case there is a problem. This “attendant” may be the person who monitors the air quality, or summons rescue teams if needed. A method of communication must be constantly and continuously available between the entrants and the attendant. This way if the attendant discovers an air quality problem, they can recall the entrants, or if the entrants have a problem, they can summon assistants via the attendant outside. The attendant must be familiar with the emergency rescue procedures, including how to perform confined space rescues OR how to summon assistance from an emergency team. There are times when entrants are tied to lifelines, and attendants can perform an EXTERNAL rescue, they are just not allowed to go inside or “break the plane” of the confined space for any reason while performing their duties as an attendant. External rescues may be through activating a hoist or assisting the entrant in exiting the space by pulling their lifeline from outside the space. The attendant is NEVER allowed to go inside the space to perform rescue or to assist with the work inside (even just to hand the entrants a tool). This rule is for the safety of every one involved. For example, if the attendant goes into the space to check on the entrants, and is overcome, who will summon rescue personnel? Over 50% of workers who are killed in confined space accidents are people who are attempting to rescue someone else who is in trouble. As an attendant, the first instinct is to assist and help rescue someone in trouble, however, many attendants are not trained or equipped to perform rescues and are killed in the attempt. Entrants and rescue personnel must be trained in the use of any emergency rescue equipment that will be used, as well as in the use of any personal protective equipment that would be required both for activities inside the space and for rescue operations.

28 Sistemas para permitir la entrada
Permiso escrito firmado por el supervisor de entrada Verificar que las precauciones para el acceso hayan sido tomadas y que el espacio sea seguro para entrar El permiso este visible en la entrada del espacio restringido Se recomienda también un aviso secundario Especifica en el permiso los peligros aparentes y las acciones correctivas antes de entrar Se requiere cancelar el permiso cuando el trabajo haya sido completado, cuando haya un cambio de condiciones, o cuando haya un cambio de personal Los espacios que requieran permiso estarán marcados como tales When a space is a “permit required confined space”, a special document or “permit” must be written and posted at the space. Remember the difference between a confined space and a permit required confined space, from the beginning of this training. A permit required confined space has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; or one that contains a material that has the potential to engulf an entrant; or when the space has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or is a space that contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. When a permit is required, it must be signed by the entry supervisor. The steps for verify the safe entry must be written on the permit and it must be verified that any pre-entry precautions (like monitoring, or lockout/tagout) have been taken and that the space is safe to enter. The permit must be posted at the entry location for the space, and it is recommended that the permit be posted at a secondary location as well, for example at the door or gate to the area where the confined space is located. Written on the permit must be a list of the known or anticipated hazards and the corrective actions and control measures used to remediate or lessen these hazards. Whenever the tasks are completed, or the conditions of the permit space change, and when different personnel are required to enter the space that are not on the original permit, the original permit must be terminated. If entry into the space is still required, a new permit must be issued. Permit required confined spaces, are just that – confined spaces that require a written permit before entry can take place. And the permit system must specifically state “PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE”. Additional warnings may be posted such as “no unauthorized entry” or “Danger”, however the words “permit required confined space” must be on the posted permit and other related documentation.

29 Requerimientos para los permisos de entrada
Fecha, lugar, y nombre del espacio restringido El propósito de la entrada y los peligros conocidos La duración y restricciones de tiempo del permiso de entrada Personas, asistentes y supervisores autorizados Resultados de las pruebas de aire con la firma de quien las haya realizado Medidas de protección necesarias - Ventilación, Aislamiento, Drenaje - Interrupción de energía usando candado y etiqueta The entry permit is required to have specific information on it, besides the words “Permit Required Confined Space”. It must have the Date the permit was issued, and it must identify the location and name of confined space. The permit must state the purpose of entry and identify any known hazards in the space The duration of entry permit time (hours or date range) must be written and the names of any authorized entrants, attendants, and supervisors. Air testing results and the signature of tester must also be entered on the permit and any protective measures that need to be taken (such as Ventilation, Isolation, Flushing, Lock Out / Tag Out, or Purging of lines or pipes).

30 Requerimientos para los permisos de entrada
Nombre y numero telefónico de servicios de rescate y emergencia Procedimientos de comunicación Procedimientos y equipo especial Equipo de protección personal Procedimientos de alarma Equipo de rescate Respiradores The name and phone numbers of any rescue and emergency services resource that may be called upon in need, must also appear on the entry permit. Communication procedures must be indicated as well. (Examples would be the use of two way radios, or cell-phones). Also any special equipment or procedures must be written. These may include personal protective equipment that will be required, alarm procedures, special rescue equipment that may be needed and the use of respirators or ventilation equipment.

31 Entrenamiento, educación y administración
A todos los trabajadores que tienen que entrar a los espacios restringidos A todos los asistentes y miembros de equipos de rescate Ocurre antes de que el trabajo sea asignado Re-entrenamiento: - Cambios en los deberes laborales - Cambio en el programa - Presencia de nuevos riesgos - El rendimiento laboral indica deficiencias Los permisos y los programas tienen que ser revisados anualmente para verificar que estén funcionando y tratar cualquier situación problemática Any person that enters or may be expected to enter the confined space and their supervisors must be trained in the hazards of the space. This includes other people who may be involved in the entry process, like attendants and rescue team members. All entrants and attendants must sign the permit. Training must take place BEFORE any entry into the space or prior to the initial work assignment. Retraining must occur whenever job duties change, whenever there is a change in the program or in the hazards of the specific space, when new hazards are presented or when job performance indicates that there are deficiencies and retraining should occur. Management and supervision must review the permits and the program at least once each year (or annually) to address any potential issues or problems in the program and to verify that the program and permit process is working properly. At any time a deficiency or problem with the program or permit process arises, it must be addressed before work can be allowed to occur or continue.

32 Resumen Identificar los espacios restringidos y los espacios que requieran permiso de entrada Determinar los requerimientos de entrada Determinar las necesidades de equipos de comunicación y protección Desarrollar los procedimientos por escrito Entrenar a todos los que vayan a entrar, asistentes y supervisores Informar y/o entrenar al personal de rescate Proveer el equipo de emergencia Determinar los riesgos del espacio durante la duración del trabajo Documentar el planeamiento, entrada y el cierre del permiso This closes the confined space information training presented in this module. To summarize what was presented here, the company must: Identify confined spaces and permit required spaces in the facility Determine the entry requirements Assess any equipment needs (protective equipment to be used in the space and communications equipment to be used during entry) Develop written procedures for the tasks and activities to take place inside the space Train entrants, attendants and supervisors in the hazards of the space, and in the protective measures, equipment and controls that will be used. Inform and/or train rescue personnel in the hazards of the space. Provide emergency equipment to attendants, and rescue teams, as needed or required. Assess the hazards of the space throughout the duration of the entry process, either initially, periodically or constantly, depending upon the types of hazards in the space. Document the planning, entry, and closure of the permit and it’s associated procedures. Thank you for your time and attention today and for learning and reviewing this important safety process.