Introducción a ARC GIS Editado y traducido por: Marcelo Guevara.

Introducción a ARC GIS Editado y traducido por: Marcelo Guevara

Bienvenida Introducción del Instructor Introducción de los Estudiantes
Nombre y formación educacional Experiencia en GIS Introducción de los Estudiantes Nombre Organización Función en la organización Metas y expectativas para este curso Introducción a ArcGIS Welcome to Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8). Prerequisites This course is structured at a basic level. No prior knowledge of GIS, ArcView® GIS software, or ArcInfo™ software is required.

Aspectos Logísticos Programación diaria Facilidades Retroalimentación
Inicio: _______________ Almuerzo: ____________ Final: ________________ Facilidades Refrigerios y área de descanso Servicios Sanitarios Teléfonos y mensajes Acceso Internet Materiales Retroalimentación Daily schedule Under normal conditions, the class will begin each morning at 8:30 a.m. and continue until 5:00 p.m. There will be at least one break in the morning and one in the afternoon. You will generally be given one hour for lunch. Facilities Your instructor will provide information regarding the facilities.

Método de enseñanza Manuales CDs Lecturas Ejercicios Datos del curso
Sistema de Administración de Información Espacial Geo-referenciada del Progarma Andes Tropicales del Norte Teaching methods This course teaches the basics of the ArcGIS desktop applications by using specialized training materials and methods developed by ESRI’s GIS professionals. Research indicates that every student is slightly different in their learning styles. To maximize your learning experience, a variety of teaching methods are used: instructor-led lectures and discussions, demonstrations, computer exercises, and review questions. Class materials You will be provided with both lecture and exercise materials. These are yours to take home after the class is completed, so feel free to write your own notes on them as needed. Most students find these materials to be a valuable resource long after the class is over. You also get a CD of all the data necessary to use for the exercises. Evaluation You will evaluate the course using the Internet. The URL is listed above, and your instructor will give the course identification number. Should you have any suggestion for software enhancements, please use the addresses provided above to speed up the delivery of your contribution to our software developers.

Explorando conceptos de GIS Trabajando con datos georeferenciados
Duración del curso Instalación de datos Despliegue de datos Trabajando con Datos espaciales Edición De datos Presentación de datos Day 1 Day 2 Lesson 1: Introduction Lesson 2: Exploring GIS concepts Lesson 6: Working with tables Break Lesson 3: Displaying data Lesson 7: Editing data LUNCH Lesson 4: Querying your database Lesson 8: Working with georeferenced data Lesson 5: Working with spatial data Lesson 9: Presenting data Explorando conceptos de GIS Consultando su base de datos Trabajando con tablas Trabajando con datos georeferenciados

1 Objetivos del Curso

Objetivos del Curso Despliegue de datos Consulta de datos por
Espaciales y tabulares Consulta de datos por Atributos Relaciones Espaciales Edición de datos Espaciales y atributos Producir mapas, reportes, y gráficos Course objectives This course will introduce you to ArcGIS and provide the foundation for you to become a successful ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo user. You will learn how to use ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox and explore how these applications work together to provide a complete GIS software solution. The course covers fundamental GIS concepts as well as how to create, edit, and work with georeferenced spatial data. You will learn how to manipulate tabular data, query a GIS database, and present data clearly and efficiently using maps and charts. This course covers a variety of topics but may not include specific tools or concepts used in your applications. If you have questions about particular functionality that does not appear to be covered by this class, feel free to ask your instructor.

Generalidades de ArcGIS
ArcInfo ArcGIS Server ArcIMS Geodatabase Personal ArcSDE RDBMS server Web server Empresarial ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox Imagen cobertura Grid Shapefile TIN CAD Web browser Workstation ArcObjects ArcEditor ArcView Extensiones Datos ArcGIS is the name used to identify ESRI’s flagship family of GIS products. ArcGIS includes client software, server software, and data components. ArcGIS itself is not a GIS application; rather, it is a system of software products, each servicing a specific need. Software products and applications When someone purchases an ArcGIS system, they license software products which include one or more software applications. Understanding the difference between products and applications is important in understanding how ArcGIS is structured, and how the topics covered in this training class relate to the system as a whole. For example, one group may license the ArcView software product, which includes the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications. Another group may license the ArcEditor software product, which includes the same three applications. After installing their respective products, both groups would find icons for the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications in their Start menus; neither would find an ArcView or ArcEditor icon. But upon running the applications, the ArcEditor group would find more useful buttons and menu choices than the ArcView group. In another example, a group who licenses the ArcSDE software product may install and use the ArcSDE, ArcSDE CAD Client, and ArcSDE for Coverages applications.

GIS en las instituciones
Interfase de Desarrollo Administración de datos y distribución ArcSDE & ArcIMS Modelamiento avanzado y analisis ArcInfo Edición de datos y mantenimiento Extensiones ArcEditor & ArcPad Análisis general y visualización ArcView 9 & ArcView 3 The graphic above illustrates the number of users in an enterprise environment performing various GIS tasks with ESRI software. Internet-based map viewing Internet-based mapping, enabled by ArcIMS, can share GIS information with non-GIS users. Using a standard Web browser, people on an intranet or the Internet can display live maps for simple viewing or more sophisticated analysis. Desktop-based map viewing The free ArcReader™ application enables people to view preconfigured maps published with the ArcReader Publisher™ extension to ArcMap. Browse data using an ArcMap-like graphic interface while referencing live file, ArcSDE, and ArcIMS data sources. ArcView 8 and ArcView 3 Two ArcView products provide more substantial GIS functionality, including data analysis and advanced cartographic display. ArcView 8, part of the ArcGIS Desktop family, includes the ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox applications, as well as many optional extensions for specialized tasks such as raster processing, 3D modeling, and network analysis. ArcView 3, its predecessor built on a different software architecture, offers much of the same functionality, including extensions. A large, experienced user community and millions of lines of customized code continue to make ArcView 3 a popular choice for GIS professionals. Visor de mapas de escritorio ArcReader Visor de mapas basado en Internet Web browser Número de usuarios

Ruta de aprendizaje Diseño de Base de Datos / Desarrollo Conceptos de
Diseño de Geodatabase i Experticia Aprendiendo ArcGIS II: Presentando información W Introducción a ArcGIS II Fundamentos Aprendiendo ArcGIS I Introducción a ArcGIS I Creación, Edición, y administración Geodatabases Construyendo Geodatabases I Extensiones Personalización / Programación Introducción a Visual Basic para software ESRI Introducción a Programación ArcObjects con VBA (más) Learning paths Depending on which ESRI software your organization has licensed, your skills, and your plans for upcoming projects, you may benefit from additional training on advanced topics, on specialized software, or on background topics to refine your understanding of GIS and related technologies. The diagram above illustrates the position of this training course in the ESRI Education Solutions curriculum, along with its most closely-related companion courses. Courses identified with the symbol occur in a classroom with an instructor. The symbol indicates web-based courses available on the ESRI Virtual Campus at Detailed information about instructor-led and web-based courses—including a list of topics covered, intended audience, duration, schedules, and pricing—is available in the ESRI Course Catalog. You can access this catalog on the Web at: From this main training page, follow the ESRI Instructor-led Training link, then click the link for the newest course catalog. On the ESRI Training Web site, you can also find information about new courses developed since the course catalog was printed. Web-based courses offer convenience and savings. Also, many ESRI Virtual Campus courses include a free lesson, called a module. You can create a free account and begin training with these free modules within minutes at i W

Recursos de soporte de Software
Centro de Soporte en Línea es el portal de acceso a los recursos Downloads Actualizaciones de Software Documentos Técnicos ArcScripts Recursos de usuario a usuario Forum de discusión Listas de correos ( s) Archivos Técnicos Base de conocimiento (Knowledge base) Documentación Requerimientos del sistema Support resources ESRI’s primary resource for software support is the Online Support Center (OSC) at From the OSC you can request assistance from ESRI Technical Support, interact with other ESRI software users, and even help yourself to technical information and downloads. Support resources are grouped by software product. When you click the name of a software product, a list of available resources expands below the name. In the graphic above, clicking the ArcGIS Desktop product name reveals links to technical articles, downloads, system requirements, and more. Downloads Software upgrades—also called service packs, patches, updates, and utilities—are ESRI-provided enhancements. These upgrades range from handy tools that facilitate common tasks to system upgrades that resolve bugs, improve performance, and add support for additional platforms. Unless otherwise stated in their descriptions, software upgrades are fully supported by ESRI Technical Support. In-depth technical papers discuss topics like system design, performance, and integration. Documents available through the Technical papers link are written by ESRI, and the recommendations they make are fully supported by ESRI Technical Support. The ArcScripts site is a repository of software utilities (scripts) supplied by the ESRI user community for the benefit of its peers. Here you will find ArcScripts, as these utilities are called, for most ESRI software products and customization environments, including ArcGIS VBA, Avenue, and AML. Download scripts anonymously, and create a free account to post tools to the archive. ArcScripts are provided as-is and are not supported by ESRI Technical Support. You may, however, purchase technical support for a per-incident fee. Soporte Técnico ESRI Soporte en línea Soporte por teléfono y fax Disponible para suscriptores de soporte

Convenciones tipográficas de los ejercicios
Texto Descriptivo Acción Nombre de Control Nota Before you begin your first exercise, you need to recognize the typographic conventions your exercise book will use. Descriptive text This text can provide an overview of the next sequence of actions, a review of actions just completed, or an interpretation of output on your computer monitor. Descriptive text may introduce what is about to happen with phrases like “Next, create a new map in ArcMap,” but proceed to the actual instruction, indicated by the checkbox symbol, before interacting with your computer. Action Actions are tasks—like starting an application, clicking a button, or typing a command—that you must perform during your exercise. The square checkbox symbol indicates an action; act only on instructions that are prefaced by the checkbox symbol. To help keep your place while you work, you can mark the checkbox symbol in your exercise book to indicate which tasks you have completed. This is especially useful when shifting your attention between your book and your computer monitor. Note Paragraphs prefaced with Note: provide inconsequential information, such as an optional way to perform an action or platform-specific syntax for a script. Entrada desde el Teclado Advertencia Pregunta con pista

Introducción a los conceptos de GIS
2 Introducción a los conceptos de GIS

¿Qué es un GIS? Una integración de cinco elementos básicos Usuario
Datos What is a GIS? Definitions of a geographic information system can vary considerably. The definition provided here combines both the components and functions of a GIS. The components needed to perform GIS tasks include those listed below: People This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortfalls in other components of the GIS, but the opposite is not true. The best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for incompetence. Data The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware Hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use and the type of output available. Software This includes not only the actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging or other software. Procedures Analysis requires well defined, consistent methods to produce correct and reproducible results. Procedimientos A

Funciones de un GIS Capturar Almacenar Consultar Analizar Desplegar
GIS functions Any geographic information system should be capable of the following fundamental operations in order to be useful for finding solutions to real-world problems. Capturing data A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) and tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing data There are two basic data models for geographic data storage—vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both. Querying data A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on their locations or attribute values. Analyzing data A GIS must have the ability to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple datasets. Displaying data There must be tools for visualizing the geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output Results of display should be able to be output in a variety of formats such as maps, reports, and graphs. Desplegar Resultados

Captura de datos Mapas analógicos Datos Digitales Datos GIS
, , , , , Coordenadas Capturing data The geographic database is the expensive and long-lived component of the GIS, thus making data entry an important consideration. Because ArcGIS integrates a variety of data types from a variety of sources, it provides multiple data entry options. ArcGIS offers efficient data entry methods for automating paper maps and other non-digital data sources. To take advantage of the vast collection of geographically referenced data that already exists in digital format, ArcGIS provides the most comprehensive data conversion capability of any GIS on the market. ArcGIS software's integrative capabilities also allow data sharing with other applications without the need for conversion. GPS

Realidad (Una carretera)
Almacenando datos Formatos Vectoriales Representación discreta Formatos Raster Uso de celdas X,Y Storing data You can represent geographic features in either vector or raster format. Vector data The vector data model represents geographic features similarly to the way maps do—using points, lines, and areas. An x,y (Cartesian) coordinate system references real-world locations. Raster data Instead of representing features by their explicit x,y coordinates, the raster data model assigns values to cells that cover their locations. Raster format is well suited to spatial analysis and is also appropriate for the storage of data that is collected in grid format. The amount of detail you can show for a particular feature depends on the size of the cells in the grid. This makes raster data inappropriate for applications where discrete boundaries must be known, such as parcel management. Realidad (Una carretera) Filas X,Y Columnas

Consultas Identificando elementos específicos
Identificando elementos basados en condiciones Query Identifying specific features One common type of GIS query is determining what exists at a particular location. In this type of query, the user understands where the features of interest are, but wants to know what characteristics are associated with them. This can be accomplished with GIS because the spatial features are linked to the descriptive characteristics. Identifying features based on conditions Another type of GIS query is to determine which location or locations satisfy certain conditions. In this case the user knows what characteristics are important, and wants to find out where the features are that have those characteristics. Condados de Florida con una Población mayor que 300,000

Análisis Proximidad Sobreposición Redes
¿Cuáles propiedades están ubicadas a menos de 50m de la carretera? Proximidad Sobreposición Redes Tipo de pozo Perforado Propietario Salas Tipo suelo Arenoso Analysis You can perform analysis to obtain the answers to a particular question or solutions to a particular problem. Geographic analysis usually involves more than one geographic dataset and requires the analyst to proceed through a series of steps to reach a final result. Three common types of geographic analysis are: Proximity analysis How many houses lie within 100 m of this water main? What is the total number of customers within 10 km of this store? What proportion of the alfalfa crop is within 500 m of the well? To answer such questions, GIS technology uses a process called buffering to determine the proximity relationship between features. Overlay analysis The integration of different data layers involves a process called overlay. At its simplest, this could be a visual operation, but analytical operations require one or more data layers to be joined physically. This overlay, or spatial join, can integrate data on soils, slope, and vegetation or land ownership with tax assessment. Network analysis This type of analysis examines how linear features are connected and how easily resources can flow through them. accidente hospital

Visualización Gráficos Mapas Reportes Display
For many types of geographic operations the end result is best visualized as a map or graph. Maps are very efficient at storing and communicating geographic information. While cartographers have created maps for millennia, GIS provides new and exciting tools to extend the art and science of cartography. Map displays can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional views, photographic images, and other output such as multimedia. Reportes

Resultados Mapas impresos Internet Imagen Documentos DatosGIS Output
Sharing the results of your geographic labor is one of the primary justifications for spending resources on GIS. Taking displays created through a GIS and outputting them into a distributable format is a great way to do this. The more avenues for output a GIS can offer, the greater the potential for reaching the right audience with the right information. Documentos

Organizando datos espaciales
Un GIS trabaja con capas temáticas de datos espaciales Responde preguntas comparando diferentes capas de datos Organizing spatial data A GIS organizes and stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked by geography. Each layer contains features having similar attributes, like streets and cities, that located within the same geographic extent. This simple but extremely powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems - from tracking delivery vehicles to modeling global atmospheric circulation. The “onion” analogy Think of the world as a large onion. When you peel an onion, you see that it is composed of many layers. Real-world entities can be seen the same way: the earth can be “peeled” into many layers, each representing a different theme. For example, you can put all the streets in one layer and all landuse areas in another layer. As you can imagine, the complexity of the earth allows you to create as many layers as you want. The question then becomes how to best organize these real-world entities into manageable geometric shapes (point,line,area) and store them digitally.

Representando elementos en datos vectoriales
Las entidades del mundo real son representadas a través de tres formas básicas Puntos Tiendas Líneas Calles Uso del Suelo Abstracting real-world entities It is impossible to perfectly capture reality inside a computer. Instead, GIS users must somehow abstract real-world phenomena, or entities, into a geometric representation of those entities. There are three basic geometric shapes used: points, lines, and areas. These shapes are often called called geometric objects, geometric features, or feature types. Note that there are different methods of making these entities digital, including scanning and digitizing. Areas/Polígonos

Escala del mapa mapscale.ppt La escala del mapa determina el tamaño y forma de los elementos ciudad Escala grande 1:500 1:24000 Map scale An important, but often misunderstood concept in cartography, is that of map scale. In order to represent a portion of Earth’s surface on a map, the area must be reduced. The extent of this reduction is expressed as a ratio called map scale. The map scale is defined as the ratio of map distance to ground distance. For example, if we draw a 4.8 km road as a 20 cm line on our map, the following statements would describe the map scale: 20 cm : 4.8 km, 20 cm : 480,000 cm, 1 cm : 24,000 cm, 1 : 24,000 The latter is known as a representative fraction (RF) because the values on either side of the colon represent the proportion between distance on the map and distance on the ground; that is, “1:24,000” means “1 map inch represents 24,000 ground inches”, “1 map meter represents 24,000 ground meters”, or “1 map centimeter represents 24,000 ground centimeters”, and so on. Map scale can be expressed in several different manners: as a fraction (1:24,000), as a verbal statement (one centimeter equals one kilometer), or as a bar. Map scale indicates how much a given distance was reduced to be represented on a map. For the same size map, features on a small-scale map (1:1,000,000) will look smaller than those of a large-scale map (1:1,200). In other words, a dime-sized lake on a large scale map (l:1,200) would be less than the size of the period at the end of this sentence on a small-scale map (1:1,000,000). In general, small-scale maps depict large ground areas, but they have low spatial resolution, showing little detail. On the other hand, large-scale maps depict small ground areas, but have high spatial resolution, showing many details. The features on small-scale maps more closely represent real-world features because the extent of reduction is lower than that of a large-scale map. As map scale decreases, features must be smoothed and simplified or not shown at all. For example, at a scale of 1:63,360 (in which 1 inch = 1 mile), it is difficult to represent area features smaller than 1/8th of a mile long or wide because they will be 1/8th of an inch long or wide on a map. ciudad Escala Pequeña 1:24000 1:250000

Componentes de los datos geográficos
Los tres componentes generales de la información geográfica Calles Geometría Atributos Comportamiento Reglas: Calles y carreteras no pueden intersectarse Components of geographic data Geometry represents the geographic features associated with real-world locations. Geographic features are abstracted into points, lines, or areas. Attributes provide descriptive characteristics of the geographic features. Behavior means that geographic features can be made to follow certain types of editing, display, or analysis rules, depending on circumstances that the user defines. Cada elemento corresponde a un registro en la tabla de atributos

Usando relaciones espaciales
La posición relativa de los elementos determina relaciones I-80 conecta San Francisco con New York New York es adyacente al Océano Atlántico Using spatial relationships On a map, the relationships between features, or where they are located in space relative to one another, communicates important information. Connectivity, adjacency and containment are types of spatial relationships shown in the graphic above. Interstate 80 connects San Francisco with New York City. San Francisco is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, and California is within the USA. ArcGIS maintains feature spatial relationships and properties (e.g. connectivity of lines, direction of lines, length of lines, adjacency of areas and area definition)using a mathematical procedure called topology. Topology makes most types of geographic analysis possible because it allows us to answer questions having to do with feature spatial relationships. For example, How far is it from San Francisco to New York? How large is California? What is the nearest ocean to New York City? San Francisco está contenido por California I-80 posee longitud y dirección

Generalidades de las aplicaciones
Todos los productos de ArcGIS comparten aplicaciones comunes ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox Overview of applications ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox are designed to work together to perform all GIS tasks. For example, you can search for and find a map document in ArcCatalog, then open it in ArcMap by double-clicking it in the Catalog. You can then edit and enhance your data through the tools available in the ArcMap editing environment.

ArcMap Aplicación principal de despliegue
Realiza las tareas basadas en mapas Visualización Edición Consultas Análisis Gráficos Reportes ArcMap ArcMap provides tools for creating visual displays of your data, querying, and creating presentation-quality maps. ArcMap makes it easy to layout your maps for printing, embedding in other documents, or electronic publishing. In addition, ArcMap includes analysis, charting, and reporting functions, and a comprehensive suite of editing tools for creating and editing geographic data. When you save a map, all of your layout work, symbols, text, and graphics are automatically preserved. ArcMap is the primary ArcGIS application for displaying, querying, editing, creating, and analyzing data in ArcMap.

ArcCatalog Una ventana en su base de datos Explora sus datos
Administra sus datos Crea y visualiza la documentación de los datos (metadatos) ArcCatalog The ArcCatalog application helps you to organize and manage all of your GIS data. It includes tools for browsing and finding geographic information, recording and viewing metadata, quickly viewing any dataset, and defining the schema structure for your geographic data layers.

ArcToolbox Funciones para el geoprocesamiento
Administración de datos, análisis y conversión Las Herramientas varían entre los productos de ArcGIS ArcToolbox ArcToolbox provides you with tools for data conversion, managing coordinate systems, and changing map projections. For ease of use, ArcToolbox supports drag-and-drop operations from ArcCatalog. For ArcInfo users, ArcToolbox provides additional and more sophisticated data conversion and spatial analysis tools.

Obteniendo ayuda Tabs Otra ayuda Contenido Indices Busquedas Favoritos
What´s this? (Que es esto) Tips (consejos) Getting help The ArcGIS Desktop Help provides several methods for finding the help you need to use the software most productively. Using the Contents tab, you can search for information according to the topical category it is in. The Index tab allows you to search for topics containing words from help index, such as Layer or Table. The Find tab allows you to search every help document for a word you specify. Your word does not have to be in the index in order to search the document for it, but the search will take longer if it's not in the index. In ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox, button and tool names are displayed when you move the mouse over them (these are called tool tips). Additionally, you can click the Question Mark (?) button, then click on a button or tool to access additional help about it (this is called context-sensitive help). For applications like ArcMap that have graphical user interfaces, context-sensitive help is useful for finding out what all the various buttons and tools do. ArcGIS Online Help explains procedures, tools, buttons, and commands. Each Help tab lets you get online help in a different manner. Clicking a specific topic opens its help document. In addition, you can get context sensitive help on any tool using the What's This tool on the ArcMap and ArcCatalog interface.

Demostración Observe ArcCatalog Observe ArcMap Observe ArcToolbox
Estructura del directorio y navegación Documentación Observe ArcMap Adicione datos Visualice y realice consultas Herramientas Zoom y pan Guardar un documento tipo mapa Observe ArcToolbox Conjunto de Herramientas Demonstration At this point your instructor may choose to demonstrate some of the concepts discussed in this lesson. You will also be introduced to the ArcGIS applications you will be using for the remainder of the class.

Ejercicio Utilice el programa para: Iniciar ArcMap
Examinar algunas capas de elementos y su organización Identificar elementos específicos Seleccionar elementos geográficos basados en ciertas condiciones

Revisión El modelo de almacenamiento vectorial usa una serie de celdas de igual tamaño. (V/F) El modelo vectorial es siempre más exacto que el modelo raster. (V/F) La topología modela la relación espacial de conectividad, adyacencia, y coincidencia. (V/F) ArcCatalog es usado para análisis de datos y ArcMap es usado para visualizar, consultar y editar datos. (V/F)

3 Visualizando datos

La interfase de ArcMap Barra deMenu Barra de Título
Herramientas estandar Area de Despliegue Tabla de contenido Menú Contextual The ArcMap interface Features of the ArcMap interface The title bar displays the map name (Wisconsin.mxd in the example above). The toolbars are dockable. The Table of Contents lists the data views and layer legends. The Table of Contents is dockable and can be resized by dragging the vertical divider between the Table of Contents and the display area horizontally. The display area is where the map features draw. The Status bar, besides reporting the coordinates, displays a description of the selected buttons and menu items. Barra Herramientas de dibujar Barra de estatus Barra de Herramientas Removible y acoplable

Data view o Layout view? Data View (Vista de Datos)
para desplegar, consultar, editar y analizar Layout View (Vista de Diseño) para crear diseños cartográficos Data View Layout View Data View or Layout View? Data View You will work in Data View if you want to display, query, edit, explore, and analyze data. Layout View Once you decide to create a final map, you need to move to the Layout View. Here you will be able to add all the other map elements, such as the north arrow, legend, scale, title, and other textual information (e.g., author, date of data, date of map, projection type, etc.). Once complete you can send your map to a plotter or printer.

Capas, conjuntos de datos y mapas
Layer (Capas) Representa datos espaciales simbolizados Data Frame (Marco de datos) Organiza capas Los mapas contienen Data frames Layers Elementos del mapa Data frame Layers Layers, data frames, and maps Layers store the path to a data source as well as the display properties of that data source. A data frame is a container for layers. When you create a new, empty map, a default data frame, named Layers, is automatically added to the top of the Table of Contents, but you can highlight and change its name. In the example above, the data frame name was changed to Wisconsin. Like the layers they contain, data frames also have properties that you can manipulate.. A map is the document that stores the data frames, layers and any map elements such as graphics and text. A map may contain several data frames. For example, you might create a map that contains one data frame with layers that show an entire country and another data frame that displays layers of a particular region.

Layers (Capas) Referencian fuentes de datos espaciales
Define símbolos, etiquetas y otras propiedades Manipulación mediante un menú de contexto Layers A layer does not store the actual geographic data, but instead references the data contained in the data source. Data sources can be any of the following: Vector datasets (feature layers): Coverages, shapefiles, CAD files, geodatabase, and SDE databases. Raster datasets (raster layers): Grids and images. Tabular datasets: INFO, dBase and RDBMS tables. TIN datasets: TINs Referencing data in this way allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-to-date information in your GIS database. Layers are stored as part of a saved map document (mxd file), but they can also be saved as independent files themselves. Layer files (lyr extension) are an efficient method of predefining symbology and other properties for specific data sources.

Data frames (Marcos de datos)
Los Data frames contienen capas Los mapas pueden tener muchos data frames Se Agregan desde el Menú del Insert Se activan los data frames para visualizarlos desde el menú de contexto Data frames Data frames let you organize your data into logical groupings, such as themes or geographic areas. You may want to consider using multiple data frames when you want to compare layers side by side or create insets and overviews that highlight a particular location. You can add as many layers as you want to a data frame, however, a data frame containing too many layers can be more difficult to work with. You may want to consider multiple data frames organized by theme or geography when you have numerous layers. When a map has more than one data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active data frame is the one you are currently working with. For example, when you add a new layer to a map, it gets added to the active data frame. You can always tell which data frame is active because it is highlighted on the map and its name is shown in bold text in the Table of Contents. Of course, if a map has only one data frame, it is always the active one. When a new layer is added to a map with multiple data frames, ArcMap must know which data frame to add it to. To make a data frame active, right-click on the data frame and click Activate. The active data frame will appear in bold font in the Table of Contents

Mapas Contienen capas, gráficos, elementos cartográficos, etc.
Almacena información en un archivo de documento tipo mapa (MXD) Maps The ArcMap document helps you visualize geographic information by showing you the location of features, which are symbolized to help you understand what they are and why they are being shown. A map can include additional information that helps to explain its context and purpose. When you open a map document, ArcMap checks the links to the data sources. If it cannot find some data (if the source data for a layer has been deleted or renamed or a network drive is not accessible) ArcMap prompts you for the location. If the data is currently unavailable, you can ignore the broken link and display the map without the layer. The layer will still be part of the map and its name will appear in the Table of Contents, but it will not display. When you work within ArcMap, you are actually working in an ArcMap document. The ArcMap document (MXD) is the ArcGIS™ document that lets you control and save display, edit, query, and analysis information.

Administración de la tabla de contenidos (TOC)
Mover capas hacia arriba o hacia abajo para cambiar el orden de visualización Orden de dibujo inteligente para las capas Puntos, líneas o polígonos Las capas son dibujados en la Tabla de contenidos (TOC) en orden de abajo hacia arriba. Cambiar el nombre a Data Frames y capas Remover capas Tabs inferiores Display (despliegue) Source (Fuente) Selection (Selección) [opcional yo no veo mayor utilidad! CMG] Managing the Table of Contents The Table of Contents (TOC) lists all the data frames and thematic layers on the map and shows the symbols used to represent the features in each layer. A check box next to a layer indicates whether it is currently visible on the map. Layers at the top of the Table of Contents draw on top of layers below them. Learning how to manage layers and frames within the Table of Contents will let you represent you data effectively and efficiently. The draw order of layers within a data frame is from the bottom to the top. Thus, you will put those layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean, at the bottom of the Table of Contents. ArcMap is smart enough to display a point feature class on top of a polygon feature class. To change the order of display, click the layer and drag it up or down the Table of Contents to a new location. You can copy and paste layers within the same data frame or into a different data frame. Undesired layers can be removed by right-clicking on the layer and clicking Remove from the Context menu.

Moviéndose alrededor del mapa
Zoom in (acercamiento) y Zoom out (alejamiento) Pan (desplazarse) por la pantalla Full extents (extensión total) Retroceder o Avanzar una pantalla Zoom to layer Ampliar una capa Moving around the map As you work with a map, you can easily change how you view the data it contains. When you’re just browsing a map, you might want to pan and zoom around the data to investigate different areas and features. When you’re creating a map to hang on the wall, displaying data at a specific scale may be important. Most of the tools for navigating your data are found on the Tools toolbar.

Usando bookmark (marcadores)
Bookmarks espaciales Define y asigna un nombre a una extensión localizada Regresa a esta en cualquier momento Using a bookmark A spatial bookmark identifies a particular geographic location that you want to save and refer to later. For example, you might create a spatial bookmark that identifies a study area. As you pan and zoom around your map, you can easily return to the study area by accessing the bookmark. You can also use spatial bookmarks to highlight areas on your map you want others to see. You can create a spatial bookmark at any time. As a shortcut, you can also create bookmarks when you find and identify map features. Spatial bookmarks, however, can only be defined on spatial data; they can’t be defined on an area of the page in Layout view. Each data frame on your map maintains its own list of bookmarks. In Layout view, the list reflects the bookmarks of the active data frame.

Ventanas Magnifier y Overview
Para ver más detalles o vistas generales sin cambiar la pantalla Muestra toda la extensión de los datos Se mueve sobre la pantalla como una lupa Magnifier and overview windows When you don’t want to adjust your map display, but you want to see more detail or get an overview of an area, open another window. ArcMap provides two additional ways to explore the spatial data on your map: an overview window and a magnifier window. The magnifier window works like a magnifying glass; as you pass the window over the data, you see a magnified view of the location under the window. Moving the window around does not affect the current map display. The overview window shows you the full extent of the data. A small box in the overview window represents the currently displayed area on the map. You can move this box around to pan the map and shrink or enlarge it to zoom in or out. Both windows operate only in Data view.

Simbología de capas en ArcMap
Los mismos símbolos para todos los elementos Basados en los valores de atributos Layer symbology in ArcMap Drawing properties can be set within the Symbology tab of the layer’s Layer Properties dialog. In the Show panel of the Symbology tab, ArcMap has several options for creating both qualitative and quantitative thematic maps. When you chose a certain method, the properties options to the right of the Show panel change according to the type of thematic mapping method used.

Desplegando valores cualitativos
Features (Elementos) Categories (Categorías) Display qualitative values Often, seeing where something is—and where it isn’t—can tell you exactly what you need to know. Mapping the location of features reveals patterns and trends that can help you make better decisions. The easiest way to see where features are is to draw them using a single symbol. You can draw any type of data this way. When you create a new layer, ArcMap draws it with a single symbol by default. A category describes a set of features with the same attribute value. For example, given parcel data with an attribute describing land use (e.g., residential, commercial, and public areas), you can use a different symbol to represent each unique land use type. Drawing features this way allows you to see where features are and what category they belong to. This can be useful if you’re targeting a specific type of feature for some action or policy. For instance, a city planner might use the land use map to target areas for redevelopment. In general, look for these kinds of attributes when mapping by category or unique value: Attributes describing the name, type, or condition of a feature Attributes containing measurements or quantities that are already grouped (e.g., “0– 99” or “100–199”) Attributes that uniquely identify features (e.g., a county name attribute could be used to draw each county with a unique color) You can let ArcMap assign a symbol to each unique value based on a color scheme you choose, or you can explicitly assign a specific symbol to a specific attribute value. fields style

Desplegando valores cuantitativos
Quantities (Cantidades) Charts (Gráficos) Display quantitative values When you want your map to communicate how much of something there is, you need to draw features using a quantitative measure. This measure might be a count, a ratio (such as a percentage), or a rank (such as high, medium, or low). You can represent quantities on a map by varying the color or symbol size you use to draw features. For example, you might use increasingly darker shades of blue to represent increasingly higher rainfall amounts or larger circles to represent cities with larger populations. Generally, you’ll need to classify your data when you display it. You can either manually define classes or apply one of the standard classification schemes to do so automatically—just specify the number of classes you want to show. Once you’ve defined the classes, you can add more classes, delete classes, or redefine class ranges. Pie charts, bar charts, and stacked bar charts can present large amounts of quantitative data in an eye-catching fashion. For example, if you’re mapping population by county, you can use a pie chart to show the percentage of the population by ethnic group for each county. Generally, you’ll draw a layer with charts when your layer has a number of related numeric attributes that you want to compare. Use pie charts if you want to show how much of the total amount each category takes up. Use bar charts to show relative amounts rather than a proportion of a total.

Clasificando valores cuantitativos
Se pueden modificar clases Igual intervalo Cortes (Breaks) Naturales Classify quantitative values When you map quantitative data, you can either assign each value its own symbol or group values into classes using a different symbol for each class. If you’re only mapping a few values (less than 10), you can assign a unique symbol to each value. This may present a more accurate picture of the data, because you’re not predetermining which features are grouped together. More than likely, your data values will be too numerous to map individually and you’ll want to group them in classes or classify the data. A good example of classified data is a temperature map you might find in a newspaper. Instead of displaying individual temperatures, these maps show temperature bands, where each band represents a given range in temperature. How you define the class ranges and breaks (the high and low values that bracket each class) will determine which features fall into each class and, consequently, what the map will look like. By changing the classes you can create maps with completely different looks. Generally, the goal is to make sure features with similar values are in the same class. Two key factors for classifying your data are the classification scheme you use and the number of classes you create. If you know your data well, you can manually define your own classes. Alternatively, you can let ArcMap classify your data using standard classification schemes. The four most common schemes are: Natural breaks Quantile Equal interval Standard deviation Cuantiles Desviación Estandar

Usando el histograma de clasificación
Administrando cortes de clases Mover cortes de clases Define Intervalos Numero de clases Metodos Click derecho al histograma para Zoom in/out Insertar/Borrar cortes Centrar el histograma Using the classification histogram In the Classification window you can control the number of classes (five is the default), adjust the position and interval of each class, and specify the method of classification (Jenks Natural Breaks is the default). In addition, you can change some of the histogram properties in the Classification menu by right-clicking on the histogram. The context menu has the following options: You can zoom in or out on the histogram. You can insert or delete break lines. You can center the histogram.

Cambiando las propiedades de los símbolos
En el tab de simbología o en la Tabla de Contenido Click-Izquierdo Click-Derecho Changing symbol properties ArcMap makes it easy to change both a layer’s symbol color (right-click on the symbol) or the symbol itself (click on the symbol). Although ArcMap allows you to choose many symbols and colors, it is important to remember that too many symbols or colors in a map can be distracting. The symbology you choose for displaying layers greatly affects how readers interpret the map. Learning how to display your layers clearly and efficiently will help your audience understand your data and may also reveal patterns not otherwise apparent.

Etiquetando elementos
Etiquetas (Label) dinámicas usando valores de atributos Las propiedades de la capa controlan la apariencia y posición Convierte etiquetas a anotaciones Labeling features When you label features on a map, readers can quickly identify them and more easily interpret the map. In ArcMap you can label features using their attributes or by entering text on the map interactively. Choosing which features are labeled, where the labels are placed, and setting the label display scale can impact whether the right information is conveyed to the reader, and can affect the overall legibility of the map. The graphic characteristics of a label symbol can impact the legibility of your text and imply specific meanings. For instance, hydrologic features are typically labeled with blue italicized text. ArcMap gives you significant choice and control over the label symbols you use. Where you place text labels depends on the text font, text size, text position, map scale, and the number of features that need to be labeled. To help you with this task, ArcMap provides tools for controlling the placement, size, map scale and many other qualities of label text.

Despliegue dependiente de la escala
Despliega capas a una escala especifica Reduce confusión Reduce tiempo de dibujo Es una propiedad de Despliegue de las capas Scale-dependent display For each layer in your map you can set a scale range at which ArcMap will display that layer. Setting a display scale lets you avoid needless clutter on your map by restricting the display of features until an appropriate scale is reached—one with information that is useful to the reader. Two methods are available for setting the scale range: Use the Zoom tools to interactively set the display to the minimum scale to which the layer will be drawn. Right-click on the layer and choose Visible Scale Range > Set Minimum Scale. Adjust the display scale and repeat to set the Maximum Scale. Right-click the layer, then click Properties. On the Properties dialog, click the General tab, and set the scale range as shown in the figure above. You can set a layer's properties so that they display only if the map extent falls within a certain scale range.

Creando un definition query (consulta de definición)
Construye una consulta basada en atributos Solo despliega los elementos seleccionados No afecta la fuente de datos Definition queries Definition queries can be used to select specific features within a layer, and they only display items that satisfy the condition. Queries are defined under the Definition Query tab in the Layer Properties dialog; simply click the Query Builder button to write a query. After applying the built query string, only the features that meet the query criteria will appear in the display area. Although only the features that satisfy the query are displayed, the source data remains intact and unchanged. The remaining features are just hidden from view. It is important to emphasize that this is different than a selection in ArcMap (whether spatial or attribute) where all features in the layer remain displayed, except that the selected features appear “selected” with blue outlines.

Guardando un archivo de capa (layer file)
Guarda la simbología para usarla en otro documento mapa. Archivos de capas Extensión .lyr Guarda el despliegue para una capa sin salvar todo el documento mapa Utilizable en otro documento mapa Previsualizable en ArcCatalog Simbología por omisión Simbología Personalizada Saving a layer file It takes time to analyze a data’s attributes and symbolize its features so people will readily understand the information within the data. Layers you create in ArcMap are stored as part of the map document file. After finalizing the symbolization and labeling of a layer, you can save it outside the map as a layer file. This layer file can be reused in other maps, or you can it along with the data to people who want to add it to their maps. How to save a layer outside a map 1. In ArcMap, open the map containing the layer that you want to save as a layer file. 2. Right-click the layer in the map’s Table of Contents. 3. Click Save As Layer File. 4. Navigate to the folder in which you want to save the layer. 5. Type a name for the layer file. 6. Click Save. Fuente En un documento mapa (.mxd) Vector Raster TIN Save Como una capa separada (.lyr)

Cambiando la fuente de datos para una capa
Los documentos de mapa pueden perder la ruta a las fuentes de datos La fuente de datos fue movida Use el tab Source para cambiar la fuente de datos para la capa Acceso rápido: click derecho a la capa > Data > Set Data Source Capas con datos extraviados Changing the data source for a layer The map document does not store the spatial data displayed in it, instead it stores references to the locations of the data sources. When a map document is opened, ArcMap reads the file and looks for all the path names to reconstruct the layers. When data sources are moved, map documents can lose track of the source data for its layers. When this occurs, the layer name appears in the ArcMap Table Of Contents with a red exclamation mark, and nothing appears for that layer in the display area. To correct this problem, access the Properties dialog box for the “missing” layer. Select the Source tab, and click Set Data Source. This will bring up a browser to specify the new location of the data. Once done, the path to the data source will be fixed and the layer will appear. Remember to save the map document so that the new path will be saved as well. This procedure is similar to the project repair operation in ArcView 3.x. There is also a shortcut to help correct the path name for a data source. Right-click the layer, select Data in the context menu, then click Set Data Source from the second context menu. Haga Click aquí para Cambiar la fuente de datos

Ejercicio Inicie su aplicación y agregue una capa de polígonos
Agregue una imagen a ArcMap Agregue una capa desde un shapefile de polígonos Cambie el nombre de una capa Clasifique y simbolice datos espaciales Etiquete elementos Creando un archivo de capa Creando un diseño cartográfico usando el Layout view Defina la escala del mapa Guarde su documento mapa Salga de ArcMap Reto: Inserte un nuevo data frame y agregue un archivo de capa Reto: Guarde las etiquetas como anotaciones

Lección ¿Que es una capa en ArcMap?
¿Cual es la diferencia entre una capa y un archivo de capa (layer file [.lyr])? ¿Que es un marco de datos (data frame)? ¿Que es un documento mapa? ¿Cuando puede usted definir una escala de despliegue para las capas? ¿Como puede usted remover una capa desde ArcMap? Describa dos maneras de renombrar una capa en ArcMap. Los documento mapa tienen una extensión .mxb. (V/F) Los elementos pueden ser etiquetados individualmente o todos a la vez en ArcMap. (V/F)

Lección Usted puede tener tantos data frames activos en ArcMap como usted quiera. (V/F)

Consultado su Base de Datos
4 Consultado su Base de Datos

Lección 4: Generalidades
Herramientas para examinar sus datos Identify (identificar), Find (encontrar), Measure (medir), Maps tips (acotar), Hyperlinks (Hipervínculos) Trabajando con las Herramientas para seleccionar ¿Por qué se necesita una selección? Herramientas de selección disponibles Métodos de selección y capas Selección espacial Selección por atributos Calculando resúmenes estadísticos

Identifying (Identificar)
Visualiza atributos de un elemento específico i Identifying The Identify Features button This tool allows you to display the attributes for any feature you click on with your pointer.

Find (Buscar) Localiza un elemento o atributo específico
Francia relampaguea Finding The Find button Clicking this button brings up the Find window on the screen. Type in the string that you want to search for. Notice that you have the option of searching in all the layers in your map, or in a specific layer. You also have the choice of searching all the fields (attributes), in specific fields, or each layer's primary field for the occurrence of the string you typed earlier. The string can be typed in lowercase, uppercase, or a combination of both. After the search is over the window extends down to reveal the findings. You will get the layer(s) and the field(s) in which the string was found in the feature attribute table(s). If you right-click the value, a context menu appears where you could perform the following operations: • Flash feature: The feature, whose attributes contain the string you typed, will flash for a few seconds a default green shade. This helps you identify the location for what you were looking for. • Zoom to feature(s): ArcMap will zoom to the feature(s) that was (were) found. • Set Bookmark: After setting this found feature as a bookmark, you can use this bookmark later by clicking the View pulldown menu and clicking Bookmarks. • Select feature(s): If you decide that the searched feature which was found is a feature that you want to actually select, then choosing this Select feature(s) option will make that feature selected and available for whatever action you want to do on it later. • Unselect feature(s): After finding this feature among a certain selected set, you may want to discard it from this set.

Medición (Measuring) Encuentra distancias lineales Measuring
The measure tool As you start clicking at different point locations, a thick line will appear on the graphics. Notice the thick gray line between Sevilla and Barcelona. This thick gray line is a segment whose length will appear in the status bar at the bottom of the ArcMap application window. As you move the pointer from Barcelona towards Paris the connecting line will appear thin until you click on Paris. The status bar will report the length of the last segment, while the total length will be reported for all the segments in that measurement transaction. To finish measurements, double-click the endpoint and the gray connecting line will disappear, while the status bar will continue to show the last measurements. All measurements use a pure Cartesian coordinate system. Thus, use such measurements with caution. You should expect inevitable errors due to many factors (some personal and others induced by projections) when using this tool for small-scale renditions.

Map tips e hipervínculos
Visualizan propiedades de una capa Map tips Despliega un atributo especifico en la ubicación del puntero. Hipervínculos Documento URL Macro Map tips and hyperlinks If you have map tips set for a layer, when you move the mouse pointer over a feature in the layer, a rectangular box containing textual information appears. The map tip text comes from a field in the attribute table of that layer. You have to set which field you want attribute values to be reported from when using the map tips. You can display documents, such as a text file or image, Web pages accessed over the Internet, or run a macro (script). You can dynamically create hyperlinks as you browse your map, or alternatively, you can store hyperlinks with your data in an attribute field. When you click on a feature, the ArcMap™ software determines which program is needed to display the hyperlink. If you specify a Web address, ArcMap launches your default Web browser and displays the page. If you specify a different type of document (for example, a text document), ArcMap will display it using its native program (such as Notepad or another text editor). If you are creating maps that people will access interactively, or if you want to explore your data before you do analysis, map tips and hyperlinks are useful ways to present more information about the map's features.

Herramientas para examinar sus datos Identify (identificar), Find (encontrar), Measure (medir), Maps tips (acotar), Hyperlinks (Hipervínculos) Trabajando con las Herramientas para seleccionar ¿Por qué se necesita una selección? Herramientas de selección disponibles Métodos de selección y capas Selección espacial Selección por atributos Calculando resúmenes estadísticos

¿Porqué usted necesita una seleccion?
Para seleccionar otros elementos Focaliza el análisis Elementos seleccionados Crear una nueva capa Editar Calcular estadísticas Why do you need a selection? You may have several reasons why would you make a selection. Among those reasons are: • Using the selected set for further analysis. • Using it to select other features. • Editing the selected set. • Creating a new layer from it. Working with a subset is faster than including the entire set. • Calculating some statistics for it. • Creating a report. • Exporting to others. • Converting it to another graphic format. Convertir en gráficos Reportes Exportar

Herramientas de selección disponibles
Interactiva, atributos, localización, gráficos Set Seleccionado Available selection tools ArcMap provides you with three basics categories, or tools, for selecting features. Interactive Attribute Location Interactive Selection Method: This option offers different methods of selections, which include: (a) create a new selection, (b) add to current selection, (c) remove from current selection, (d) select from current selection. Options offers further refinement to the interactive selection methods, which include: (a) selecting features that are spatially or completely within the box or graphic(s), (b) selecting features that are completely within the box or graphic(s), (c) selecting features that the box or graphic are completely within. Select By Attributes: With this option you can write a selection statement. The search is done on the records in the feature attribute table based on the selection criteria typed in the selection statement. Because all features are linked to their respective records in the feature attribute table, ArcMap will be able to select the features based on their attributes for you. Select By Location: Here, features from a certain layer can be selected by features from another. This is considered a spatial query tool. Select By Graphics: Draw a graphic using the Draw tools to select features. Other features present in this selection menu are the abilities to control which layers will be considered in the selection, to zoom to the selected features, and to clear the selection so that you select features from the entire layer(s).

Capas seleccionables Se especifican desde el menu de selección
Capas seleccionables usando la herramienta de selección interactiva Metodo 1 Metodo 2 Set Selectable Layers While making spatial selections, you have the option of turning on or off the layers that are going to be involved in the selection operation. This can be done in one of two ways. Method 1 From the Selection menu, click Set Selectable Layers. Check the check boxes for any layers you want to include in your next selection. Method 2 From the Tools menu, click Options and click on the TOC tab. Check the Selection check box in the TOC tab options panel, then click OK. Now you have a permanent Selection tab at the bottom of ArcMap’s Table of Contents. When you click this tab, a list of layers with check boxes to their left appears. Now you can check which layers should or should not be included in your next selection.

Métodos de selección Especificados desde el menú de selección
Crea una nueva selección Agrega a la selección Remueve desde la selección Interactive selection method Four methods are available: Create New Selection All features are available at the onset, and you select four countries: France, Poland, Bulgaria, and Greece. Add to Current Selection Now you want to add more countries to the first four selected. You select Denmark and Italy. Remove From Current Selection Here, you decide to remove Bulgaria and Greece from the current selection. Select from Current Selection This time you decide to select only France from the current selection. Selecciona desde la selección

Selección interactiva
Opciones del menú de selección Seleccionar los elementos que están parcial o totalmente contenidos en un recuadro o grafico(s) Seleccionar los elementos que están contenidos totalmente en un recuadro o gráfico(s) Seleccionar los elementos que contienen totalmente el recuadro o gráfico Interactive selection options The Selection pulldown menu offers three additional selection options depending on how you want the features to be selected when you create a selection box: Select features partially or completely within the box or graphic(s): Here, complete features are selected whether they fall completely within the selection box or fall partially within the selection box. Select features completely within the box or graphic(s): Here, complete features are selected only if they fall completely within the selection box. Select features that the box or graphic are completely within: Here the selection box must fall completely within the feature to get selected. In example number three above, no feature was selected because the box was simply too big to fit inside any country.

Selección por atributos
Utiliza la clausula “where” de SQL para seleccionar elementos Guarda y reutiliza expresiones de selección Para la selección actual: Agrega a Remueve desde Selecciona desde Attribute selection ArcMap lets you select features using Structured Query Language (SQL) in the Selection menu's Select By Attributes dialog. SQL is a powerful language you use to define one or more criteria by which you want to select features or records. You define the criteria by creating expressions consisting of attributes, operators, and values. For example, imagine you have a customer database and you want to find those customers who spent more than $50,000 last year and whose business type is Restaurant. You could select the customers with this expression: Sales > AND Business_type = 'Restaurant'. To create an attribute selection, you need to do the following: 1. From the Selection pulldown menu, click Select By Attributes. 2. On the Select By Attribute window, choose the Layer you want to select features from. 3. Write a selection statement (otherwise known as an SQL statement). This can be done either by typing it yourself, or you can create it by clicking a field, and an operator button, followed by a value(s). You can also write more complicated expressions using connectors such as And, Or, and so on. Clicking the Verify button helps you make certain the syntax of the expression is correct. 4. When certain, click OK. You can build expressions to select features directly from your map or records from a table. Selecting records in an attribute table also highlights features in the map, so you can see where the associated features are. You can save selection expressions and reload them with the Save and Load buttons at the bottom of the Select By Attributes dialog. This saves time when you're working with complex query expressions. Simply load the expression back into the Select By Attributes dialog to easily regenerate a set of selected records. Campo Valor Operador

Seleccionar por localización (Consulta espacial)
Utilizar elementos de una capa para seleccionar elementos de otra capa Ciudades Paises Select by location (spatial query) Often you need to find features based on their geographic, or spatial, relationship to other features. Instead of using the cursor or geometric shapes to select features you use features from a one layer to select features in another layer. For this reason, Select By Location is called spatial query. When selecting features with spatial queries, you use the Select By Location dialog, available from ArcMap's Selection menu, to create a statement about what you want to select. There are several selection procedures. They include: Select features from. Add to the current selection of. Remove from the current selection of. Select from the current selection of. The selected features will depend on the mode used. These modes are discussed on the next slide. Regardless of the mode you use, you have the option of narrowing down your selection to a specific layer(s) by checking off all the layers that you want to exclude. You also have the option of selecting features using a certain buffer distance. Resultado Ciudades que intersectan a los paises seleccionados

Métodos basados en la localización
La selección por localización ofrece varios métodos de selección Intersectar Contener Ser contenidos por Compartir un segmento lineal Tocar un límite A una distancia de Ser idénticos Otros… Contaminación Avistamientos 2 km Distritos Río Location selection methods With the Select By Location dialog box, you can select features based on their location relative to other features. Suppose you want to know how many homes were affected by a recent flood. Answering this question—and others like it—involves forming a spatial query. You want to find features based on where they are in relation to other features. For instance, if you mapped the flood boundary, you could then select all the homes that are within this area. By combining queries, you can perform more complex searches. For example, suppose you want to find all the customers who live within a 20-mile radius of your store and who made a recent purchase so you can send them a promotional mailing. You would first select the customers within this radius (select by location) and then refine the selection by finding those customers who have made a purchase within the last six months according to a date-of-last-purchase attribute. You can use a variety of selection methods to select the point, line, or polygon features in one layer that are near or overlap the features in the same or another layer. Resultado Resultado Áreas contaminadas completamente dentro de los distritos seleccionados Avistamientos animales a una distancia de 2 km del río

Selección utilizando gráficos
Dibujar gráfico para seleccionar elementos Trabaja con métodos de selección interactivos Selection by graphics You may use the tools on the Drawing toolbar to add graphics to the ArcMap display. For example, you may want to digitize a polygon around a group of islands that you wish to select. Once the graphic has been added to the display, the Select by Graphic option will be activated on the Selection menu.

Cálculo de resúmenes estadísticos
Seleccionar Elementos Capa Campo Calculating summary statistics After making a spatial or attribute selection, you may want to calculate a simple statistics summary. This can be done by clicking the Statistics option from the Selection pulldown menu. This operation invokes the Selection Statistics window. Here you need to select which layer, as well as which field in the feature attribute table, you want the statistics to be calculated for. Once these are selected, a numeric statistics summary, as well as a frequency distribution chart, appears in that window.

Ejercicio 4: Generalidades
Inicie ArcMap y abrá un documento mapa existente Agregue map tips Identifique un elemento Encuentre un elemento específico Tome mediciones Haga una consulta espacial Examine su selección en la tabla Calcule estadisticas para su selección Cree una capa de la selección (selection layer) Explore otras selecciones espaciales Explore selecciones de atributos Guarde su capa en otro formato Guarde su documento y salga de ArcMap

Lección 4: Revisión ¿Por qué son útiles los map tips?
¿Qué es un hyperlink (hipervínculo)? ¿Qué hace la herramienta Identify? ¿Como acceder el menú de contexto en la herramienta Find? ¿Cuáles opciones están localizadas en este menú de contexto? ¿Cuáles son las cuatro maneras en que un elemento puede ser seleccionado en ArcMap? ¿Cuáles son los métodos de selección disponibles en el dialogo de selección por atributos? ¿Cuáles opciones de extensión pueden ser definidas para la selección espacial interactiva?

Lección 4: Revisión ¿Que instrucción hace que la función de Selección por Atributos use los elementos seleccionados? ¿Si usted no conoce donde están ciertos elementos, pero usted conoce alguno de sus atributos, como puede localizar estos? Describa dos métodos de Selección por Localización.

Trabajando con datos espaciales
5 Trabajando con datos espaciales

Contenido Repaso de datos geográficos Asociar elementos y atributos
Formatos de datos Trabajando con ArcCatalog Metadatos Geography Network

Representando elementos geográficos
X,Y Datos vectoriales Datos raster Los datos poseen Rows Columns Representing geographic features In the first lesson, you learned many fundamental concepts about GIS and geographic data. Before you learn about the various spatial data formats that ArcGIS™ software can use, it is a good idea to review some of the concepts covered in Lesson One. The two basic models for digitally storing geographic data are vector and raster. The vector model uses discrete coordinates to represent geographic features as points, lines or polygons. The raster model uses equally sized square cells to represent features. The level of detail depends on the size of the cells. GIS data is made up of three basic components: Geography (the spatial representation of the features), Attributes (the descriptive characteristics of the features) and behavior rules (instructions that govern what the features can and cannot do). Reglas de comportamiento Geometría Atributos

Introduciendo feature classes (Clases de elementos)
Colección de elementos con el mismo tipo de geometría Se pueden crear clases de elementos tipo punto, línea ó área GDB Carreteras FC Clase de elementos Lineales individuales “Carreteras” Varios objetos lineales diferentes Carreteras secundarias Autopistas Principales Introducing feature classes You know about point, line, and area abstraction. Given these choices, it would be impractical to store every line in its own dataset. Feature classes allow you to aggregate homogeneous features into a single unit. For example, highways, primary roads, and secondary roads can be grouped into a line feature class named “roads”. All customers for each business franchise can be grouped into a point feature class named “customers”. Territories for homogeneous wildlife species can be grouped into a polygon feature class named “habitat”.

Asociando elementos y atributos
Las clases de elementos son tablas que almacenan datos espaciales Cada elemento tiene un registro en la tabla Un identificador único asocia cada elemento con sus atributos Linking features and attributes For geographic objects stored in a feature class, each individual feature is assigned a unique numerical identifier and is characterized by a unique location in space and corresponding record in an attribute table. While the exact name of the numerical identifier may differ by the data format, it is important to understand this one-to-one relationship between feature, identifier, and attribute record. FID = 5052 Identificador de Elementos

Formatos de datos espaciales
ArcGIS puede utilizar datos espaciales en diversos formatos Coverage Geodatabase Shapefile Internet Map Service CAD Spatial data formats Currently, there is not a standard format for GIS data. Various GIS software manufacturers and other organizations, such as government agencies, have continually searched for more efficient and versatile digital formats to store geographic information. ArcGIS can has the advantage of seamlessly supporting all of the ESRI formats: shapefiles, coverages, grids, and the geodatabase. In addition ArcGIS also supports the three most common CAD file formats (DXF, DWG and DGN), as well as a variety of common image formats. The ability to work with so many different formats without needing to convert them is a tremendous advantage. Raster Tables ArcGIS

Formato de datos Shapefile
Clase de elemento simple Los atributos son almacenados en una tabla dBASE Shapefile Donut Tabla Donut.dbf Data format: Shapefile Shapefiles can only contain one feature class. Therefore, a donut shop point feature class (representing the building’s point) must be stored in a different shapefile as a donut shop polygon feature class (representing the building’s footprint). Regardless of feature type, a shapefile’s default attribute table is stored in dBASE format and is named shapefile.dbf (e.g., donut.dbf). You can access this table in ArcGIS applications or dBASE. Additionally, shapefiles are the native format for ArcView, so you can view, display, and edit both the spatial and attribute data in ArcView. Shapefiles are a vector file structure for storing the location and attribute information of points, lines, or areas. Each shapefile consist of at least three files: shapefile.shp, shapefile.shx, and shapefile.dbf (donut.shp, donut.shx, and donut.dbf in the example below). If your shapefile has a defined coordinate system, the spatial reference information will be stored in the shapefile.prj (e.g., donut.prj) file. Note that all GIS spatial data layers are stored in some type of coordinate system and the definition of the coordinate system should be maintained in the database dictionary, the shapefile.prj, the metadata file or all three. In addition to the three basic files (.shp, .shx, .dbf), other files may be created, used or both by ArcGIS™ software as needed. El campo Shape accede archivos de coordenadas separados

Formato de datos Coverage (Coberturas)
Una carpeta que contiene clases de elementos múltiples Puede almacenar clases de elementos de puntos, líneas, polígonos y más Los atributos son almacenados en una tabla separada tipo INFO cobertura Landusecov Tabla INFO Landusecov.pat Data format: Coverage A coverage is a collection mechanism that may contain one or more feature classes. For example, a landuse coverage may contain both an area feature class representing contiguous landuse boundaries and a line feature class used to model the exact transitional location between landuse types. Area and line feature classes have separate attribute tables but it is important to note that they share the same geometry. You can have points and lines (with attributes) in the same coverage, but they do not share the same geometry. The only limitation is that you cannot have both point and polygon attributes within the same coverage. Topological data structure Unlike shapefiles, coverages explicitly store the topological information (length, area, perimeter, adjacency, and connectivity) as part of the feature attribute table. For example, coverages containing line feature classes will have length and connectivity properties defined in the cover.aat; polygon feature classes contain area and perimeter in the cover.pat; and coverages containing both line and polygon feature classes will have adjacency information defined in the cover.aat. For more information, consult the online documentation. ArcInfo coverages have the ability to store a variety of feature classes. The graphic above illustrates the different kinds of coverage feature classes. A coverage’s attribute table is stored in INFO format and you can access this table anywhere in ArcGIS. The INFO table has a feature identifier named cover# (e.g., landuse#) that links the geometric feature with the associated record in the attribute table. INFO attribute tables associated to polygon or point feature classes are named cover.PAT (e.g., landuse.pat or wells.pat). INFO attribute tables associated to line feature classes are named cover.AAT (e.g., streets.aat). Note that coverages native to PC ArcInfo have a slightly different structure because their default attribute table is stored in dBASE format. A coverage is one of the ArcInfo native vector formats. It is stored as a folder containing both the locational data files and the descriptive data files for features in a given geographic area. Coverages can be displayed and queried in all ArcGIS applications, but they can only be edited using ArcMap™ software in ArcEditor™ software or ArcInfo. El campo <cover># accede archivos de coordenadas separados Feature class Tabla de atributos Point <cover>.PAT Tabla de atributos Point Arc <cover>.AAT Tabla de atributos Arc Node <cover>.NAT Tabla de atributos Node Polygon <cover>.PAT Tabla de atributos Polygon

Organización de coberturas de ArcInfo
Las coberturas deben guardarse en un espacio de trabajo (Workspace) de ArcGIS Los espacios de trabajo contienen un folder tipo info El folder tipo info almacena información sobre la tabla de atributos Administración de coberturas y workspaces Use solo las herramientas que provee ArcGIS Los comandos del sistema operativo no respetan la relación cobertura-INFO Tabla INFO landusecov.pat Workspace Redlands ArcInfo coverage organization An ArcInfo workspace is simply an operating system folder with a subfolder named info. The info folder stores and manages the info format attribute tables for the coverages in the workspace. In addition to coverages, workspaces may also store any other type of geographic data (shapefiles, geodatabases, grids, etc.), as well as related files, such as documentation or graphics files. It is very important to use only ArcGIS tools to manage and manipulate coverages and workspaces. ArcGIS tools are designed to preserve the link between the coverage geography and the attribute table stored in the info folder. Operating system file management tools are unaware of this link. Coverages files are stored in two folders: the coverage folder and the INFO folder. Files in both folders are required to reconstruct a coverage's spatial and attribute information.

Formato de datos Geodatabases
GDB FC FDS standalone Almacena los elementos espaciales y sus atributos en la misma base de datos relacional (RDBMS) Los feature datasets (conjuntos de elementos) modelan las relaciones espaciales Tienen sus propias clases de elementos (feature classes) Tabla RDBMS geodatabase feature class Coffe Data format: Geodatabase In contrast to file-based formats, like coverages and shapefiles, which store feature coordinate and attribute information in separate files, the geodatabase has the ability to store the two types of information in one database. This centralization of storage offers many advantages. Each Geodatabase feature class can only store a single feature type, but you can easily group them into a feature class collection called a feature dataset as long as they have the same coordinate system. Like coverages, the geodatabase can store some types of topological relationships. A geometric network allows you to model connectivity between the lines and points. You also have the option of creating your own custom features, such as complex electrical junctions with their own behavior. Read the online documentation for information about custom features. Note: The term geodatabase is used to refer to a storage format. You should be aware that ArcInfo supports two physical implementations of the geodatabase: a personal geodatabase and an ArcSDE geodatabase. The personal geodatabase is designed for smaller-scale projects and is stored in .mdb format. You do not need to purchase any additional software programs to access and manage personal geodatabases. The ArcSDE geodatabase is designed for larger, enterprise GIS applications and databases and is stored in one of the supported RDBMS formats (e.g., Oracle). These applications require you to purchase the supported RDBMS software for data storage. ArcInfo provides the necessary interface between your chosen RDBMS and the desktop applications. Regardless of the physical implementation, you can perform the same display, query, and analysis operations on both types of geodatabases. Note that there are some differences in functionality due to physical storage issues and functionality. You should read the online documentation for more information. The geodatabase is a native data format for all ArcGIS applications. It stores point, line, and area data in an RDBMS table such as Access or Oracle. ArcEditor and ArcInfo can create, edit, and delete ArcSDE (e.g., Oracle) and personal geodatabase (e.g., Access) feature classes. ArcView can create, edit, and delete personal geodatabase features, use ArcSDE geodatabase features for various processes such as queries, joins, and relates, but it cannot create, edit, or delete them. El campo Shape accede archivos de coordenadas separados

Validación del Geodatabase
Validación de Atributos Validación Espacial Subtipos Topología Dominios Redes Geométricas Clases de Relación Validation means that geographic features can be made to allow certain types of editing, display, or analysis, depending on circumstances that the user defines. Feature behavior is most easily implemented in the geodatabase. In the geodatabase, you can set two types of validations: Spatial and attribute. Spatial validation Spatial validation can be used in two ways: Topology or Geometric Networks. Both of these spatial validation types require a feature dataset where dedicated feature classes participate in either the Topology rules or the Geometric Network rules. A single feature class cannot participate in both. Both of these spatial validation are available in ArcEditor and ArcInfo Attribute validation Attribute validation are of three types: Subtypes, Domains, and Relationship classes. These types of validations are necessarily used with tabular data. Both of these validations are required for maintaining data integrity and efficiency during management, display, and editing operations on the geodatabase. Geodatabase

Formato de datos Archivos CAD
Archivos de Diseño Asistido por computadora (DXF, DWG, DGN) Colección lógica Accede a una o a todas las clases de elementos en forma simultánea Editar después de exportar a un Feature Class en un geodatabase, cobertura o shapefile Archivo CAD (tabla solo lectura) Data format: CAD files Accessing CAD sources may be done individually by choosing the feature class to display, query, or both. Or you can view the entire CAD file feature class collection all at once. If you view all feature classes at once, you cannot change the symbology nor view the associated attribute table. CAD attribute tables Each individual feature class within the CAD file has an associated attribute table. This table displays the original attributes from the CAD file. Your geographic database may include GIS data stored in CAD format. ArcInfo supports DXF, DWG, and DGN formats. You can display and query the data as it exists in its native CAD file format, or you can convert it to a coverage or geodatabase feature class if you want to edit the spatial features or attribute records. The ability to display and query native CAD files is incredibly useful. For example, suppose you work for an organization where one or more departments create spatial data with CAD systems. Rather than re-creating the data to put in your GIS database, you can leverage the existing data. Campo Shape accede coordenadas read-only

Ubicaciones tabulares a un feature class de puntos
Tabla con coordenadas originales Nueva clase de elemento Nueva clase de elemento Tabla con direcciones Tabular locations In addition to data sources such as a shapefile, you can also add tabular data that contains geographic locations in the form of x,y coordinates to your map. X,y coordinates describe discrete locations on the earth’s surface such as the location of fire hydrants in a city or the points where soil samples were collected. You can easily collect x,y coordinate data using a global positioning system (GPS) device. In order to add a table of x,y coordinates to your map, the table must contain two fields, one for the x-coordinate and one for the y-coordinate. The values in the fields may represent any coordinate system and units such as latitude and longitude or meters. Once you have added the data to your map, the layer behaves just like any other feature layer. You may also create point features from a table of address locations through the process of geocoding or address matching to reference address data. Geocoding will be covered in more detail in Introduction to ArcGIS 2.

Imágenes y grids Filas y columnas de igual tamaño
Cada celda almacena un valor Detalle depende del tamaño de la celda Grids (Formato raster nativo de ESRI) Imágenes (TIFF, BMP, SID, JPEG, ERDAS) Data format: Images and Grids As mentioned earlier, raster datasets use rows and columns of equally spaced cells to model reality. There is a trade-off between how closely you want to model reality and file size. The smaller the cell size, the more detail can be captured. Larger cell sizes do not require as much disk space for storage but will not capture as much detail. Raster collection mechanisms A raster dataset can either be a simple dataset or a compound dataset (a collection) with multiple layers. ArcInfo supports many raster image formats, and these may be monochrome (black and white) or multispectral (many bands, or layers, representing many colors). These images can also be organized into a collection based on their spatial adjacency: ArcInfo workstation tools allow you to create an image catalog to organize and manage your image data. In addition to images, ArcInfo uses a native raster format called a grid. Grids may use a collection mechanism called a grid stack, which is used for certain types of analysis. There are several different types of grids, so you should read the online documentation for more information about their formats and capabilities. Some types of grids may have a default attribute table called the value attribute table (VAT). For example, a landuse grid’s VAT can report the number of cells for each landuse classification. Grids may also store information about the surface, with each cell containing a z value. Consult the online documentation for more information about grids and their properties.

Utilizando datos del Geography Network
Mapas o Servicios de datos Bases de datos en Internet Geoservicios y soluciones El explorador del Geography Network Using Geography Network data The Geography Network is based on the collaboration of public and private organizations that publish and share GIS information on the Internet. It provides access to a wide variety of geographic content including static map images, dynamic map services, downloadable data, and data clearinghouses. The Geography Network is an evolving Internet platform, based on ArcIMS™ software technology, for both the users and publishers of spatial data. To use the Geography Network effectively, you need to define or identify the type of geographic content that you are interested in and then decide how you want to use it. There are two types of map services, Image services and Feature services. When you use an Image service, the map image is generated for you by the map server in JPEG, GIF or PNG format and does not require any special processing to take place on your computer. With a Feature service, the map server bundles the data and ships it to you through a process called streaming. This requires that you have the necessary Java applet or application, like ArcExplorer 3.0 or ArcGIS, to interpret the data stream. With feature services, you are actually working directly with the data over the Internet. A Data Service lets you download geographic data files or it can be a collection of links to data clearinghouses. When you download geographic files, you are getting a static copy of the data from the data provider’s computer and not a live map as in the image or feature map services described previously. Data clearinghouses are usually Web sites maintained by organizations and companies that handle specific types of information. The data may be categorized by geographic region, department, project, content, or by the digital characteristics of the data itself. Data clearinghouses can be very comprehensive but may rely on you knowing what you are looking for. Geoservices are Internet services that perform basic geoprocessing tasks such as geocoding, buffering, or routing. As a solutions developer, you would use geoservices to perform real time geoprocessing on the computer where the geoservices are located and pass back the results to your custom application, all over the Internet. In other words, you would not have to maintain the basic geoprocessing application tools, or the associated geographic data, on your computers in order to use them with your custom map service.

Usando ArcCatalog Provee una vista uniforme de todos sus datos
Define o modifica las definiciones de las tablas y clases de elementos Administra datos: Copia, Renombra, Borra Using ArcCatalog ArcCatalog is the application where you can assemble connections to all the data you need to use. When you select a connection, you can access the data to which it is linked, whether it is located on a local disk or a database on the network. Together, your connections create a “catalog” of geographic data sources. You can browse your data holdings three ways using three tabs in ArcCatalog: The Contents tab, the Preview tab, and the Metadata tab. The Contents tab shows what a selected item, perhaps a folder or database file, contains. The Preview tab will give a preview of the selected item’s geographic or tabular data. The Metadata tab will show the metadata for a selected item. Within ArcCatalog you can move, copy, rename, and delete geographic data. You can create, manage, and edit associated metadata, and you can perform some modifications to the data, such as adding fields to tables, defining subtypes, creating domains, and building table relationships.

Tres maneras de ver los datos
Contents (Contenidos) Preview (Vista Previa) Metadata (Metadatos) Three ways to view data In ArcCatalog, you can browse your data holdings three ways using three tabs: Contents tab The Contents tab shows what a selected item (e.g., folder, geodatabase, or feature dataset) in the Catalog tree contains. There are four ways to view the contents of the item: as large icons, in list form, showing details (like data type), and in thumbnail view. Preview tab The Preview tab previews the selected item’s geographic or tabular data. Geography view is the default preview mode. For items containing both geographic data and tabular attributes, you can toggle between the two preview types using the dropdown list at the bottom left corner of the Preview view. The available previews are not limited to Geography and Table. Developers can create their own custom previews and add them to the list. For example, an AML view might let you preview the contents of an AML file that has been added to the database. Metadata tab The Metadata tab will show a selected item’s metadata. By default, when you try to view an item’s metadata, ArcCatalog will automatically generate it if it does not already exist. Upon creation, ArcCatalog adds several of the data source’s properties to the metadata. The next time you view or edit the metadata, ArcCatalog will automatically update these properties with the current information. A

El tab Contents Iconos grandes Lista Detalles Thumbnails (miniaturas)
Datos Capas Mapas The Contents tab The Contents tab lists the items contained in any item you select in the Catalog tree, such as folders, geodatabases, or feature datasets. In the Contents tab you can look at the data listed in four different ways: Large icons: All items are represented by a large icon graphic in the main display window. List: The items are shown in a simple list with small icons to the left of the file names. Details: The items are shown in a simple list with small icons to the left of the file names (similar to the list view option), but additional information is also given, such as each file’s data type. Thumbnails: All items are represented by thumbnail images in the main display window. The thumbnails are snapshots of the data at the time the thumbnail was created. Therefore, the thumbnail images can quickly become outdated and should be updated frequently. By default, thumbnails are automatically generated for map documents. For other items, a thumbnail must be created. If a thumbnail has not been created for an item, an icon (describing the data type) and name of the item will appear in place of the thumbnail.

El tab Preview Vista Geography o Table
Se selecciona desde una lista desplegable Construye vistas personalizadas The Preview tab When an item is selected in the Catalog tree, the Preview tab will preview the selected item’s geographic or tabular data. At the bottom of the tab there is a dropdown list that allows users to select which view they would like to see (either geography or table). Geography is the default view, where the data is displayed with a random color and/or symbol set. The table view option shows the attribute data (in a tabular form) associated with the selected item. A third preview option, 3D view, is also possible if the 3D Analyst Extension has been added. You can build your own custom views if these three options do not meet the needs of your organization.

El tab Metadata Crea y despliega metadatos en una gran variedad de formas Viewing metadata You can view metadata in ArcCatalog by selecting an item in the Catalog tree, then clicking the Metadata tab in the display area. There are a number of stylesheets available in ArcCatalog to view metadata (e.g., FGDC, ISO, and XML). Stylesheets format data from a database and present the results as a report. Metadata is stored as an XML, Extensible Markup Language, document and the stylesheets define how XML data is presented. Stylesheets are written using Extended Stylesheet Language (XSL). The stylesheets in ArcCatalog represent common standards for metadata. You can also create your own customized stylesheet for displaying metadata in ArcCatalog using XSL. You can display your metadata using the different formats for FGDC, ISO, or XML. The FGDC is an organization established by the United States Federal Office of Management and Budget responsible for the coordination of development, use, sharing, and dissemination of surveying, mapping, and related spatial data. It is composed of representatives from several federal agencies and GIS vendors. The FGDC defines spatial metadata standards in its Content Standards for Spatial Metadata, and it coordinates the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). ISO, the International Organization for Standardization is another common standard for collecting metadata on spatial data.

Introducción a los metadatos
¿Qué son metadatos? Tab metadata Descripción Espacial Atributos Crea y edita metadatos Visualizar los metadatos utilizando diferentes formatos FGDC ESRI XML Introducing metadata Often the definition that is given for metadata is data about data. While this definition is not incorrect it not very informative. To be a bit more precise, metadata is supporting descriptive information about data. Text written on the back of a photograph telling you the photograph's date and subject, or nutrition labels on food containers are common examples of everyday metadata. Metadata includes descriptive information such as date, creator, geographic extent, coordinate system, and attribute domains. Metadata gives your data credibility and in many situations your data may be impossible to interpret or use without it. The Metadata tab in ArcCatalog displays the metadata for a selected dataset. If metadata doesn't exist for the selected dataset, ArcCatalog will create as much metadata as it can from the existing information. The Metadata tab is divide into three categories. The description information contains the basic narrative information about the dataset. Including source, organization, date, uses, and restrictions. The spatial information contains the coordinate information and geographic extent of the dataset. The attributes information includes fields, attribute domains, and related tabular information. You can create, edit, import, and export the metadata for any given dataset. Metadata information is stored in XML format so you can use it with other software that can read XML documents. You can display your metadata using the ArcCatalog default format, Geography Network format, FGDC format, or raw XML. The FGDC is an organization established by the United States Federal Office of Management and Budget responsible for the coordination of development, use, sharing, and dissemination of surveying, mapping, and related spatial data. It is composed of representatives from several federal agencies and GIS vendors. The FGDC defines spatial metadata standards in its Content Standards for Spatial Metadata and coordinates the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

Conectando a carpetas (folders)
Conecta a cualquier carpeta en su red Conecta a través de la red (Network Neighborhood) almacenando una ruta UNC (Uniform Naming Convention) Ejemplo \\servername\foldername\filename.ext Usa UNC en archivos de capas o documentos de mapas Desconecta desde carpetas Connecting to folders Unlike Windows Explorer, ArcCatalog does not list all files stored on disk, so when you look in a folder, it might appear to be empty. By default, ArcCatalog only lists geographic data files. When you choose a connection, you can access the data to which it is linked and its metadata. Multiple connections create an accessible “catalog” of geographic data sources. By default, ArcCatalog can access several types of geographic data (e.g., shapefiles, coverages). To enable ArcCatalog to access a new type of geographic data, you need to specify the data type in the File Types list in the Options dialog. When you first start ArcCatalog, it contains folder connections that let you access your local computer’s hard disks along with other folders called Database Connections and Coordinate Systems. You can add additional folder connections that access specific folders or directories on a local disk, shared folders on the network, or the contents of a floppy or CD-ROM drive when needed. You can also connect through Network Neighborhood to store a Uniform Naming Convention (UNC) path. You can use UNC for layer files or map documents to reference a layer’s source data. Lastly, you can remove folder connections and hide other folders that you do not need.

Accediendo datos en Internet
Conecta a un Internet map server Ejemplo: Geography Network Connecting to an Internet server To access services provided by an ArcIMS Internet server add an Internet server connection to the Catalog. To establish the connection, provide the Universal Resource Locator (URL), which uniquely identifies the server on the Internet (e.g., Your connection can access all the services provided, or you can choose to have it access only the specific services in which you are interested.

Configurando datos visibles
Enciende o apaga todos los tipos de datos Setting viewable data You can control what appears in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog by clicking Tools > Options. In the Options dialog on the General tab, you can choose which data types to turn “on” or “off.” Turning a data type off will result in its not being listed in the ArcCatalog Catalog tree. In other words, the data type becomes invisible and/or unreadable by ArcCatalog.

Creando thumbnail (imagenes miniatura)
Usadas por la vista thumbnail en Contents  Zoom y Pan (opcional) Haga Click en el icono Create Thumbnail Haga Click en el tab Preview   Creating thumbnail images To create a thumbnail image in ArcCatalog, you must have the Geography toolbar displayed on the ArcCatalog interface. To access the toolbar, click View > Toolbars > Geography. To create a thumbnail, simply select the layer in the Catalog tree, click the Preview tab, then click the Create Thumbnail tool in the Geography toolbar. In order to view the created thumbnail, click on the folder/geodatabase/feature dataset that contains the layer, click the Contents tab, and select the Show Contents As Thumbnail Images button on the standard ArcCatalog toolbar. You will now see the thumbnail you created.  Escoja un objeto

Inicie ArcCatalog y cree una nueva conexión a una carpeta Trabaje con la vista de contenido Trabaje con el tab Preview y explore un shapefile Explore una cobertura Explore metadatos Explore un geodatabase Explore una fuente de datos CAD Convierta un shapefile en un geodatabase Explore conjuntos de datos raster Reto: Cree un thumbnail (imagen miniatura) Reto: Obtenga las estadísticas resumen de una clase de elementos

Lección 5: Revisión ArcGIS puede trabajar con datos espaciales en múltiples formatos. (V/F) Un shapefile es una carpeta conteniendo múltiples clases de elementos. (V/F) Los atributos en la cobertura son alamcenados en una tabla INFO. (V/F) Tanto los formatos de shapefile y coberturas están compuestos por múltiples archivos. (V/F) Es mejor administrar los datos de las coberturas con su sistema operativo. (V/F) ¿Cuales dos tipos de validación están disponibles para el geodatabase?

Lección 5: Revisión Usted puede agrupar puntos y líneas en una misma clase de elementos. (V/F) ¿Cuales son las tres maneras en que usted puede ver los datos en ArcCatalog? ¿Que son thumbnails?

6 Trabajando con tablas

Estructura de la tabla Tipos de datos Manipulación de la tabla Conectando tablas Trabajando con gráficos y reportes

Tablas Información descriptiva de los elementos
Cada clase de elemento tiene una tabla asociada Existe una fila por cada elemento geográfico Clic derecho Tables A table contains formatted descriptive information. In ArcGIS™ software, the information in a table is generally associated with spatial data, such as a feature attribute table. However, in ArcGIS tabular information can be independent of any spatial data, such as nonspatial statistical data. For the purposes of this course, you will consider only tables that contain information that is directly or indirectly related to spatial datasets. The feature attribute table contains descriptive information about the features in a feature class. To open a feature attribute table in ArcMap™ software, right-click the layer, then click Open Attribute Table. In ArcCatalog™ software, you highlight the table and view it using the Preview tab. The feature attribute table consists of fields (also known as columns). Each field represents one type of descriptive information. Each row (also known as a record) contains the attributes of one feature in the dataset.

Comprendiendo la anatomía de una tabla
Propiedades básicas de la tabla Registros/filas y campos/columnas Las columnas pueden almacenar números, texto, fechas El nombre de la columna debe ser único Columnas (campos) Filas (registros) Valores de los atributos Understanding table anatomy Each table has the same basic format: an array of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and a column represents a specific attribute for a single feature. Some tables, like a feature class's default attribute table, have a preset number of columns. For instance, a polygon coverage has four standard columns: area, perimeter, coverage#, and coverage-id. Other tables are completely user-defined. The table in the graphic has three user-added columns: Name, Country, and Population. ArcInfo™ software automatically adds a third column named FID for display purposes (FID is not physically stored as part of the table but you can perform queries on it as you would any other column). Each table should have unique column names but can have a variety of column formats. In general, you can store numbers, text, and dates. Specifically supported formats in ArcCatalog include short integer, long integer, float, double, text, date, object-id, and blob. Consult the online documentation for more information about these column types.

Tipos de campos en las tablas
Diferentes tipos de campos almacenan diferentes tipos de valores Seleccione el tipo de campo apropiado a sus datos El tipo de campo varía según el formato de la tabla Nombre: Júpiter Lunas: 16 Diámetro: 142,984 km Fecha de impacto del cometa Shoemaker-Levy: 7/16/1994 Periodo de rotación: 9.8 hr Tabular data field types Tables are capable of storing date, number and text values, but most tabular formats have several different field types to store this information. Choosing the best field type for the values to be stored is an important consideration. In addition, the available field types can vary between tabular formats. Supported formats in ArcCatalog include short integer, long integer, float, double, text, date, object-id, and blob. Text Date Short Long BLOB Float Jupiter 7/16/1994 16 142984 9.8

Manipulación de la tabla
Abrir tabla en ArcMap o visualizarla en ArcCatalog Ordenar en forma ascendente ó descendente Congelar/Descongelar columnas Estadísticas En ArcMap Seleccionar registros Modificar valores de la tabla Table manipulation Many operations, such as sort, find, select, and freeze, can be performed on the tables in ArcMap and ArcCatalog. In ArcCatalog, you can create new tables as well as create, and delete fields for existing tables. In ArcMap, you can edit the table record values.

Formatos tabulares de ArcGIS
Cada formato espacial de ArcGIS posee una tabla con un formato propio Coberturas: INFO Shapefile: dbf Geobase de datos: RDBMS Crear un vínculo entre tablas relacionadas Algunos formatos espaciales pueden vincularse con varios formatos tabulares } ArcGIS puede convertir entre formatos ArcGIS tabular formats ArcGIS supports the use of multiple formats for the storage and management of tabular information. Each of ArcInfo’s primary spatial formats has its own native format. Coverages use INFO formatted tables; shapefiles store their attributes in dBase (dbf) format; Geodatabases rely on the format of their supporting RDBMS (Access or Oracle, for example). Some formats, such as the coverage, can link to independent tables, regardless of their format. Deciding on the proper format to store attribute information is an important part of a database design and can affect the efficiency with which you are able to access tabular information. To facilitate sharing of data in different formats, ArcGIS contains tools to convert between the various tabular formats. usocob usocob.pat dueño.dbf taxinfo_dat

Asociando tablas Los atributos pueden almacenarse en la tabla del elemento o en tablas separadas Las tablas se asocian a partir de valores en un campo llave común Se debe conocer el tipo de relación de las tablas (cardinalidad) Tabla de atributos de los elementos Tabla de atributos adicional Associating tables Two tables can be connected, or associated, if there is a similar field in each table containing common values. In the example, the tables are linked by the common field called ZONE_CODE. Once the tables are connected, the description of what each zone_code means (from the DESCRIPTION field) can be accessed from the feature attribute table by looking up the value in the associated table. Because very often features have many attributes, most database design guidelines promote organizing your database into multiple tables—each focused on a specific topic—instead of one large table containing all the necessary fields. This scheme prevents duplicate information in the database because you store the information only once in one table. Tables can be connected so that when you need information that isn't in the current table, you can access it from a table associated with it.

Relaciones entre tablas
Cuántos objetos A están relacionados con los objetos B? Tipos de cardinalidad Uno-a-uno, uno-a-muchos ó muchos-a-uno, y muchos-a-muchos Se debe conocer la cardinalidad antes de conectar las tablas Una parcela tiene muchos dueños Muchas parcelas tienen un dueño Muchas parcelas tienen muchos dueños Una parcela tiene un dueño Table relationships When you associate two tables together, you need to know how the individual record values will relate to each other. The record relationships (cardinality) are: one-to-one, one-to-many (many-to-one), and many-to-many. Knowing which relationship type you have will prevent potential record omission errors. For instance, if you have a one-to-many association and you connect the tables as if they were one-to-one, then you will omit needed information from the connected table because one-to-one record searches stop looking for more matches after they find the first match. You can avoid these types of problems by becoming familiar with tabular database management strategies—strategies that will also make you a better GIS user. Read the sections about tabular management in the online documentation. o

Uniones (Joins) y relaciones (Relates)
Hay dos métodos de asociar tablas en ArcMap basados en un campo común Unión (join) anexa los atributos de una tabla a la otra Rotule o simbolice elementos usando atributos unidos Relación (relate) define una relación entre dos tablas Joins and relates ArcMap provides two methods to associate data stored in tables with geographic features: joins and relates. When you join two tables, you append the attributes from one onto the other based on a field common to both tables. Relating tables defines a relationship between two tables—also based on a common field—but doesn’t append the attributes of one to the other. Instead, you can access the related data when necessary. You’ll want to join two tables when the data in the tables has a one-to-one or a many-to-one relationship—for example, you have a layer showing store locations, and you want to join a table of the latest monthly sales figures to it. You’ll want to relate two tables when the data in the tables has a one-to-many or many-to-many relationship—for example, your map displays a parcel database, and you have a table of owners. A parcel may have more than one owner, and an owner may own more than one parcel. Joins and relates are reconnected whenever you open the map. This way, if the underlying data in your tables changes, it will be reflected in the join or relate. When you’re through using a join or relate, you can remove it.

Conectando tablas con uniones
Conexión física entre dos tablas Anexa los atributos de las dos tablas Asume cardinalidad de uno-a-uno ó muchos-a-uno Parcelas (antes del Join) Códigos de Zona Muchos a uno Connecting tables with joins You can connect two tables together in ArcMap using a join. Join works with shapefiles, coverages and geodatabase files. Once the tables are connected, you can query, symbolize, or analyze the new table based on the joined values. Tables connected using the ArcMap join are not permanently connected. The tables are dynamically linked together in ArcMap and you can remove or add them whenever you want. When joining two tables, the names of the common fields need not be identical but the fields must be the same type (e.g., text, date, float, etc.). The ArcMap join data menu allows you to choose which field contains the values that will match. Table joins are designed for one-to-one or many-to-one relationships. For other cardinalities you should use a relate instead of a join. If you use join with one-to-many or many-to-many cardinality, you will omit all records after the first match for each primary key value. Parcela (después del Join) Parcel

Conectando tablas con relaciones
Define relaciones entre dos tablas Las tablas permanecen independientes Condiciones adicionales de cardinalidad Uno-a-muchos, muchos-a-muchos Connecting tables with relates Another way that you can connect tables in ArcMap is by creating a relate. Like joining tables, relating tables defines a relationship between two tables and is also based upon a common field. Unlike joining tables, a relate doesn't append the fields of one table to the other. Instead, the two tables remain as independent tables in ArcMap. ArcMap knows there is connection between the two tables and you can access data in the related tables when you need it. You relate tables instead of joining them when there is a one-to-many or many-to-many relationship between the tables or you need to maintain the information in the related table independent of the attribute table Abrir tablas relacionadas

Gráficos Resumen información tabular
Gran variedad de formatos de gráficos Defina propiedades de visualización Adicione los gráficos a un mapa Graphs Graphs make the often difficult task of interpreting the large amount of quantitative (numerical) attribute data associated with layers a lot easier by displaying the data values graphically. You can represent your data and analysis results using many styles of graphs, including both two- and three-dimensional graphs. ArcGIS uses graphics server software by Pinnacle Publishing, Inc. that provides a variety of chart types so you can represent your data in the clearest and most efficient manner. Values for ArcGIS graphs come directly from feature attribute tables. Some graphs are better than others at presenting certain kinds of information. Consider the information you want to present carefully before choosing a graph style. You can control most visual aspects of the graph in order to create an effective display of your data. For example, you can add titles, label axes, and change the color of graph markers or the color and font of the chart's text. Once you've created a graph, you can add it to a map in ArcMap's Layout View. When placed on the layout, a graph becomes a graphic element that you can size and position as desired. However, once you've placed a graph on a layout, it becomes static and changes to the graph's source table will not be reflected in the graph.

Elaboración de un gráfico
El asistente de gráficos (Graph Wizard) es un utilitario profesional para graficar y esquematizar Graph creation The graphing tool in ArcMap can be activated in the Tools menu, using the Graphs option. You can then create, manage, or load a graph. A series of wizard panels guides you through the process of creating a graph. Graphs present information about map features—and the relationship(s) between them—in an attractive, easy-to-understand graphic. They may show trends, patterns, or both that are not easily visible in the attribute tables of the map features. They can show additional information about the features on the map or show the same information in a different way. The information displayed on a graph comes directly from the attribute information stored with your geographic data. Once created, you can easily add a graph to your map.

Reportes Organiza y visualiza datos tabulares
Agrupa y da formato a los datos Guarda y exporta datos Dos herramientas para realizar reportes Report Writer Crystal Reports Reports Displaying your data in a report allows you to organize your data. You can sort records based on the values in one or more field. For example, given a list of countries, you can sort them by total population or alphabetically by their name. Then you can easily see which country has the largest population. You can group records and calculate summary statistics (sum, average, count, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values). Reports can be divided into a series of sections; each one identifies a particular area on the report. You control how a report looks by manipulating the contents of a section and by setting properties, such as size and color. For example, the section at the top of the report typically contains the title and subtitle of the report; however, you don't have to include either of these report elements if you don't need them. You can save a report to a file on disk and use it with another map or in other software products. (When you save a simple report to a file, you're creating a static copy that isn't linked to the actual data from which the report was created. Therefore, you won't be able to modify the report). You can export reports to different file types, including Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF), Rich Text Format (RTF), or plain text (TXT). If you repeatedly use a consistent report design, you can build report templates that you can use to display information from different sources in a consistent manner. ArcGIS provides two tools for creating professional looking reports from your tabular data. The Report Writer is an easy to use application available directly from ArcMap. It allows you to quickly produce reports for one table at a time.

El Report Writer de ArcMap
Creación de reportes rápido, fácil y profesional Borde Agregar una imagen Título Seleccionar campos despliega registros The ArcMap Report Writer Using the ArcMap built-in reporting tool, you can create reports that are stored directly with your map. Once created, you can add the report to your map layout and print it out. Calcula Resúmenes estadísticos Fecha y número de pagina

Crystal Reports Una herramienta más poderosa
Exporta a formato “Crystal Reports” Asistente lo guía en la creación de reportes Seagate Crystal Reports Available with ArcGIS is the Crystal Reports Wizard, which is an advanced reporting application that provides you with tools for creating sophisticated reports. You can use the Crystal Reports Wizard to lead you through the process of creating dynamic, customized reports for your spatial data or you can access Crystal Reports directly from your computer's Start menu. (Note: Crystal Reports 8 Standard Edition is distributed with ArcMap. In order to access the reporting tools, you must have installed Crystal Reports.)

Ejercicio 6A: Generalidades
Inicie ArcCatalog y explore tablas INFO Vea una tabla de atributos Examine las propiedades de los campos Examine una tabla en un geodatabase Examine la cardinalidad de las tablas Cree un join Modifique la apariencia de una tabla unida Cree una relación Haga una selección y examine la tabla relacionada Etiquete elementos con atributos unidos Salga de ArcCatalog y ArcMap

Ejercicio 6B: Generalidades
Inicie ArcMap y abra un documento mapa Abrá las propiedades del gráfico y cambie el tipo de grafico Defina las propiedades y cree un gráfico Modifique las propiedades del gráfico Exporte el gráfico Despliegue las propiedades del reporte y especifique los campos Defina las opciones de ordenamiento y resumen Defina las propiedades de despliegue Genere el reporte Incruste el gráfico en el reporte Agregue el reporte al diseño cartográfico

Lección 6: Revisión Hay diferentes tipos de campos para diferentes formatos de datos. (V/F) Cada campo debe tener un nombre único. (V/F) Diferentes tipos de campos almacenan diferentes tipos de valores. (V/F) Los atributos y elementos están vinculados por ____________ . Las coberturas almacenan atributos en un archivo ____________, los shapefiles almacenan atributos en un archivo ___________ , y las geodatabase almacenan atributos en ___________ . ¿Que es la cardinalidad y por qué es importante? ¿Cual es la diferencia entre un join y un relate en ArcMap? Dé ejemplos.

Lección 6: Revisión ¿Cómo puede usted acceder a la tabla de atributos de una capa en ArcMap? ¿Cuántos registros en la tabla de atributos están asociados con un elemento? ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre los campos por omisión (default) y los campos definidos por el usuario en la tabla de atributos?

7 Edición de datos

Lección 7A: Generalidades
Editando datos espaciales Navegando en la barra de herramientas Editor Herramientas de edición Funciones simples de edición Trabajando con sketches (trazos)

Formatos de datos editables
Shapefiles Features classes de un Geodatabase Use ArcEditor y ArcInfo para editar una Geodatabase corporativa Editable data formats All license levels of ArcGIS (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) will allow you to edit shapefiles and feature classes in a personal geodatabase. An ArcEditor or ArcInfo license, along with ArcSDE, will also allow you to edit an Enterprise geodatabase. Whether you're using ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo, you use the same editing tools in ArcMap to work on your geographic data. Data that is in the coverage format must be edited using ArcInfo Workstation.

Propiedades del Sketch
Navegando en el Editor Todas las funciones de edición son controladas por medio de esta barra Herramienta Edit Herramienta Sketch Split Rotate Capa destino Diálogo de atributos Propiedades del Sketch Navigating the Editor toolbar In ArcMap, editing operations are controlled through the editing toolbar. The toolbar contains several important controls: Editor menu: This menu contains the commands for beginning, ending, and saving edit sessions. It also provides access to several editing operations, snapping controls, and editing options. Edit Tool: This tool is used to select features for editing. Sketch Tool: This is the primary tool for editing spatial features. It allows you to digitize in new features or modify the shape of existing features. The actual operation the tool will perform is controlled by the Task list. Task list: You choose your desired editing operation from this dropdown list. Target layer: This control allows you to select the layer you want to edit. Split Tool: Allows you to divide a select feature into two features. Rotate Tool: Allows you to interactively rotate selected features using the mouse or an angular measurement. Attribute dialog: This window allows you to edit the attribute values of selected features. Sketch Properties: Allows you to edit the vertices of a sketch. Lista de tareas Comandos de la Sesión de edición

Administrando las sesiones de edición
Iniciando una sesión Dentro de un data frame a la vez Dentro de un geodatabase a la vez Dentro de un directorio a la vez Guardando la edición Durante la sesión de edición Al final de la sesión de edición Terminando la sesión de edición Managing edit sessions In ArcMap you begin, end, and save edit sessions using the Editor menu on the Editor toolbar. When ending an edit session, ArcMap will prompt you to save your edits. If you do not save, your edits will not be committed back to the edit layer.

Seleccionado elementos
Selección interactiva: apuntar, recuadro, línea, área Menú de selección: por Atributos, por Localización Escoger capas seleccionables ancla de la selección Selecting features ArcMap provides several methods for selecting the features you need to edit. These methods break down into three basic categories. Interactive (graphic) Selecting features by pointing or by drawing a shape (box, line, or area) Attribute Selecting by attribute values Location Selecting using features according to their spatial relationship to features in other layers (e.g., streets that intersect railroads) You can control which layers are available through the Selection menu.

Funciones de edición simples
Mover Click y drag (marcar y arrastrar) Coordenadas relativas Delta x,y Define tolerancia de conexión Rotación Otras Editing functions ArcMap contains several simple functions for editing spatial features. You can select features and move them by dragging or by using discrete coordinates. Features can also be rotated interactively around their selection anchor. The anchor can be moved anywhere on the page to achieve the desired result. Sticky move tolerance The Sticky move tolerance is an option that can be set to prevent features from inadvertently being moved during an edit session. The default value for this option is 0. If a value of 30 pixels is entered, for example, the selected feature will not move at all until the mouse has been moved 30 pixels. The feature will then jump to the location of the mouse. Borrar Cortar Copiar Pegar Deshacer/Rehacer

Trabajando con sketches
Usado para crear, modificar y rediseñar elementos El botón izquierdo del mouse agrega vértices o puntos Doble click para finalizar el sketch Click derecho para acceder al menú de context Sketch tools Working with sketches In ArcMap, every feature's geometry is represented by a sketch. A sketch consists of vertices (the end points of line segments, which normally indicate a change in direction) and segments (the lines that connect the vertices). When you edit a feature in ArcMap, you are working with its sketch, not the original features. ArcMap allows you to edit existing features or to create new ones in an existing feature class. To create a new feature, you must first create a sketch. Likewise, to edit a feature, you must edit its sketch. When you save, the feature is updated with the changes you made to its sketch. You can create only line and polygon sketches, because points have neither vertices nor segments. The Sketch Tool is the primary editing device in ArcMap. It lets you add new features by digitizing or lets you modify existing features by performing an editing task from the Edit task list. When using the Sketch Tool, the left mouse button adds features, and the right mouse button accesses the Sketch Tool context menu. You can double click to finish your sketch or by right clicking to access the context menu and choosing to Finish Sketch. From the context menu you also have the option to Finish Part. This allows you to create multi-part features (e.g., many islands that belong to one country).

Tareas de edición Un sketch trabaja con la tarea actual
Ejemplo de tareas New Feature Crear un nuevo elemento Reshape Feature Cambiar la forma a un elemento Cut Polygon Feature Cortar un polígono Extend/Trim Features Extender/cortar un elemento Modify Feature Modificar un elemento Auto-Complete Polygons Autocompletar un polígono Tarea actual Edit tasks Many different edit tasks are available in ArcMap. These different tasks work in conjunction with the selected sketch tool. A sample of these edit tools is discussed in the next few pages.

Create New Feature (Crear un nuevo elemento)
El Sketch es usado para agregar nuevos elementos a la capa destino Otras operaciones que crean nuevos elementos Division, Buffer, Copy Parallel, Paste Herramienta Sketch Capa destino FinalizarSketch Create New Feature task You can create a sketch by creating the vertices and segments that make up the features. Vertices are marked in green, with the last vertex added marked in red. The Sketch Tool is the tool you will use most often to create a sketch. It has an accompanying context menu that helps you place vertices and segments more accurately.

Herramientas Intersección y Distancia-Distancia
Agrega un vértice a la intersección implícita de dos segmentos Distancia-Distancia Agrega un vértice a partir de dos distancias medidas desde dos puntos Radio = 40 Radio = 55 The Intersection Tool The Intersection Tool creates a point or vertex at the implied intersection of two segments. Implied means that the segments do not have to actually intersect on the map. The Intersection Tool creates a point or vertex at the place where the segments would intersect if extended far enough. Distance-Distance Tool Suppose you want to install a pole at a certain location. If you do not have the exact coordinate location, but know that it is at the intersection of 40 meters from the corner of one building and 55 meters from the corner of another, you can use the Distance-Distance Tool to place the point. The Distance-Distance Tool allows you to create a vertex or point at the intersection of two distances from two other points.

Agregando arcos Dibuja curvas a partir de tres puntos Arco Regular
Final 2 3 El punto Intermedio es fijado 1 Inicio Punto Intermedio Arco punto final El punto final es fijado Arc Tool (regular) Creates a sketch segment using a three-point parametric curve. Click to place the start point, click again to place an invisible mid point through which the curve passes , and click a third time to place the endpoint of the curve Press the R key on the keyboard and you can enter an explicit radius. End Point Arc Tool When a parametric curve is created using the Arc tool, the radius for the curve is controlled by the placement of the last point. This differs from how curves are created using the End Point Arc Tool. The End Point Arc Tool creates a circular arc with an adjustable radius. The first two points are specified for the start and end of the curve. The third point controls the radius. The radius can be set interactively by moving the mouse or by pressing the R key and entering an explicit radius value. 3 2 1 Inicio

Herramienta Tangente Crea un arco circular basado en el segmento previo del sketched Tangent Tool The Tangent Tool creates a circular arc based on the previously sketched segment. This tool will not become enabled unless there is at least one sketch segment present. The radius of the curve being created is dependent on the placement of the endpoint.

Herramienta Trace Hace un trazo a lo largo de los elementos seleccionados Seleccione los elementos Haga click para iniciar y detener el trace Presione O para especificar un offset (desplazamiento) Trace Tool You can create segments by tracing over the segments of selected features using the Trace Tool. Suppose you want to create a new water main that is offset five meters from the parcel boundaries. Using the Trace Tool, you can create new segments in the sketch that are at the same angle as the selected parcel boundaries, yet constructed at an offset value of five meters.

Menú de contexto del Sketch
Herramientas del Sketch Click derecho mientras dibuja el Sketch Sketch Click derecho cuando el puntero está sobre un segmento o vértice del sketch Menú de contexto de herramientas del Sketch Menú de contexto del Sketch Context menus for editing A context menu is a floating menu that pops up at the location of the pointer when you press the right mouse button. There are two types of context menus related to sketches: a Sketch Tool context menu and a Sketch context menu. Sketch tool When using the Sketch Tool, you can access the Sketch Tool context menu by right-clicking the mouse away from the sketch you’re creating. The menu has options for placing the vertices and segments specifically where you want them. For example, you can set a segment to be a certain length or angle or create a vertex at a specific x,y coordinate location. Sketch The Sketch context menu works more directly with the sketch as a whole. With this menu, you can: Add vertices Move vertices Delete vertices Switch the direction of the sketch (Flip) Reduce the length of the sketch (Trim to Length) Display the properties of the sketch shape

Especificando longitud y dirección
Length (longitud) Dirección absoluta Direction Direction/Length Deflection (Deflexión) Grados medidos desde el último segmento Dirección = 30° Dirección = 30° Longitud = 25 m Lengths There are two ways you can specify length using the Sketch Tool context menu. Specify a length constraint from the last vertex You can choose Length from the context menu when your next vertex will be at a certain distance from the current vertex. This will create a line segment of a specific length. Change the length of the last segment The Change Length option will allow you to change the length of the last segment created. Specifying direction Sometimes features are required to be entered with specific directions between their component segments. ArcMap is equipped with specific direction measurement tools for data entry. Right-clicking on a point slightly away from the last vertex entered brings up the Sketch Tool context menu with several choices of how to enter directional data. Deflección = 75°

Direcciones basadas en otros elementos
Mantenga el puntero sobre el segmento base para la dirección Segment Deflection Dirección basada en otro segmento Parallel (Paralelo) Perpendicular Paralelo a Angles based on other features Angles can also be measured based on the direction of other features. The Sketch Tool context menu shows three such options: Parallel, Perpendicular, and Segment Deflection. Hold the pointer on the segment you want to base your angle on, and right-click to select the option from the context menu. The Segment Deflection option can be used to create a segment at an angle from another segment. Here you are maintaining the angle of the new segment to be the same as the deflection angle of an existing segment. Parallel will constrain a new segment to be parallel to an existing segment. Perpendicular will constrain a new segment to be perpendicular to an existing segment. Perpendicular a

Modificando un sketch Insertar Vértice Borrar Vértice
Mover vértices a delta X,Y o X,Y Absolutas Editing vertices The Sketch context menu allows you to manipulate existing vertices. You can insert a vertex by right-clicking on a sketch at the location where you want to insert a vertex. You can also delete and move vertices. You can move a vertex to a specific X,Y location by clicking Move To, or you can click Move and specify a distance to move the vertex in the X and Y direction.

Modificar y cambiar de forma a los elementos
Tarea Modify Feature (modificar elementos) Edita los vértices de un elemento existente Modifica un elemento a la vez Acceso directo: Doble-click con la herramienta Edit Tarea Reshape Feature (cambiar de forma) El elemento toma la forma del sketch que lo intersecta Modify Feature task The Modify Feature task allows you to edit the vertices of an existing feature to change its shape. While using the Modify Feature task, you may only modify one feature at a time. Hover your mouse pointer over the vertex you want to modify. You will notice that your pointer changes shape. Click on the vertex and drag it to a new location. Reshape Feature task The Reshape Feature task can be used to digitize a sketch that will become part of the feature you are reshaping. You start with sketching the new shape of the feature, making sure your sketch intersects with the existing feature.

Extend/Trim y Cut Polygon
Extend/Trim (Extender/Cortar) elementos Cut Polygon (Cortar polígonos) Extender hasta el sketch Cortar hasta el sketch Lo corta en dos partes Extend/Trim Features task Often when creating new features, you may end up with features that are either too short or too long. There are tools in ArcMap to remedy these undershoots or overshoots. Extend feature to the sketch You can fix an undershoot with the Extend/Trim Features task. First you need to select the feature to be extended. Then sketch a short line to where you want to extend it (most likely another line). Once you sketch the second vertex, the selected feature extends to meet your sketch. Trim features on the right side of the sketch You can also fix an overshoot with the Extend/Trim Features task. First you need to select the feature to be trimmed. Then sketch a short line to where you want to trim it to (most likely another line). Once you digitize the second vertex, the selected feature trims to the right of where it meets your sketch. The sketch will disappear from the screen. Cut Polygon Features task The Cut Polygon Features task can be used to sketch a line that will split one polygon into two. This tool is especially useful for parcel management. The sketched line must intersect both sides of the polygon feature to cut it.

Usando snapping Snapping a capas Edit Sketch
Conecta el sketch a un lado, vértice o punto final de otro elemento Edit Sketch Snapping relativo al sketch actual Perpendicular al sketch Snapping Snapping automatically moves your pointer to the location or orientation (parallel or perpendicular) of a feature. This prevents you from having to click the exact coordinate of a feature in order to connect the feature you are editing. The snapping tolerance is the distance the pointer must be to a feature before it snaps to that location. You can set the snapping tolerance in map units or pixels through Options from the Editor menu. Using snapping There are two general varieties of snapping in ArcMap. Layer snapping: Moves your pointer to the location of a feature’s edge, vertex, or endpoint. You can decide which, if any, of these options will be available for snapping. Sketch snapping: When adding a sketch, this option will snap your pointer to a location perpendicular to the previous sketch segment. The snapping can be overridden if you move your pointer far enough. Setting the proper tolerance for snapping is sometimes a trial and error process. You should try the default tolerance first, then change it in small intervals until you settle on one that is appropriate to the data and your needs.

Ejercicio 7A: Generalidades
Inicie ArcMap y cargue los datos Abra la barra del Editor e inicie una sesión de edición Seleccione y mueva una parcela Rote un elemento Mueva el ancla de la selección Especifique un ángulo de rotación Mueva un vértice Borre un vértice Agregue un vértice Borre la parcela Cree un elemento usando la herramienta Sketch Agregue un elemento usando más opciones de sketch Use múltiples herramientas del sketch Reto: Use la herramienta Sketch para cambiar la forma y extender elementos

Lección 7B: Generalidades
Editando los datos de atributos Usando el dialogo de atributos sobre elementos seleccionados Editando valores para un campo en la tabla de atributos Haciendo cambios en el esquema de la tabla Agregar/Borrar campos a/desde una tabla

Editando datos de atributos
El diálogo de Atributos permite ver y editar los atributos de los elementos seleccionados Agrega o copia/corta y pega valores para elementos individuales o múltiples elementos seleccionados Nombre de la capa de los elementos seleccionados Valor de Atributo Click para iluminar el elemento seleccionado Atributo primario Editing attribute data The Attributes dialog lets you view attributes of features you have selected in your map. The left side of the dialog contains a list of the features you have selected. Features are listed by their primary display field and grouped by layer name. The right side of the Attributes dialog contains two columns: the attribute properties of the layer you are viewing, such as Type or Owner, and the values of those attribute properties. You can copy individual attributes or all the attributes of a feature. Attributes can be pasted to a single feature or to all selected features in a layer. To copy an attribute value to a layer, copy the value and right-click on the layer name. Click Paste and the attribute value is copied to every selected feature in the layer. You can cut and paste attributes just like you copy and paste attributes by choosing Cut from the context menu. Cut removes the attribute value you are copying from the Attributes dialog. Click derecho para hacer zoom al elemento seleccionado

Editando tablas usando la calculadora de campos
Calcula valores de campos para una tabla abierta Calculos simples o funciones avanzadas Dentro o fuera de una sesión de edición Field Calculator By accessing the Field Calculator, you can edit attribute values directly on the attribute table. Open the calculator by right-clicking the field you want to edit values for. The Field Calculator menu lets you perform simple calculations and complex logical expressions that can include other fields in the table.

Haciendo cambios al esquema
Algunas veces la estructura de la base de datos debe ser actualizada Agregando campos Borrando campos Aún buenos diseños de bases de datos no pueden prever todo ArcCatalog es el editor del esquema Database

Agregando campos a la tabla
  Escriba un nuevo nombre de campo Escoja el tipo de campo Defina las propiedades del campo  Adding fields You add fields in ArcCatalog. To add a new table field to an existing table, first access the table Properties dialog and click the Fields tab. Click the first empty cell under the Field Name and type in the name of the new field. Under Data Type, click the down triangle to get a listing of possible data types to select from. Once selected, the Field Properties panel expands so you can set additional properties for the new field. Set an appropriate length for the field.

Borrando campos de la tabla
  Campo seleccionado Campo borrado Delete Deleting fields You delete fields in ArcCatalog. To delete a field from a table, click on the area to the left of the field name to choose the field and press the Delete key on your keyboard.  Presione tecla Delete

Ejercicio 7B: Generalidades
Agregue un campo de atributos Inicie ArcMap y cargue los datos Abra la calculadora de campos Cree una expresión Seleccione diversas parcelas Vea los atributos de la parcela seleccionada Examine los valores de atributos Asigne un código de uso del suelo (LANDUSE) a la parcela Copie y pegue atributos Asigne atributos a todos los elementos seleccionados Guarde la edición y salga de ArcMap

Lección 7: Revisión Usted debe estar en una sesión de edición para utilizar la calculadora de campos. (V/F) Antes de que usted pueda editar un elemento, usted debe seleccionar este primero, con la herramienta del Sketch. (V/F) La lista de tareas controla que función la herramienta Sketch puede ejecutar (V/F) Usted puede salvar su edición mientras edita o al final de la sesión de edición. (V/F) Cuando edita, usted no está alterando la fuente de datos. (V/F) Todas las funciones de edición están controladas por la barra TOOLS. (V/F) Qué es un sketch?

Lección 7: Revisión ¿Como usted puede acceder al menú de contexto del Sketch? ¿Cual es la diferencia entre la herramienta Direction y Deflection? ¿Por qué es importante la configuración del ambiente de snapping? Usted puede agregar un campo a la tabla de atributos en ArcCatalog mientras la tabla está activa en ArcMap (V/F)

Trabajando con datos georeferenciados
8 Trabajando con datos georeferenciados

Contenido Georeferenciación Sistemas de coordenadas Datums
Proyecciones y distorsiones Proyectando sus datos

Qué es georeferenciación?
Los datos son referenciados a una posición en la superficie de la Tierra Sistemas de coordenadas geográficas Sistemas de coordenadas proyectadas What is georeferencing? People working with a GIS are interested in analyzing relationships among real-world objects. It is important to recognize, however, that a GIS only depicts reality; it is not reality. Therefore, depicting the real world as accurately as you can is crucial if you want accurate analysis results. When representing real-world features in a GIS, you need to reference the data describing them to the correct location on the earth's surface (i.e., georeference them). If features are not located precisely or if their shapes are represented incorrectly, using a map or GIS to analyze their spatial relationships will yield inaccurate results. Georeferencing is the process of establishing a relationship between the data displayed in your GIS software and its real-world location. This is accomplished by using a coordinate system. To get accurate analysis results from your GIS database, you need to understand and determine your coordinate system. A spheroid, datum, projection, and units make up a coordinate system.

Sistemas de coordenadas
X - Y + X + Y - X Y Dato Coordinate systems Geographic The most familiar locational reference system is the spherical coordinate system measured in latitude and longitude. This system can be used to identify the locations of points anywhere on the earth's surface. Because of its ability to reference locations, the spherical coordinate system is usually referred to as the Geographic Coordinate System, also known as the Global Reference System. Longitude and latitude are angles measured from the earth's center to a point on the earth's surface. Longitude is measured east and west, while latitude is measured north and south. Longitude lines, also called meridians, stretch between the north and south poles. Latitude lines, also called parallels, encircle the globe with parallel rings. Latitude and longitude are traditionally measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS). Longitude values range from 0° at the Prime Meridian (the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England) to 180° when traveling east and from 0° to –180° when traveling west from the Prime Meridian. Planar Because it is difficult to make measurements in spherical coordinates, geographic data is projected into planar coordinate systems (often called Cartesian coordinates systems). On a flat surface, locations are identified by x,y coordinates on a grid, with the origin at the center of the grid. Each position has two values that reference it to that central location; one specifies its horizontal position and the other its vertical position. These two values are called the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate. Sistema de coordenadas geográficas La Latitud y longitud no son uniformes a través de la superficie de la tierra Sistema de coordenadas cartesiano Las mediciones de longitud y ángulo son uniformes

Datums y conversión de datum
Un marco de referencia para medir posiciones en la superficie de la Tierra Las mediciones son referidas a un origen geodésico y a un elipsoide utilizado para representar la forma tridimensional de la Tierra superficie de la tierra Datum local NAD27 Elipsoide CLARKE 1866 Datum geocéntrico NAD83 Elipsoide GRS80 Rancho Meades Kansas Centro de la tierra + * Datums and datum conversion A horizontal datum is a reference frame used to locate features on the earth's surface. It is defined by a spheroid and that spheroid's position relative to the earth. There are two types of datums: earth-centered and local. An earth-centered datum has its origin placed at the earth's currently known center of mass and is more accurate overall. A local datum is aligned so that it closely corresponds to the earth’s surface for a particular area and can be more accurate for that particular area. Within both of the basic types of datums you can have several global and local datums. Because datums establish reference points to measure surface locations, they also enable us to calculate planar coordinate values when applying a projection to a particular area Spheroid The earth is often treated as a sphere to make mathematical calculations easier, however, its shape is actually an ellipsoid. For this reason the earth's shape is often describe as a spheroid. Rotating an ellipse about an axis forms an ellipsoid or a spheroid. A spheroid is like a flattened circle with radius lengths along its major and minor axes of length a and b, respectively. The diagram shows that the spheroid is symmetric when divided at the equator (i.e., the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere are identical in shape). This is not strictly correct because the earth is slightly pear shaped, however the difference in shape between the hemispheres is very slight.

Georeferenciando posiciones
Las posiciones en la Tierra son referenciadas a un datum Cada datum brinda coordenadas diferentes para una misma posición en la Tierra I-10 Cruza Redlands, CA Referencing locations Two maps using the same map projection but different datums can have very different coordinates values for the same location on the earth's surface. The above graphic shows data for Interstate highway 10 through Redlands, California using two different datums. Although both datasets are in UTM projections, the datums used to reference those projections are different. In this case, the difference equals about 175 meters. Checking the datum, as well as the projected coordinate system of dataset is vital for matching different data sources in the the same coordinate space. UTM NAD83 UTM NAD27

Proyecciones Cartográficas
Las proyecciones cartográficas transforman superficies curvas en superficies planas Cilindro Cono Plano Map projections A map projection is a method for converting the earth's three-dimensional surface to a map's two-dimensional surface. A map projection can represent the earth's entire surface or only a portion of it depending on your needs. The term map projection was coined because early cartographers employed the concept of projecting light from a source through the earth's surface and onto a two-dimensional surface. Although maps are created using mathematical formulas rather than projecting light through the earth's surface onto a flat surface, the concept is valid and cartographers use the term projection to describe the mathematical process. Today, all projections use formulas: mathematical expressions that convert data from a geographic location (latitude and longitude) on the earth to a representative location on a flat surface. Projection surfaces The selection of a suitable map projection is important if we are going to calculate areas, distances or directions from coordinates. To help us understand map projections better, we can group them into classifications. One way to group them is by their distortion characteristics such as shape, area, distance and direction. Another way is to classify them by the developable surface used to make the projection equations. There are three developable surfaces: cylinders, cones and planes each giving a distinctive shape to the parallels. With cylinders, parallels are straight, with cones concentric circles are formed and planes result in eccentric circles. Most common map projections may be conceptually or geometrically projected onto one of these surfaces touching or intersecting the globe. In most cases a projection has already been chosen by others for your area and no selection is necessary.

Distorsiones de las proyecciones
Las proyecciones distorsionan una o más propiedades geógraficas Forma Área Distancia Dirección Projection distortion The conversion of geographic locations from a geographic coordinate system to a Cartesian coordinate system causes distortion. The projection process will distort one or more of spatial properties listed below. Shape Area Distance Direction Because spatial properties are often used to make decisions, anyone who uses maps should know which projections distort which properties and to what extent. For example, choosing a Peters projection will give you accurate area calculations but inaccurate shapes, a Mercator projection maintains true direction but sacrifices accuracy for area and distance, and a Robinson projection is a compromise of all the properties. The projection you choose significantly affects the properties of a small-scale map, but has less effect on the properties of a large-scale map.

Tipos de proyecciones Generalmente se clasifican por el atributo espacial que preservan Tipo de Proyección Mantiene Ejemplo Conforme Forma Cónica conforme de Lambert Igual área Área Cónica igual área de Albers Types of projections Map projections can be generally classified according to what spatial attribute they preserve. Equal Area projections preserve area. Many thematic maps use an equal area projection. Maps of the United States commonly use the Albers Equal Area Conic projection. Conformal projections preserve shape and are useful for navigational charts and weather maps. Shape is preserved for small areas, but the shape of a large area such as a continent will be significantly distorted. The Lambert Conformal Conic and Mercator projections are common conformal projections. Equidistant projections preserve distances, but no projection can preserve distances from all points to all other points. Instead, distance can be held true from one point (or a few points) to all other points or along all meridians or parallels. If you will be using your map to find features that are within a certain distance of other features, you should use an equidistant map projection. Azimuthal projections preserve direction from one point to all other points. This quality can be combined with equal area, conformal, and equidistant projections, as in the Lambert Equal Area Azimuthal and the Azimuthal Equidistant projections. Other projections minimize overall distortion but don’t preserve any of the four spatial properties of area, shape, distance, and direction. The Robinson projection, for example, is neither equal area nor conformal but is aesthetically pleasing and useful for general mapping. Equidistante Distancia Cónica Equidistante Acimutal Dirección Acimutal igual área de Lambert

Componentes de los sistemas de coordenadas
Datos Proyectados Sistema de Coordenadas Geográficas Sistema de Coordenadas Proyectadas Coordinate system components Information about the coordinate systems for your data is sometimes refered to as the spatial reference. The spatial reference is composed of all of these components, the geographic coordinate system and the projected coordinate system. The spheroid that models the shape of the earth and the datum that references the spheroid make up the geographic coordinate system. Spatial data referenced with a geographic coordinate system can be projected into a planar or projected coordinate system so that measurement units are uniform throughout the data. The projected coordinate system is composed of the projection itself plus additional defining parameters. These parameters include the units, for example meters or feet, the central meridian, possibly a zone depending on the projection, and sometimes a false easting or northing. False eastings or northings may be applied to the coordinate values so that spatial data is referenced by positive units. Information on all these components is stored with the projection information for the spatial data Datum Elipsoide Ecuaciones Parámetros

Almacenando la información de la proyección
Muchos formatos de datos espaciales almacenan los detalles de la proyección con los datos Projected Coordinate System: Name: PCS_Transverse_Mercator Alias: Abbreviation: Remarks: Projection: Transverse_Mercator Parameters: False_Easting: False_Northing: Central_Meridian: Scale_Factor: Latitude_Of_Origin: Linear Unit: Meter ( ) Geographic Coordinate System: Name: GCS_North_American_1983 Shapefile Archivo PRJ Coberturas Archivo World Archivos CAD Storing projection information With many spatial data formats, it is possible to store the details of a dataset’s projection as a part of the dataset. Most data formats accomplish this with a separate text file that is associated with the dataset. In shapefiles and coverages, this is called a projection file (prj extension). In images and CAD datasets, it is called a world file. The geodatabase is unique in that it can store the spatial reference information within the database. This alleviates the need for a separate file. Storing the projection and spatial reference information with a particular dataset is helpful because it provides users easy access to this key information and allows ArcMap™ to instantly recognize the projection of a data source. Archivo AUX Imágenes Tabla RDBMS Geodatabase

Visualizando la información de la proyección
Examine los metadatos o propiedades de las clases de elementos Utilice el “Define Projection Wizard” (Asistente para definir proyección) para asignar una proyección Viewing projection information Check your data’s projection information under the Spatial tab in the metadata or open the feature class properties in ArcCatalog. Define Projection Wizard The Define Projection Wizard assists in recording or modifying the parameters of standard and custom projections of a geodataset and stores the information in the .prj file. Use this wizard if your geodataset does not have a defined projection and .prj file.

ArcMap y las proyecciones
Muchas proyecciones soportadas Archivos de proyecciones predefinidos Ejecuta proyección en tiempo real ArcMap and projections ArcMap supports over 60 standard projections and has hundreds of projection files predefined for specific zones, and regions. A map’s projection can either be explicitly set by the user or ArcMap will default to the projection of the first layer added. When subsequent layers are added to the map, they will automatically be projected into the default map projection. When ArcMap performs an on-the-fly projection on a map layer, it is not changing the original projection of the data source. Therefore, it is usually not necessary to physically change a dataset’s projection in order to perform display, query, or even analysis with dataset’s of a different projection. However, if a permanent projection change is needed, ArcToolbox™ contains the tools necessary to perform the operation.

Cambiando proyecciones
Cambiar la forma en que los elementos (o las coordenadas) son proyectadas Utilizar el Project Wizard de ArcToolbox La proyección inicial debe estar definida Seleccionar desde un sistema de coordenadas predefinido Importar el sistema de coordenadas de un set de datos existente Crear su propia proyección Changing projections Here are a few things to consider when choosing a projection: Which spatial properties do you want to preserve? Where is the area you're mapping? Is your data in a polar region? An equatorial region? What shape is the area you're mapping? Is it square? Is it wider in the east–west direction? How big is the area you're mapping? On large-scale maps, such as street maps, distortion may be negligible because your map covers only a small part of the earth’s surface. On small-scale maps, where a small distance on the map represents a considerable distance on the earth, distortion may have a bigger impact, especially if you use your map to compare or measure shape, area, or distance. Answering these questions will determine what map projection and, thus, what projected coordinate system you’ll want to use to display your data.

Reconozca y defina la escala del mapa Examine como la proyección de un mapa puede afectar la distancia Observe cómo la proyección del mapa puede afectar la forma Examine los datos de Redlands Proyecte un shapefile

Lección 8: Revisión La escogencia del datum puede tener un gran impacto sobre los valores de coordenadas de los elementos del mapa. (V/F) Las mediciones tomadas usando un sistema de coordenadas geográficas son uniformes. (V/F) Las escalas grandes representan pequeñas áreas de terreno, pero muestra más detalle que las escalas pequeñas. (V/F) ¿Que es una proyección? Cual de las siguientes no es un tipo básico de proyección cartográfica? a) cilíndrica b) plana c) esférica d) cónica

Lección 8: Revisión ¿Qué propiedades espaciales pueden ser distorcionadas por la proyección? La información de la Proyección para una cobertura y un shapefile es almacenada en un ___________ .

9 Presentando Datos

Conceptos básicos de cartografía Elaboración de mapas en ArcMap Impresión y ploteo de mapas Resultado de consultas/análisis Densidad de Población Europa 1994 Per sq. km N Designed by Makram

Mapa y objetivos de diseño
Objetivos del mapa Compartir información Enfatizar relaciones Ilustrar el resultado de un análisis Objetivos del diseño Manipular las características gráficas Cumplir con los objetivos propuestos Map and design objectives A map conveys geographic information, highlights important geographic relationships, and presents analysis results. Because most GIS users have to present their spatial data graphically to a wide variety of readers, they have also become map designers, or cartographers. Any GIS analysis ends with some results that need to be communicated. You can help fulfill the purpose of your map by using proper placement of map elements and choosing symbols and cartographic elements that are tailored for the message you want to communicate. How you design a map depends on your particular objective: why you want to create a map in the first place. One obvious objective for creating a map is to show the results of your analysis. Other map objectives may be to simply share information, guide people, or highlight relationships. Your primary objective is usually not to create a beautiful map, but to create a product that communicates effectively, efficiently, and clearly. Map objectives Any analysis ends with some results that need to be communicated. One objective of creating the map is then to show the results of the analysis. Other map objectives may be to simply share information, or guide people, or highlight relationships. This is why you want to create a map in the first place. Design objectives This is the next thing you want to think about, after you decide to create a map. Here you want to fulfill the intended purpose of the map by manipulating the graphic characteristics of the symbols and the cartographic elements to create the proper communication characteristics to help the map reader make proper use of your map. Your main objective in this case is to make a useful map that is easy to read.

Factores que controlan el diseño cartográfico
Audiencia? Objetivo? Realidad? Final design Diseño Final Escala? Limitaciones técnicas? Factors controlling cartographic design Several factors control your map design. These limit your creativity and flexibility. Map objective: You may be asked to design a map for a book or for a wall, folded or flat, black and white or colored, square or rectangular, and so on. Each of these would control how you are going to design the map. Audience: Is your map for a highly technical committee or the general public’s use? Your design must be at the level of your map readers. This controls how complex or easy your map design will be. Reality and the need to generalize: A detailed coastline is important for ecological studies. Your map must be detailed if you are addressing ecologists because they make deductions based on the way the coastline is shaped. A meandering river is important for city planners. You cannot generalize these complex shaped lines extensively (e.g., into a straight or large curved line) when going into a smaller-scale map. Scale: This factor dictates how much detail you are able to place on the limited piece of paper. Technical limits: At a scale of 1:1,000,000, a 10-meter road should appear on the map using a line width of 0.01 mm. The smallest practical drafting pen is 0.1 mm (similarly a typical inkjet technology output device can render a line as thin as 0.1 mm). If you used the 0.1 mm pen, which is inevitable, then you have just exaggerated the road width by ten times. Another example is that on your monitor you may have a color palette of 256 colors (i.e., addressed by eight-bit pixel values) where each color can be chosen from a total of 16.7 million colors (i.e., eight bits output for each of red, green, and blue), however, you may have a very limited, low-end color plotter or printer. So, regardless of how sophisticated your design on the screen may be, you are controlled by what quality your printing and plotting hardware can afford. Mode of use: Different map design treatment should be considered when you design a map to be used in a well-lit place or in a static condition compared to one that is designed for use while driving or at low-light conditions. Necesita generalización? Modo de uso?

Comunicación a través de mapas
Cartografo especialista en GIS/CAD Realidad Reconocer Seleccionar Clasificar Simplificar Simbolizar Leer Analizar Interpretar Compilar Map Imagen mental de la realidad Communication in maps The cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist This person compiles the data from several sources. Perhaps they have visited the place or site they about to map. After recognizing what data is necessary for the map, they select only those data that are necessary to fulfill the map objective. The cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist takes what is selected, classifies the data into fewer categories, simplifies it, and finally selects the proper symbology for displaying the information on the map. The map user This person takes the map, reads the symbology, analyzes the relationships, and interprets the information depicted whether through conclusion or inference. They create a mental image of the area that they may not have even seen before. Their conclusions or inference are based solely on the symbology presented in the map. As a cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist, this makes your symbology selection and map design very critical issues in the communication process between you and the map user. The communication channel Just think of it as in the example of giving directions on the phone for someone who has never been to your area. You will tell that person to go on this highway and use that exit, then turn left on such a street, and finally the house is the fifth one on the left. You have selected only what you consider important in giving directions. You have excluded all other details or landmarks. While listening to you, and perhaps taking notes, the other person on the phone is creating a mental image of your descriptive words. They will never re-create the same exact mental image as yours. Map Mapa ? Imaginar Usuario del mapa

Tipos de mapas Mapas Generales Mapas Temáticos
Localización/Posición Variedad de elementos y usos Mapas Temáticos Distribución de un atributo Atributo individual o relación Objetivos diferentes, diseños cartográficos diferentes Cualitativo Suelos Cuantitativo Población Classifying maps Classifying maps is a difficult task, however, you can generally divide them into two categories: General and Thematic maps. General maps General maps show locational or positional types of data. They depict a variety of features and are used by many disciplines. This is why they are considered "general". Examples of such maps include atlas maps or topographic maps produced by the United States Geological Survey. Nothing in those maps is more important than others. Thematic maps There are two types of thematic maps: qualitative and quantitative. Both show the distribution structure and both generally depict a single attribute or relationship. It is not unusual, however, for more complicated thematic maps to have several attributes or relationships. Qualitative thematic maps These maps depict data such as different soil types and different types of features with equal importance at a nominal scale. Some qualitative maps change to a quantitative classification if you change the scale from nominal to ordinal showing, for example, a relative fertility index or a water retention index for different soil types. Quantitative thematic maps Here you are deliberately showing differences in quantitative characteristics. You are using an interval or ratio scale to show such things as population density per square kilometers, or variation in temperature or humidity. Each of these different maps would require different treatment when varying the graphic characteristics of the used symbology so as to achieve the map objectives.

Elementos críticos en diseño cartográfico
Colores, patrones de tramado, y texto Percepción de colores y símbolos Legibilidad de elementos y texto Contraste visual y jerárquico Balance Visual Tamaño Valor Issues in cartographic design Perception of graphics Eyes have limitations Number of colors and shades: Research has shown that the human eye is limited in its ability to decipher differences in colors if they exceed twelve colors in one view. Additionally, if you decide to use different shades of the same color, you need to realize that the human eye can decipher no more than seven or eight distinct shades. Legibility Legibility is defined as the smallest symbol that can be easily read at a certain distance. Many maps fail to relay useful information because the text, point, or line symbols are too small. Visual contrast and hierarchy Map reading can be enhanced by increasing the visual contrast among symbols or between the symbol and its background. Variations in size or graytone value can also result in creating a quantitative visual hierarchy. Visual contrast and hierarchy can be used in map design to lead the map reader to focus on the most important areas first and proceed next to the lesser important areas. Visual balance As you start displaying symbology on your map, the different treatment of graphic characteristics may result in symbols that vary in their visual weight. Strive to achieve a visual balance that enhances the purpose of the map.

Creando mapas en ArcMap
Diseño en el Layout View (Vista de diseño) Los recuadros (Data Frame) organizan las capas Los elementos del mapa son agregados a una página virtual Los mapas son guardados como un archivo .mxd Ubicación de datos Propiedades de las capas Creating maps in ArcMap Layout View You create your map in Layout View. Your layout may contain two or more maps (e.g., a small-scale index map, and a larger-scale inset map). Each map requires adding a data frame to your map document. Data frames organize layers by similar properties A data frame is simply a frame on your map that displays layers. When you create a map, it contains a default data frame listed in the Table of Contents as “Layers.” You can immediately add layers to this data frame and give it a more meaningful name. Once on a map, a data frame acts like any other map element. You can change its size, move it around, or delete it. Each data frame has a projection, map extent, and scale. When a map has more than one data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active data frame is the one you are currently working with (e.g., adding layers to it or panning and zooming, etc.). The active data frame is highlighted on the map in Layout View or is the displayed data frame in Data View. The name of the active data frame is also shown in bold text in the Table of Contents. The map document In addition to the data frames, you can add other map elements, such as the north arrow, scale bar, title, other textual information, and so on. These map elements are added to the virtual page. Later, as you finish your design you can save your map document as an .mxd file. This file will store the pathnames to all the data used in creating the map as well as storing the properties of each layer.

Configuración de la página
Recuerde el propósito ¿Será el mapa visto de cerca o de lejos? ¿Cuál es el mejor tamaño de página? ¿Landscape (Paisaje), o portrait (retrato)? ¿Qué impresora podría yo usar, y cuáles son las limitaciones de tamaño de impresión? Setting up the page When designing maps, page setup is an important consideration because you are creating the canvas on which you will arrange all of the map elements in your design. The page is your compositional space and it will affect most of your design decisions. To decide on appropriate page setup parameters, ask yourself questions like: Will the map be viewed close up or at a distance? What is the best page size and orientation for my map content? What printer will I be using and what are my printer size limitations? Will I distribute the map document? The answers to these questions will help you decide the size of features, symbols, and labels and other text, as well as all the other map elements that will be included in your composition. The size of your map is tied directly to its purpose. It is best to set up the page size before you begin creating the map. Keep in mind that you are working on a virtual page in Layout View. The virtual page represents the dimensions and orientation of your workspace and, eventually, your final product. By defining the size of the page first, you can visualize the composition as a whole. ArcMap will let you resize the page and, if you choose, rescale the map elements accordingly. When you right-click on the virtual page and click Page Setup, you see the Page Setup dialog. In the Page Setup dialog, you specify the dimensions and orientation of the map page as well as printer information.

Identificando elementos del mapa
Título Cuerpo del mapa Signo de norte Leyenda Identifying map elements What other map elements are missing? Scale text (1:100,000) Other text (author name, disclaimers, projection information, date of data, date of map, etc.) Logos Are all these map elements really necessary? Some map elements can be ignored in a map if other map elements or features can substitute for it. For example, a north arrow is redundant if you have neatlines shown with coordinate labels such as latitude and longitude; a north arrow and a scale bar are both redundant if you are depicting the population of the United States in, say, a book on United States demographic statistics; and a scale bar can be redundant if neatlines are shown with the proper coordinate system and units. Avoid placing any information that does not comply with the map’s objectives. These are considered “visual noise” and distract from effective map communication. Escala grafica Designed by Makram 1999 Otro texto Qué falta?

Insertando elementos en el mapa
2 La leyenda aparece 1 Escoger tipo 4 3 Arrastrar Inserting map elements A general procedure Your various map elements are inserted into the layout in the same manner. This includes: 1. Choosing the type of map element 2. Inserting the element around the center of the map by default 3. Dragging the map element to a better location for visual balance 4. Double-clicking the map element to modify its characteristics After choosing a certain map element, it will display with a blue dotted outline and eight blue handles. These blue features would also appear if you selected (clicked on) any map element. Using the Shift key while selecting another map element will enable you to select more than one map element at a time. Once selected, the map elements can be dragged anywhere on your map for visual balance. The blue handles are useful for resizing the map element. Be cautious when resizing a scale-related map element. 4 Modificar

Dialogo de propiedades de la leyenda
Modificar Hacer doble clic The Legend tab Here, you can change the title of the legend to something more meaningful or explicit (e.g. “Density per square kilometer” instead of the redundant “Legend”). The Show check box controls whether or not a legend title will appear on not. The title can be placed either above the legend or below it, or to the right or left of it. The title properties (e.g., color, font, size, etc.) can be changed using the Symbol button. The legend symbols can be displayed using a rectangular, elliptical, or diamond shape with your choice of an outline. The default spacings between the individual components of the legend are set as optimum after intensive research, however, you can manipulate these spacings to your preference. The Items tab Use the Items tab to specify which legend items you want to appear. By default items from all map layers will appear. You can also specify how you want the legend to be connected to the map (e.g., only display the legend items that have data visible on the map, add a new item to the legend when a new layer is added to the map, or reorder the legend items when the map layers are reordered). These are all set by default, but you can switch them off. The Frame tab Use the Frame tab if you want to add a background shade behind the legend. The Size and Position tab Use the Size and Position tab to adjust the size of the legend, and where it appears on the map.

Agregando una flecha de norte y escala
 Escoja el tipo North arrows The North Arrow Selector offers a variety of north arrows that you can select from for your map. After selecting one, you can change its properties, such as its orientation (angle), size, and color. Scale If you have two data frames on your map, you may be required to place two scales. Scales can be of three types: 1. A graphical scale bar is useful for maps that are going to be photographically reduced in size at printing. Both the main map body and the scale bar are simultaneously resized, so this guarantees the scale bar will be correct for the resized map. A scale bar allows the use of scales that may not be multiples of thousands (e.g., 1:3,475,923), which are a result of the automatic attempt of the software to try to fit the map extent of the data inside the available space in the Layout View. The Scale Bar Selector offers a variety of scale bars that you can select from for your map. After selection, you can change its properties, such as its type, the size of each interval, the number of intervals, whether or not you want an interval to the left of the zero mark, the units, the color of the lines and labels, or the font used for the labels. 2. A fractional scale bar is what you normally use for maps that need to be published at a certain specified scale in multiples of thousands (e.g., 1:250,000). Once this scale is added to the map, it is not advised to resize the map, as this fractional scale is merely text, and as you resize your map this textual string will simply get larger or smaller in text size and not in true scale value. 3. A verbal scale bar is, for example, one inch to a foot. Cambie el ángulo, tamaño y color  Cambiar la unidad, incrementos, color, letra 

Incorporando un sistema de referencia
Visualizar posiciones referenciadas en el mapa Sistemas de referencia disponibles: Puede tenerse diferentes tipos de gratículas o cuadrículas en el mismo mapa Gratícula Cuadrícula Incorporating a reference system Graticules and grids are useful for locating features of places on a map. They both offer a reference structure. Graticules and grids are properties of the entire data frame. You can add a graticule or a grid by right-clicking on the data frame and clicking Properties. On the Data Frame Properties window, click the Grids tab. Then, click on the New Grid button, which will display the Reference System Selector. Several reference systems can be selected from the Selector. Once a reference system is selected, its properties can be changed. This includes changing the color of the lines and labels, the font and orientation of the labels. You can place several different reference systems on the same map. Simply click on the New Grid button and select the reference system and its properties. This way your map can be used by many different disciplines, each using its preferred type of reference system. ABC/123, otros Latitud/Longitud, pies, metros, etc.

Gratícula o cuadrícula de referencia
Seleccionar estilo de la cuadrícula Editar propiedades Ejes Índice Etiquetas Líneas Adding a reference system to your map 1. Right-click the data frame and click Properties. 2. Click the Grids tab to invoke the Reference Grid Selector. 3. Scroll up or down to select the proper reference system. Once selected, it appears in the Preview area with default settings. 4. You may want to change how the reference system is displayed. You can do this by clicking the Properties button.

Insertar información textual
Título y autor Fuente de datos, fecha, proyección Fecha de los datos y fecha del mapa Observaciones y reconocimientos Igual Inserting textual information What textual information should a map have? A map may be incomplete if it is missing the following information: A map title. The name of the author or authors. Projection information. Date of the map and date of the data. Sources of the data used and method of collection. Disclosures on whether or not you have displaced some of the spatial features for the sake of clarity. Acknowledgement statement if necessary. The above textual information should not necessarily appear in the same level of importance, e.g. the map title should definitely appear in larger text size as compared to the projection information. Available tools In the ArcMap™ application, you can add text either from the Drawing toolbar or from the Insert pulldown menu.

Herramientas del Layout
Zoom y Pan en modo Layout Configuración adicional desde Tools > Options 27% 50% 100% La escala no cambia Layout View tools When you move from Data View to Layout View another toolbar named “Layout” appears. The Layout toolbar has its own Zoom-In and Zoom-Out buttons, as well as a display of percent reduction or enlargement window (shown above with 100%). Do not confuse the Layout toolbar's Zoom-In and Zoom-Out buttons with the ones on the Tools toolbar. The buttons on the Layout toolbar enable zooming in and out in order to view how the map elements will look at different percent reductions and enlargements. The monitor's screen cannot show the full size of the map (e.g., a 36 in. x 24 in. map size) so these buttons allow you to look at a real-size map (i.e., 100% enlargement) by using these buttons. This way you have more control over your map design because you know exactly how your symbology, and so on, look at real size. Notice as you zoom in or zoom out at different percentages using the Layout toolbar, that the actual scale of the view (as inherited from the Data View, or as set earlier in Layout View) remains the same (shown above with 1:10,000).

Cuadrículas y reglas Determina el tamaño de los elementos del mapa
Utilice las guías para organizar elementos Utilice la cuadrícula para posicionar elementos en puntos específicos Utilice la función de snapping para mayor precisión y eficiencia Grids and rulers How big are your map elements relative to the page size of the map? As you compose your map you can zoom in and out to view various elements, but this capability can prove deceptive, especially when translated to printed material. It is important to keep in mind that when working on a large format virtual page, text and other elements like north arrows and scale bars, can appear legible but when printed, they are inappropriately oversized. The opposite is true for smaller format maps in that elements become incomprehensible once the map is printed. Use the rulers as a reality check. When text and other map elements are aligned, the look and legibility of the map design are enhanced. You can use guides, which are vertical and horizontal straight lines, to provide a consistent arrangement of elements. In Layout View, you can add guides to the rulers, slide them into position, turn them on or off, and remove them whenever you want. There may be times when you want a certain map element, a data frame for example, to be positioned at a specific point on the map page. A grid is a grid of reference points in the layout that you can use to position map elements. You can control the spacing of the grid reference points and you can turn the grid on or off. Manually positioning map elements on the virtual page can be an inexact and tedious process. Snapping map elements to a ruler, guide, or grid reference point can ensure precise positioning and improve your productivity. In ArcMap, you can choose to which of these visual indicators elements will snap and set the snapping tolerance. You can even choose the order in which map elements will snap to rulers, guides, and grids. When snapping options are defined and engaged, map elements will automatically move to the nearest guide or grid point.

Creando y utilizando plantillas (Templates)
Da a una serie de mapas la misma apariencia Plantillas de ArcMap Diseñar plantillas propias Seleccione una plantilla estándar Creating and using map templates When you create a map series, all the maps in the series should have the same look and feel. One way to achieve this is to create a template to ensure that all the common elements in the map series (e.g., the font, background color, north arrow, legend, acknowledgements, and disclaimers) are consistent throughout each map in the series. Using a template can make you more productive and help to standardize the maps produced by your organization. Templates help maintain consistency throughout a map series. Map templates are ArcMap documents (they have a .mxt extension). You choose a template when you open a new map and add layers to it. ArcMap comes with a standard set of templates that you can use right away to create attractive, professional maps. You can modify the maps and the templates to suit your needs or create your own templates. Like layer files, you can also share templates within your organization so that the layout of the map, the data sources, and even customization of the ArcMap interface are preserved. A standard set of templates is included with ArcGIS™ software. You can save a map template anywhere on your network. If you save the template in the ArcMap Templates folder, it will appear in the list of templates displayed when you create a new map document. If you use a variety of templates in your organization, you can create subfolders in the ArcMap Templates folder and organize your templates accordingly. Your subfolders will appear as tabs in the Select Template dialog. Creating folders in the ArcMap Templates folder automatically creates tabs on the Template dialog.

Imprimiendo y ploteando mapas
Seleccione el motor de impresión ArcPress PostScript Windows Printing procedure To print your map, use the following steps: 1. From the File pulldown menu, click Print. 2. On the Print window, make sure you point to the available printer and select the printer driver (three are available, listed above) by clicking the Setup button. 3. On the Document Properties window of your printer or plotter, select the paper size and source, the number of copies, the orientation, and the color appearance. Administrador de impresión de Windows

Inicie ArcMap y abra un mapa existente Agregue una leyenda Agregue una barra de escala (escala gráfica) Agregue una flecha de norte Agregue un titulo y otra información textual Agregue un borde y un sombreado a su mapa Mantenga el balance visual Agregue su diseño cartográfico (map layout) a otro documento (optional) Reto: Agregue contraste a su mapa Reto: Agregue una cuadrícula de referencia a su mapa Guarde su documento mapa y salga de ArcMap

Lección 9: Revisión Nombre cinco factores que puedan controlar su diseño cartográfico. Los mapas son diseñados en el ______________ view. ¿Por qué las herramientas de zoom sobre la barra de Layout difieren de las de la barra de herramientas (Tools)? Usted puede colocar más de una gratícula/cuadrícula sobre el mapa. (V/F) ¿Por qué podría usted crear o usar una plantilla (template)? ¿Qué elementos pueden ser agregados a un diseño cartográfico (map layout)?

Introducción a ARC GIS Editado y traducido por: Marcelo Guevara.

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Introducción a ARC GIS Editado y traducido por: Marcelo Guevara.

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Presentación del tema: "Introducción a ARC GIS Editado y traducido por: Marcelo Guevara."— Transcripción de la presentación:

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