Relaciones China y Latinoamerica: Pasado, Presente y Futuro Conferencias en la UNMSM (Noviembre 2016) Carlos Aquino, Profesor de la Universidad Nacional.

Presentación del tema: "Relaciones China y Latinoamerica: Pasado, Presente y Futuro Conferencias en la UNMSM (Noviembre 2016) Carlos Aquino, Profesor de la Universidad Nacional."— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Relaciones China y Latinoamerica: Pasado, Presente y Futuro Conferencias en la UNMSM (Noviembre 2016) Carlos Aquino, Profesor de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru Escuela de Graduados, Universidad de Kobe, Japon Traductor oficial del idioma japones

2 Indice I. Lazos historicos de la relacion China Latinoamerica
Similaridades entre la civilizacion Andina y Mesoamericana (civilizaciones Precolombinas) y civilizacion china. Primeros contactos Historia de la antigua relacion economica entre China y Latinoamerica: El Galeon de Manila Inmigracion China a la region desde los años 1840s y relaciones diplomaticas desde 1874 en adelante II. Relaciones Economicas Relaciones Economicas China Latinoamerica: Comercio, Inversion y Cooperacion I Relaciones Economicas China Latinoamerica: Comercio, Inversion y Cooperacion II (caso del Peru) III. Relaciones sociales y políticas y el futuro de la relación China-Latinoamerica La comunidad china en la region e influencia de la cultura china Hacia un nuevo tipo de relacion China Latinoamerica

3 I. Lazos historicos de la relacion China Latinoamerica Similaridades entre la civilizacion Andina y Mesoamericana (civilizaciones Precolombinas) y civilizacion china. Primeros contactos La presencia de seres humanos en el continente americano es relativamente nueva. Ellos llegaron de otras regiones. Se estima que los primeros seres humanos en el continente vinieron de Asia, probablemente alrededor de 13,500 years atras, cruzando el ahora Estrecho de Bering. Ellos se expandieron de Norte America al Centro y Sur del continente. Hay algunas similaridades raciales entre los asiaticos y los aborigenes del continente americano.

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5 Pueblos Indigenas de Mexico https://www. google. com. pe/search

6 Pueblo Indigena del Peru https://en. wikipedia

7 En Peru algunos llaman a sus mujeres de orígen andino “china”, a raíz de esa similaritud.
Tambien similaridades pueden hallarse en la estructura del lenguaje japonés y coreano con el idioma Quechua de los antiguos peruanos. En estos lenguajes el verbo esta al final de la oracion.

8 Similaridades en las culturas antiguas de China y Peru
Hace algunos años se descubrio una antigua cultura en Sichuan, la Sanxingdui “三星堆”, fundada 1,600 años AC, y algunas mascaras, como el Taotie “饕餮” en esta cultura se parecen a las mascaras de algunas antiguas culturas Peruanas, como la Moche, que florecio alrededor de 100 DC a 800 DC. La mascara Taotie es una mezcla de dragon y felino, con ojos saltones, fosas nasales marcadas, dientes, cuernos y garras. Esta usualmente representado por un cuerpo y dos cabezas que pueden ser dragon, fenix y serpiente. Algunos dicen de que es posible que los chinos viajaron al Peru cruzando el Pacifico y por eso las similaridades

9 Mascaras de Sanxingdui y Moche http://elcomercio

10 Taotie “饕餮” representacion en una mascara de la cultura Sanxingdui “三星堆”

11 Felino antropomorfizado en la cultura Moche

12 Mapa de Sud America

13 Map del Peru y de la cultura Moche

14 Gavin Menzies en su libro titulado “1421: The year China discovered America” (publicado en 2002) escribio que Zheng He “郑和” (nacido Ma He “马和”) un Almirante chino en la dinastia Ming temprana, alcanzo el continente Americano en 1421, 70 años antes de Cristobal Colon. En 1492 Colon llego al continente Americano El dijo que en estos viajes los chinos visitaron Mexico y Peru. En ese momento en Mexico existia el Imperio Azteca y en Peru el Imperio Inca.

15 Titulado “General chart of the integrated world”, es aparentemente una copia del siglo XVIII de un mapa de 1418 que dice mostrar el mundo que Zheng He descubrio ps://

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17 II. Historia de relaciones antiguas entre China y Latinoamerica: El Galeon de Manila
De 1565 a 1815 algunos barcos cruzaron el Pacifico uniendo Acapulco (en Mexico) con Manila (Filipinas). En ese momento Mexico y Filipinas eran colonias de España. Los barcos llevaban principalmente plata de Mexico (y de Peru y Bolivia) a cambio de especias, porcelana, marfil, laqueados, seda procesada y otros productos. Muchos de estos productos venian de China. Pero tambien otros productos de Latinoamerica llegaron a China en ese momento, como papa, camote, maiz, cacao, mani, ajies, tomate, pimienta, piña, tabaco.

18 Galeon de Manila White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the flota in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)

19 https://www. google. nl/search

20 _https://www. google. nl/search
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21 Estos productos tuvieron gran influencia en la vida de los pueblos de China y Latinoamerica. Los productos agricolas como la papa y el maiz hicieron possible el increment de la poblacion en China. Influencio en cierta forma la gastronomia de China. La plata incremento el monto de dinero en el pais tambien. Se estima que un tercio de la plata de Mexico y el Peru se fue al Asia Oriental. Un hecho intersante es que se supone que las colonias ed España solo podian comerciar con la Metropoli, el comercio con otros paises estaba prohibido. España queria todo el oro y la plata de sus colonias para ella, asi que el comefrcio con China era ilegal, asi que las mercaderias que iban a Latinoamerica eran de contrabando. Aun asi, mucha gente en Latinoamerica usaban productos chinos y muchos comerciantes, incluso la Iglesia Catolica, financiaban a los barcos que hacian estos viajes.

22 Monedas mexicanas de 8 reales de 1888 con “marcas” chinas https://en

23 Replica de un Galeon español https://www. google. nl/search

24 Con los Galeones tambien llegaron algunos chinos a las Americas
Con los Galeones tambien llegaron algunos chinos a las Americas. Por ejemplo hay documentos que registran la presencia de algunos Chinos (y Japoneses y de otros pueblos del Sudeste Asiatico) en Lima a fines del siglo XVI. Tambien en Mexico hay documentos que muestran que para fines del siglo XVI algunos Chinos vivian ahi. Los Chinos vinieron como navegantes, comerciantes, artesanos, y trabajadores. Ellos traeron costumbres chinas como llos juegos artificiales, volar cometa, bordado, otros.

25 Se dice que el comercio a traves del galeón de manila represento la primera ola de globalización, de comercio entre las Americas y Asia.

26 III. Inmigracion China a la region desde los años 1840s y relaciones diplomaticas desde 1874
Desde que China fue abierto al mundo despues de la Guerra del Opio, los chinos empezaron a salir del pais y muchos de ellos vinieron al continent americano. Peru fue el primer pais en Latinoamerica en recibir una masiva inmigracion de Chinos. Ellos vinieron al Peru desde 1848 y hasta el año 1874, probablemente 100 mil de ellos arivaron. La razon es que habia una escasez de mano de obra en el Peru en las plantaciones de azucar y algodon en ls regiones de la Costa. Tradicionalmente mano de obra esclava era usada (traida de Africa por los españoles). Hacia la mitad del siglo XIX el comercio de esclavos fue prohibido en el mundo y finalmente en 1854 en el Peru asi que la escasez de mano de obra se convirtio en un gran problema.

27 Number of slaves that came to the colonies of Spain in America between 1492 and Regions Slaves México Cuba Puerto Rico 77.000 Santo Domingo 30.000 Centroamérica 21.000 Ecuador Panamá Colombia Venezuela Perú Bolivia Río de La Plata Chile 6.000 Total

28 Los chinos vinieron al Peru como coolies, 苦力, a trabajar en las plantaciones pero desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX empezaron a trabajar en la construcción de ferrocarriles y colectando guano de als islas. Guano era usado como fertilizante. Pero en 1872 hubo un incidente que termino el comercio de coolies al Peru. En abril de ese año un barco Peruano llamado “Maria Luz” que llevaba coolies tuvo que hacer una parada en Yokohama, Japon. Durante ese tiempo un Chino coolie escapo del barco y fue rescatado por una nave de guerra inglesa. El se quejo de maltratos en el barco peruano ante las autoridades japonesas.

29 Chinese laborers in Peru, 1890 https://es. wikipedia

30 Central Railway http://diariocorreo

31 https://www. google. com. pe/search

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33 Guanay Cormorant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano

34 Guano in the Chincha Islands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano

35 He returned to the ship after the captain of the ship promised to the japanese authorities that he will be treated well. But this not happened and the authorities decided that the coolies should be set free and return to China. The Peruvian government complained before the Japanese government but as there was no diplomatic relations, negotiations began and in 1873 Peru and Japan established diplomatic links. The following year diplomatic relations were established with China. Most of the Chinese who came to Latin America were tricked to go, chetead and promised many things (as to earn a lot of money) but got a near slave situation treatment.

36 Asian Latin American population (incomplete data)
Asian Latin American population Country Chinese Indian[18] Japanese Korean[19] Filipino Others References Argentina 120,000[citation needed] 1,600 35,000 22,024 15,000 2,000 Bolivia 14,000 640 Brazil 251,649 9,200 1,705,685 49,419 1,000 [5][20] Chile 1,500 4,000 2,249 Colombia 160,000[citation needed] 5,000 2,980[21] 12,000 17,000 [22][23] Costa Rica 7,873 16 351 730 [24] Cuba 112,000[citation needed] 84 Dominican Republic 50,000[citation needed] 200 847 518 Ecuador 7,000 100 434 1,418 El Salvador 2,140 55 176 1,272 103 Guatemala 288 9,921 [25] Honduras 123 160 406 1,107 Mexico 70,000[26] 2,258[27] 35,000[28] 30,000[29] 200,000[30] 1,300[31] Nicaragua 10 145 531 Panama 135,000[citation needed] 2,164 456 306 Paraguay 9,484 5,229 Peru 1,300,000[citation needed] 160,000[32][33][34] 812 [5][35] Puerto Rico >2,200 823 10,486 45 9,832 Uruguay ~100 152 Venezuela 420,000[citation needed] 680 325 10,000

37 Peru was the first country in Latin America to establish diplomatic links with Japan and China. Mexico for example established diplomatic links with Japan in Mexico and Imperial China established diplomatic relations in 1899. Few chinese came to Peru later (until the beginning of the 1990s). In 1899 began the inmigration of japanese to Peru. From that year up to the middle of the 1920s around 25 thousand come to Peru. As a result of early Chinese and japanese immigration, in Peru there is the large chinese community in Latin America, and the second largest Japanese community in the región (after Brazil).

38 Its is said that perhaps 5% of Peru´s population is of Chinese descent
Its is said that perhaps 5% of Peru´s population is of Chinese descent. Peru population is of around 31 million. Most of the Chinese that come during the XIX century got married with local women. In the case of Japanese most of them brought their women later. To Cuba Chinese began arriving from 1847 to work in sugarcane plantations. To Mexico Chinese began arriving in large numbers from the 1870s. Most of the Chinese who arrived to Latin America in this period came from the province of Canton (Guangdong 广东). The reason is that this place is north of Macau (澳门) from where the Chinese embarked to go abroad during this period.

39 https://www.facebook.com/worldeconomicforum/videos/101535498 58561479/?pnref=story

40 It is interesting to notice that in Peru even if 5% of Peru population is of Chinese origin many of them have no Chinese surnames and no Chinese physical characteristics. What happened is that with time there have been a lot of intermarriage of Chinese with Peruvians and so the surname and the Chinese physical characteristics have been lost. Also it should be noted that because of the harsh conditions in the fields, some of them flee and they went to places far away to avoid being prosecuted. Some of them changed their surnames to avoid been caught by authorities. Also some of them adopted the surnames of their patrons after finishing the work contracts.

41 Additionally, as some of them settled in small towns, when they registered to the local authorities, and especially when they had their children, at the moment of registering their surnames, the local authorities often misspelled their names and surnames in the documents, certificates of birth, and of marriage, so their names and surnames become different from the original ones.

42 IV. China and Latin America economic relations: Trade, Investment and Cooperation I
The presence of China in Latin America is increasing. China has become the second trade partner of the region (for some of them it is already the first). If we exclude Mexico (which trade a lot with United States), China is the biggest trade partner of the region. China is also becoming a big investor in Latin America, specially in the natural resource sector. China is proposing the construction of a bioceanic railroad linking Peru and Brazil. This will increase Chinese presence not only in the field of trade but also in investment in infrastructure projects. It could compete with the route of the Panama channel, and also there is the option of building a channel through Nicaragua

43 From the last decade trade between China and Latin America has increased very fast.
Most of Latin American exports are primary godos: mineral, energy and agricultural goods. Most of import of goods from China are manufactured goods. The región has a trade deficit with China, especially Mexico Cheap manufactured goods has improved the standard of living of many Latin American but also caused strong competition to manufacturers in the región.

44 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation”

45 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation” Page 37

46 International price index of raw materials, : Metals and energy. (January 2005=100) Source: CEPAL: “Hacia una nueva gobernanza de los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe”, 2016

47 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation”

48 CHINA POSITION AS TRADE PARTNER IN LATIN AMERICA (EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, 2000 AND 2012) Source: CEPAL: “Promoción del Comercio y la Inversión con China” noviembre del 2013

49 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation”

50 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation” ttp://

51 The next Table is from the study “Latin American Economic Outlook : Toward a New Partnership with China” published by OECD/ECLAC/CAF in 2015

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53 South America´s export of natural resources and destination regions Source: CEPAL: “Hacia una nueva gobernanza de los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe”, 2016

54 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation”

55 http://www. economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/11/daily-chart-9

56 Regarding investment, in the last years Chinese companies are investing large amounts in Latin America, especially in the primary sector. But it is no easy to get the exact figures because official statistics does not register it, or because Chinese companies invest form places outside China, like from Australia.

57 Source: CEPAL, May 2015: “Latin America and the Caribbean and China: towards a new era in economic cooperation”

58 Source: CEPAL: “The changing nature of Asian- Latin America economic relations”, page 22

59 Source: ECLAC: 2012 Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, page 37

60 Source: ECLAC: 2015 Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, page 30

61 Source: ECLAC: 2015 Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, page 30

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63 As can be seen in the following Graphics, China is the biggest source of lending for Latin America, specially for some countries. It lends more money than the World Bank and the IMF put togheter Since 2005 to 2015 China has lent more than 125 billion dollars to the region, and more than a third of this was to Venezuela. The next Graphic is from the study “Latin American Economic Outlook : Toward a New Partnership with China” published by OECD/ECLAC/CAF in 2015

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65 Source: Dialogo Chino: “China aumenta préstamos a Latinoamérica”

66 V. China and Latin America economic relations: Trade, Investment and Cooperation II
In the last years, beside investing in the mining and oil sector, Chinese companies are trying to buy or rent agriculture land, to grow food for export to China. There has been some deals, but buying or renting land by foreign company is a very sensitive issue in many places. There have been opposition for some deals, as the one in Argentina which could have involved 300 thousand hectares and an amount of 1.5 billion dollars in the region of Rio Negro.

67 Source: The Inter-American Dialogue, China and Latin America Report, June 2015, Margaret Myers and Guo Jie: “China´s Agricultural Investment in Latin America: A critical assessment”, page 12

68 Source: The Inter-American Dialogue, China and Latin America Report, June 2015, Margaret Myers and Guo Jie: “China´s Agricultural Investment in Latin America: A critical assessment”, page 14

69 Regarding investment in infrastructure proyects, there has been Chinese participation in some of them, like the building of railways in Argentina and Venezuela. But in several others there have been some problems. In November 2014 Mexico cancelled a 3.7 billion dollars contract to build a high speed rail that would have linked Mexico city and Queretaro, in central Mexico. China Railway Construction Company and 4 Mexican companies would have built that. The project was cancelled amid acussations that one of those Mexican companies had links with the wife of President Enrique Peña Nieto.

70 There are bigger proyects like the construction of power plants in Argentina and the biocenaic railway linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In Argentina Chinese companies would build and finance the fourth and fifth nuclear reactors. These could cost around 15 billion dollars. The contract was signed before the former government finished its mandate. There is a new government from december 2015. The bioceanic railway could cost between 10 and 30 billion dollars. It is supposed that the Chinese government has already presented in May the economic feasibility study of the project to the governments of Peru and Brazil and is awaiting a reply.

71 Source: http://world-nuclear

72 Possible route of the bioceanic railroad Source: El Comercio. 2015
Possible route of the bioceanic railroad Source: El Comercio Blog Vía China “La ruta de la seda se extiende a Sudamérica”. El Comercio. Lima, 17 de mayo. Consulta: 24 de junio de <

73 China has interest in the bioceanic project because it will cut the time and cost to move goods from Brazil, like meat, soybean, iron ore (avoiding to go through the Panama Channel), and its companies could participate in the design, planning and construction of the railway. Chinese companies have excess capacity in many areas. Already a company like CREEG (an affiliate of China Railway Group Limited),has offices in Peru and Brazil for this project.

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75 VI. China and Latin America economic relations: Trade, Investment and Cooperation III
Here we will talk about relations between Peru and China, because Peru has a special relationship with the Asian giant. As has been said before Peru became the first country in Latin America to receive Chinese immigration in a large scale from That is why Peru has the largest community of Chinese origin in Latin America. Peru became in 1874 the first Latin American country to establish diplomatic relations with China Peru has a Free Trade Area agreement with China since 2010, and from 2013 they have a comprehensive strategic partnership

76   Exports from Peru to main partners in Asia members of APEC (in million dollars) (FOB) Source: Source: Peru’s Customs Office: For Pag. 4 Country/Economy 1993 1997 2003 2006 2008 2010 2011 2014 World Total 3,344.40 6,741.75 8,939.82 23,431.43 31,162.75 35,073.25 45,636.0 38,161.70 Australia 14.99 16.31 53.12 38.25 79.81 117.5 115.3 127.0 South Korea 59.36 91.50 176.34 545.27 551.69 894.9 1,694.9 1,207.80 China 140.84 490.06 676.96 2,267.27 3,737.24 5,425.9 6,961.4 6,968.00 Hong Kong 28.60 68.82 30.31 42.14 54.21 78.5 92.5 155.30 Japan 299.04 473.57 391.16 1,229.76 1,853.18 1,790.4 2,174.8 1,580.20 New Zealand 1.50 - 3.72 7.59 12.60 13.5 18.4 30.3 Russia 9.90 9.48 14.18 25.61 21.74 57.9 79.5 137.8 Taiwan 118.78 159.11 147.28 415.03 596.11 293.0 368.8 316.00

77 China became from 2011 the top export destination and from 2014 the top trade partner of Peru
Then Peru’s Minister of Economy Mr. Luis Castilla said on October that he “prays every day” for China economy to continue growing at high rates because that way Peru will benefit from that. If China economy reduces its pace of growth there will be less demand for Peru raw materials, prices, of specially minerals, will decrease, exports revenue will decrease and the country will be affected. In fact this happened from 2012. Peru exports mainly raw materials while buys from China mostly manufactured goods.

78 Source: Annual Report 2015, Central Bank of Peru

79 Actually China is the biggest market for Peruvian exports
Actually China is the biggest market for Peruvian exports. China buys most of the iron and fishmeal, and more than half of the copper and more that one third of the zinc that Peru sells abroad. And China became in 2014 the first source of imports, above the U.S. In the other hand, most of the textiles and garments imported by Peru came from China as are also toys, footwear, electrical appliances and most of the consumer goods, and increasingly cars. Cheap manufactured goods from China have helped improve the living standards of many Peruvians, especially of poor people. But also cheap Chinese goods has represented a strong competition to some manufacture sectors in Peru

80 TOP 11 PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO CHINA, 2013
Ores and Fishmeal (8 products): 92% of total Source: ADUANAS DEL PERU PRODUCT Millions of Dollars FOB value Total 7,331 Copper ores and concentrates 3,338 Copper cathodes 1,020 Fishmeal 856 Iron ore 855 Zinc ore 203 Lead ore 195 Silver ore 182 Zinc, not alloyed 100 Cuttle fish and squid 91 Other gasoline without lead tetraethyl 58 Fresh grapes 45

81 Peru imports from main partners in Asia members of APEC (on million dollars) (CIF) Source: Peru’s Customs Office: For 1993 1997 2003 2004 2007 2010 2011 2014 World Total 4,024.5 7,716.9 8,428.5 10,111.4 20,464.2 29,879.5 37,699.0 42,196.8 Australia 17.3 33.0 28.1 46.8 67.5 75.0 110.6 132.2 South Korea 99.4 230.2 277.7 296.5 522.3 1,044.2 1,490.6 1,382.4 China 90.4 195.9 646.5 767.9 2,474.2 5,115.3 6,321.5 8,913.7 Hong Kong 12.2 17.0 15.1 21.9 16.5 22.8 15.7 16.7 Japan 303.6 417.9 367.4 358.8 790.3 1,366.9 1,307.1 1,106.1 New Zealand 45.9 - 16.2 23.3 22.4 56.4 67.8 129.0 Russia 15.2 56.3 44.7 136.3 183.4 513.2 318.0 Taiwan 60.1 112.0 133.5 151.1 258.4 327.8 439.7 423.9

82 TOP 10 PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM CHINA, 2013
Source: ADUANAS DEL PERU: PRODUCT Millions of dollars CIF Value Total 7,921 Mobile Phones 730 Data processing machine 459 Motorcycles 136 Vehicles 111 Telecommunications devices 98 Other polyethylene terephthalate with titanium dioxide 84 Other footwear with top of textile and rubber sole or plastic Other footwear 80 Other wind power generators 69 Other TV sets 76

83 Peru: Antidumping duties in effect Source: INDECOPI, Reporte de Estadísticas Institucionales, Reporte Mensual, abril 2016, página 30

84 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Peru has increased a lot in the last years
China investment in Peru was nil up to That year, Shougang Corporation (首钢集团) bought the state company Hierro Peru that exploits iron. It was the first big sale of a Peruvian state company after the government began in 1990 a process of economic reforms and opening of the economy to foreign investment.  China interest in securing sources of raw material was the reason behind its decision to buy the Peruvian company. It was one of the first biggest investments by a Chinese state company of a foreign asset outside Asia. Shougang paid around 120 million dollars for that. The mine that Shougang bought is the only one that produces iron ore in Peru

85 China investment is mainly in mining, but also in oil and fishmeal sectors
In April 2014 the company resulting from the merger of Glencore and Xstrata agreed to sell the copper project Las Bambas located in Apurimac, and sold it for $5.85 billion to a Chinese consortium led by MMG Ltd., which is owned by China Minmetals, and included Guoxin International Investment Corp. and Citic Metal Co. When the mine come into full production it could increase by more than a third the amount of copper produced in Peru On November it was announced that China National Petroleum Company through its listed company PetroChina bought Petrobras Peru unit for $2.6 billion. The Chinese firm bought all the shares of Petrobras Energia Peru S.A., which has three oil and gas fields in Peru

86 PERU: ESTIMATED PORTFOLIO OF MINING PROJECTS BY MAIN INVESTOR, March 2016 Source: Ministerio de Energía y Minas: “Cartera estimada de proyectos mineros, Marzo 2016

87 Resource / Product / Service Investment Amount (Millions of US $)
Company Name Project Sector Place Resource / Product / Service Investment Amount (Millions of US $) Comments Shougang Hierro Peru S.A.A. Marcona Expansion Mining Ica Iron 1,500 Possibly starts on December, 2018. Chinalco Peru S.A. Toromocho Expansion Junin Copper 1,350 Possibly starts on January, 2018. Las Bambas S.A. (MMG Limited) Las Bambas Apurimac 10,000 With Environmental impact study approved. Under construction. Started on March, 2016. Shouxin Peru S.A. Exploitation of mining tailings Copper, Iron, Zinc 239 Started on 2016. Jinzhao Mining Peru S.A. Pampa de Pongo Arequipa Junefield Group S.A. Don Javier 600 Exploration Stage. Lumina Copper S.A.C Galeno Cajamarca Copper, Silver, Gold, Molybdenum 2,500 Exploration Stage Possibly starts on 2017. Rio Blanco Copper S.A. Rio Blanco Piura 1,000 Possibly starts on 2019. China National Petroleum Corporation Block 58 Energy Cuzco Oil, Gas 1,300 Finished exploration stage. COPEINCA (China Fishery Group CFG) -- Fisheries Bayovar, Chicama, Chimbote, Chancay, Lima, Ilo Fishmeal, fish oil 800 CFG bought Copeinca in 2013. It controls the largest anchovy share quota assigned to fishing. ICBC PERU BANK (Commercial Bank of China ICBC) Finance Lima Deposits, transfers, foreign trade, finance, bonds cards, loans, etc 50 Operates since 2014 First Chinese-owned bank in entering the Peruvian financial system. Heixing Electrical Company S.A.C. Trade 0,3 It has a regional sales and support office in Lima. Current and future investments announced by Chinese companies Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru, Peruvian newspapers and official companies’ websites (Table elaborated by Maria Isabel Osterloh)

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89 Fishmeal exports by Company in million dollars and Anchovy fishing quota percentage by company Source: Suplemento Día 1, página 25, Diario El Comercio, 18 de enero del 2016

90 China companies has a big presence in the mining and energy sectors
The only mine producing iron is owned by Shougang Corpration. Two Chinese owned mines, Toromocho and Las Bambas, when will enter in full production, by the year , could produce around 40% of Peru copper production. The oil company Chine National Petroleum Company has several fields in the north of Peru and in the jungle and after buying the operations in Peru of Petrobras company will probably produce 30% to 40% of the country total oil and gas Some of those companies have problems, with the labor unions as in the case of Shougang, or with local communities as in the recent case of Las Bambas (and there have some concern with impact in the environment).

91 China is an important economic partner of Peru
China is an important economic partner of Peru. It is the biggest market for its exports, and an important source of investment. These two roles will increase in the future. China’s need for raw materials will increase and its companies are looking to control the source of these raw materials. China economic growth at high rates is also important for Peru. In the last three years prices of minerals decreased because of a slowdown in China economy and this has affected Peru. Also, Peru has big expectations on increasing exports to the Chinese market thanks to the Free Trade Area, but this will depend on producing goods suitable for its consumers. This year Peru is hosting the APEC forum Leaders´ Summit in November and President Xi Jinping will visit Peru. Last year Prime Minister Li Keqiang also visited Peru.

92 VII. The present day: Chinese community in the region and influence of Chinese culture
Chinese arrived to Latin America mainly in four periods. A few of them arrived with the Galleon trade. The second and in this case massive immigration began from the end of the 1840s when China was opened to the world. The third wave of China immigrants came in the 1940s with the civil war and turmoil in China. But a fourth wave of Chinese began arriving to the region from the 1990s onwards. During the first two waves Chinese coming to Latin America where mostly from Guangdong, and poor people.

93 It should be noted that from 1970s to 1990s some people from Taiwan came to Latin America, but from the 1990s they were mainly from China. The Chinese coming from Taiwan mostly of them came with their family and some savings, and put some business. In Peru for example they set up restaurants and some shops. Chinese coming from the 1990s were not only from Guangdong province but also from Fujian and other places. They did not have enough money to set up business. They later brought their families. They arrived in legal and sometimes illegal ways.

94 In Peru up to some years ago there was a conflict between Chinese which came from Taiwan and those from China. They even have 2 schools. “Colegio 10 de Octubre” and “Colegio Juan XXIII”. The first was from chinese from Taiwan. Both offer primary and secondary education and teach Chinese language. In Peru there are some publications of the Chinese community, as magazines and newspapers, even in Chinese. One of the most old is the Revista “Oriental” that celebrated 80 years two monts ago.

95 Now there are several Chinatown (Barrio Chino - 唐人街-) in Latin America
Now there are several Chinatown (Barrio Chino - 唐人街-) in Latin America. The biggest are in Mexico city, Havana, Buenos Aires and Lima. Chinese are organized in some associations, in accordance to their place of origin. In Peru mostly are from Guangdong, but also from Fujian. In some places there have been some problems with some chinese businessman suffering extortion by some criminal (chinese) groups.

96 Weak state and Strong Society: A research into extortion among Chinese immigrants in Argentina Jiameng Li* ABSTRACT Amid Chinese-owned supermarkets in Argentina there are problems of extortion exerted by Chinese criminal groups. A large number of Chinese businessmen have been hit by such extortion activities and some have even suffered from extortion-related violence, with forty Chinese shopkeepers murdered. This not only poses a challenge to Argentinian authorities that are under pressure to combat the crime but can also have troubling implications for Argentine-Chinese relations. The essay aims to explore how such extortion is carried out in Argentina, and also the reasons behind this organised crime. It first looks at the history of Chinese migration to Argentina. Then it examines the fact of such extortion through the framework of Extortion Racket Systems, including who the criminals are and how they operate within the Chinese community in Argentina. The last part deals with the factors leading to the extortion by using the theory of State in Society. Through the analysis, we can see that such extortion can be seen as a consequence of the interplay between Argentina’s state weakness and the Chinese community’s lack of integration and some cultural issues. Keywords: extortion, Chinese immigrants, Argentina, weak state, strong society

97 Arc in the entrance of Chinatown in Lima, Peru

98 Chinatown in Buenos Aires http://asiapop. xiahpop

99 Chinese influence can be seen for example in the food
Chinese influence can be seen for example in the food. There are Chinese restaurants everywhere, in Peru specially, called “Chifa” (吃 饭 ). They are cheap, deliciuos and abundant. While most of them serve Cantonese food, now also in some places can be found food from Shanghai or Sichuan. In Peru people eat a lot of rice, probably because of influence of chinese. Also chinese ingredients can be found in many Peruvian supermarkets Some peruvians of chinese origin for example have achieved highest possitions in their fields, as artists, deportists, doctors, or even politicians.

100 VIII. Towards a new type of China Latin America relationship
China has FTA with three countries from Latin America. With Chile since 2006, with Peru since 2010 and Costa Rica since 2011. China will continue being an important partner of Latinamerica and its role will increase in the future There is a recognition that some aspects of the relationship should be improved. One is the still asymetric trade relationship. Latinamerica depend so much on the export of the natural resources to China, and with prices of them lower the región has suffered some setbacks. Second, Chinese investment is concentrated in the natural resource sector.

101 Third is the low level of understanding of each other
Third is the low level of understanding of each other. Still people on both sides see each of them as distant. The next Graphic is from the study “Latin American Economic Outlook : Toward a New Partnership with China” published by OECD/ECLAC/CAF in 2015

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103 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, april 2014, page 36

104 International price index of raw materials, : Metals and energy. (January 2005=100) Source: CEPAL: “Hacia una nueva gobernanza de los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe”, 2016

105 International price index of copper, (January 2000=100) Source: CEPAL: “Hacia una nueva gobernanza de los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe”, 2016, Page 105

106 International price index of iron ore, (January 2000=100) Source: CEPAL: “Hacia una nueva gobernanza de los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe”, 2016, Page 106

107 The next Graphic is from the study “Latin American Economic Outlook : Toward a New Partnership with China” published by OECD/ECLAC/CAF in 2015

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110 http://www. washingtonpost

111 Fuente: BBC News: “China market slump: Shares end lower despite rate cut” (accedido 28 de agosto, pm.).

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113 President Xi Jinping in the 1st Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) celebrated in Beijing in January last year, outlined a strategy to double the amount of trade and investment with Latin America. The aim is to reach a trade volumen of 500 billion dollars in the year and 250 billion dollars in investment. Prime Minister Li Keqiang in his July visit last year to several countries in Latin America set up several funds to promote Chinese investment in industrial projects in the region. This is the year of cultural exchanges between China and Latin America

114 China is in a new state of development, with a growing middle class and urbanization and there is new demand for productos that Latin America can supply. Chinese are eating more bread, meat, drinking more wine, and Latin American countries can supply them. More wheat, soybean, but also more grapes, avocado, mango, asparagus (the last four products are being exported by Peru in the last years). The growing urbanization of China is also demanding housing and furniture. Wood products are used for example for wood floors and furniture. Peru, Chile and others countries can supply them.

115 Actually there are 45 Confucius Institutes in Latin America where 70,000 students learn Mandarin and about Chinese culture. Chile was the first country in the region to establish a Confucius Institute. In Peru there are 4 Confucius Institutes and there is a possibility that one more will open soon, in my University, San Marcos National University. There is the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and last January there was the first China-CELAC forum in Beijing.

116 China and Latinamerica can strengthen their trade, investment and other economic ties, and expand their people-to-people exchanges. It is important knowing better each other to avoid misunderstandings.’ There is a need to know the Chinese market to sell more value added goods and also to industrialize more the country (and need to learn from China development experience). There is a need to change the pattern of asymmetric trade between China and Latin America, but that mostly depend from the Latin America side.

117 In order for Latinamerica to produce more value added good it needs to industrialize its natural resources. It needs more skilled labor force and to graduate more enginers and scientists In Latinamerica too many people in the Universities study liberal arts and social sciences. In China more people are studying engineering and exact sciences. Many in Latinamerica want to become lawyers (abogado) In the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) 国际学生 评价项目, China is in the top ranks while several latin American countries are in the bottom of the list.

118 HUMAN CAPITAL AND SKILLS IN CHINA, AND LATIN AMERICA Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM); Humanities, Social Sciences, Law and Education (HSLE)

119 In China Universities 48% of students study in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) áreas, 24% in HSLE (Humanities, Social Sciences, Law and Education) areas In Argentina 13% in STEM and 61% in HSLE Brazil 12% and 64% Costa Rica, STEM 12%, HSLE 69% Colombia 21% and 63% Mexico 27% and 62% Uruguay 15% and 49% In OECD countries 22% and 56%

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121 China is in a new kind of relationship with Latinamerica
China is in a new kind of relationship with Latinamerica. When the People´s Republic of China began having diplomatic relationship with the region, in the 1970s, its aim was to secure countries recognize it as the sole representative of China. At that time countries have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. In october 1971 the UN recognized China and expelled the Republic of China (Taiwan). Now few countries recognize Taiwan, most of them are in Latinamerica (12 of a total of 22 countries). They are Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Paraguay, San Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic (among others). When China began its economic reforms at the end of the 1970s, its aim was more economic, ensuring natural resources for its needs.

122 Now from the year 2010s China aims to have a more comprehensive relationship with Latinamerica. China see Latinamerica as a country that can supply them natural resources, but also as a market for its godos. But China wants to have a more closed relationship with economic cooperation, industrial cooperation. China states that it wants to help industrialize the región. China aims also for a better understanding of the región in the cultural aspect. China has a strategy in its relationship with Latinamerica, does Latinamerica has one?

123 Most of Latin American (LA) countries have no strategy towards China
Most of Latin American (LA) countries have no strategy towards China. They just react to China policies. Nor they have a common strategy towards China. For example in one side there are the countries of he Pacific Alliance (PA), Mexico, Chile, Peru and Colombia, more open to trade and investment, and in the other hand countries in the Atlantic Ocean like Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela, which are more protectionist. But even within members of the PA Mexico and Colombia for example will not contemplate signing a FTA with China.

124 Now things are also changing in LA with countries shifting from the political left (and very friendly to China) to a more market friendly regimes. In Argentina there is a new government for example. In Venezuela there will be a change from the present leftist regime. Leftist governments enjoyed a situation where prices of primary goods were high and are being ousted from the government because of a slowdown of those prices. It is the classic political pendulum that characterize countries in Latin America. China have to dealt with this new scenario.

125 Bibliography Han Qi, Dolors Folch, Fernando Zialcita and Carmen Yuste editors: “El Galeon de Manila - Los orígenes de la Globalización-”, 2013 “Confucius Institutes help Latin Americans learn Chinese language, culture: educator”: