Tropical forest monitoring networks Yadvinder Malhi University of Oxford

Tropical forests are variable in soils, climate, faunal and floral composition, disturbance history and biogeographical context

Noel Kempff 2001,6,7,9 Tambopata 2002,3,5,6,7,8,9,10 Bogi 2002,7,10 Iquitos 2001,5,6,8,9,10 Manaus 2002,5,6 Caxiuana 2002,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Braganca 2002 Tapajos 2003Jatun Sacha 2002,7,10 RAINFOR Campaigns , permanent plots Acre 2003,9 Sinop 2002 San Carlos de Rio Negro 2004,6 Jari 2003 Mocambo 2003 El Dorado 2004, 9 Andes Transect 2003,6,7,8,9,10 Rio Grande 2004, 9 Agua Pudre 2004,5,6 Alta Floresta 2002,8 Cusco Amazonico 2003,6,8 Zafire 2005,6,8 Mabura Hills 2006, 10 Jenaro Herrera 2005,6,7,8 Dois Irmaos 2003,6,9 Tiputini 2002,7,10 Sacta 2006,9 BEEM 2006,10 Porongaba 2003,6,9 Lorena 2004,6 Nouragues 2008 Nova Xavantina 2008,10 Los Amigos 2008 Pasco 2008,10 Pto Nare 2010 Carbonera 2009 Barinas 2009 Pibiri 2006, 10 Iwokrama 2010 Jurua 1999,2009 Tanguro 2009,10 Araracuara 2010 Besotes 2010 San Rafael 2010 San Sebastian 2010 Mabet 2010 El Tigre

Measured biomass carbon sink Amazonia 0.45±0.12 Mg C ha -1 year -1 Phillips et al 2009 Science Africa 0.63±0.40 Mg C ha -1 year -1 Lewis et al Nature 10

Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Forest Phillips et al. Science,

Tree alpha diversity in the Amazon Basin: ATDN 2012

The Global Ecosystems Monitoring Network (GEM) gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk

Gross Primary Productivity Standing Biomass Photosynthesis Carbon sequestration Global vegetation models Flux towers Optical remote sensing Forest dynamics models Forest inventories Biomass remote sensing Malhi, 2012, J. Ecology

Gross Primary Productivity Net Primary Productivity Standing Biomass Woody Productivity Mortality rate Photosynthesis Residence time Malhi, 2012, J. Ecology

GPP The Carbon Cycle of a Forest R leaf R stem R CWD F doc D Fine litterfall D CWD R roots R soil D Root R soil het NPP coarse roots NPP fine roots NPP VOC NPP leaves,flowers,fruit NPP wood (Branch + Stem)

GPP= 36.15±3.97 The carbon cycle of a forest at Tambopata. Peru R leaf =8.86±2.78 R stem = 5.85±2.50 NPP Total = 15.14±0.83 NPP AG = 9.96±0.41 NPP BG = 5.18±0.72 D fine litterfall 5.61±0.32 D CWD 3.59±0.26 R rhizosphere 5.07±0.86 R soil =12.98±0.82 D root 5.18±0.72 R soilhet = 7.14±0.49 NPP coarse root s = 0.51±0.05 NPP fine roots = 4.67±0.72 NPP ACW = 2.64±0.24 NPP litterfall = 5.61±0.32 NPP branch turnover = 0.95±0.10 NPP herbivory = 0.76±0.05 R cwd R coarseroot 1.23±0.62 Malhi et al, Plant Ecology and Diversity, 2013 Example results

Rhizotron Litterfall, and components Climate Ingrowth Cores Dendrometers Soil respiration Stem respiration The GEM Protocol Soil respiration partitioning Leaf respiration and photosynthesis

Conclusions Tropical forests are variable in soils, climate, faunal and floral composition, disturbance history and biogeographical context Networks of forest plots are much greater than the sum of the parts Standardization of measurement protocols are important for robust comparison But the most important point is to reach out and build the networks