Preterite and Imperfect

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el pretérito v. el imperfecto

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Preterite and Imperfect The preterit and imperfect are both simple (i.e., non-compound or one-word) tenses indicating a past-time action or state. Sometimes a given English past-tense sentence may be translated into Spanish with either the preterit or the imperfect, but these two tenses have different meanings or implications.

Imperfect The imperfect tense may be considered the present tense back-shifted into past time. It is generally used to indicate: 1. A past action or state being viewed as in progress. In English we often use the past progressive for this: “was/were ...-ing”. Mirábamos los desfiles. We were watching the parades. Mientras ella abría la puerta... As she opened (was opening) the door... Two frequent examples of states in past time which are normally viewed as in progress and thus given in the imperfect: 2. Descriptions in past time, that is, what a person, thing, or situation was like. This also includes situations such as giving the time of day, the date, the weather, one's age, etc. (unless a change or the start/end of a state is indicated, in which case the preterit is normally used). Mi madre era muy baja, tenía 40 años, y trabajaba sin fin. My mother was very short, was 40 years old, and worked constantly. Eran las diez de la noche, había una tormenta terrible, y teníamos miedo. It was 10:00 at night, there was a terrible storm out, and we were afraid.

Imperfect 3. Mental states (in progress) in past time. No lo sabía. I didn't know it/that. Creíamos que estábamos perdidos. We thought we were lost. 4. A past action viewed as being customary or habitual. Note that English often uses “would” or “used to” to indicate this. En México, yo caminaba por la playa y las gaviotas hacían circulos sin terminar en el cielo. In Mexico, I used to walk along the beach and the seagulls would make endless circles in the sky.

Preterite The preterit tends to “freeze” an action or state in past time, or to view it as over and done with. 1. Present an action or state in past time as completed or as something instantaneous. Note that expressions of time which limit the action to a more or less specific period of time —even a long period such as thousands of years— generally indicate that the action is being viewed as completed and suggest the preterit. ¿Quién rompió el juguete? Who broke the toy? Elena bailó toda la noche. Elena danced all night. Los Gómez vivieron allí seis años. Mr. and Mrs. Gómez lived there six years. 2. Give a series of sequential actions in past time, that is, “first this happened, then something else occurred, and then...” Vine, vi, vencí. I came, I saw, I conquered. Trabajó un poco, fue a McDonalds a comer, y luego volvió a casa. She worked a bit, went to McDonalds to eat, and then returned home.

Preterite 3. Show the start or finish of an action or state, or indicate a change in a state in past time. Se puso enojado. He got (became) angry. El cielo se anubló. The sky clouded up. Note, however, that it is possible to view start-up and ending actions as in progress, in which case the imperfect would be used Se ponía enojado. He was getting angry. El cielo se anublaba. The sky was clouding up. Indicate an action as interrupting a previously existing action or stated (usually given in the imperfect). Mientras los demás dormían, María se escapó. While the rest were sleeping, María escaped.

con frecuencia (frequently) frecuentemente (frequently) Other words and phrases indicate repetitive, vague or non-specific time frames, and therefore signal the use of the imperfect. a menudo (often) todo el tiempo (all the time) con frecuencia (frequently) frecuentemente (frequently) generalmente (usually) los lunes/martes... (on Mondays/Tuesdays… a veces (sometimes) de vez en cuando (from time to time) cada día (every day) todos los días (every day) cada semana (every week) todas las semanas (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year) en aquella época (at that time) por un rato (for awhile) siempre (always) mientras (while)

Some words and phrases indicate specific time frames, and therefore signal the use of the preterite. ayer (yesterday) anteayer (the day before yesterday) anoche (last night) en ese momento (at that moment) desde el primer momento (from the first moment) durante dos siglos (for two centuries) hace dos días, años (two days, years ago) el lunes/martes… (on Monday/Tuesday) ayer por la mañana/tarde (yesterday morning/afternoon) entonces (then) esta mañana (this morning) esta tarde (this afternoon) la semana pasada (last week) el mes pasado (last month) el año pasado (last year) el otro día (the other day) todo el día/la noche (all day/all night) de repente (suddenly) al final

There are a few verbs in Spanish which have a different meaning depending on which past tense is used. With imperfect (description/scene) Conocer to have known someone Poder - was able to- capable of No poder- was not able to- not capable of Querer -wanted/loved No querer -did not want Saber to have known something Verb With pretérito (completed action) Conocer To have met someone Poder (managed to, succeeded) No poder – failed to Querer - tried No querer –refused Saber to have found out something

Usos del Preterito y el Imperfecto Ricitos de oro: el cuento – http://youtu.be/PggFIdWCBtI (Hubo , Había) una vez tres osos que (vivieron , vivían) en el bosque: Papá Oso, Mamá Osa, y Bebé Oso. Un día Mamá Osa (hizo , hacía) una sopa de arroz con pollo y (puso, ponía) tres platos en la mesa. Como ya (fue, era) mediodía, los osos (se sentaron , se sentaban) para comer porque (tuvieron, tenían) muchísima hambre. Papá Oso (probó, probaba) la sopa primero y (dijo, decía) -¡Ay! ¡La sopa está muy caliente!- Entonces Bebé Oso y Mamá Osa (quisieron , querían) comer la sopa pero no (pudieron, podían) porque (estuvo, estaba) tan caliente como la sopa de Papá Oso. Los tres osos (decidieron , decidían) dar un paseo mientras (se enfrió, se enfriaba) la sopa. (Fue , Era) un día bonito del verano y (hizo, hacía) sol. Preterito/Imperfecto –practicas http://www.indiana.edu/~call/ejercicios/imp_pret_imp01.html

Usos del Preterito y el Imperfecto Ricitos de oro: el cuento – http://youtu.be/PggFIdWCBtI Los osos (se divirtieron, se divertían) cuando una niña perdida (llegó, llegaba) a la casa. (Se llamó, Se llamaba) Ricitos de Oro y (fue, era) una chica curiosa. Ella siempre (jugó, jugaba) cerca de su casa pero ese día (se perdió, se perdía) en el bosque. Ricitos de Oro (se acercó, se acercaba) a la casa y (miró, miraba) por la ventana pero no (hubo, había) nadie en el interior. Entonces (abrió, abría) la puerta y (entró, entraba) en la casa. Ricitos (se alegró, se alegraba) cuando (vio, veía) los tres platos de sopa. Ricitos (se comió, se comía) toda la sopa del plato pequeño porque (estuvo, estaba) perfecta - ni demasiado caliente ni fría. (Hubo, Había) también en la casa tres sillas: una grande, una mediana, y otra pequeñita. Ricitos de Oro (se sentó, se sentaba) en la silla de Papá Oso, la de Mamá Osa, y por fin la de Bebé Oso. Le (gustó, gustaba) más la silla cómoda de Bebé Oso pero la silla (fue, era) muy pequeña para ella. De repente se le (rompió, rompía) la silla y (se cayó, se caía) al suelo. Ella (estuvo, estaba) muy cansada y (tuvo, tenía) ganas de dormir. La muchacha (se acostó, se acostaba) en las camas de Papá Oso, de Mamá Osa, y de Bebé Oso. La cama de Bebé Oso (fue, era) tan cómoda que ella (se durmió , se dormía) en seguida. Preterito/Imperfecto –practicas http://www.indiana.edu/~call/ejercicios/imp_pret_imp01.html

Usos del Preterito y el Imperfecto Ricitos de oro: el cuento – http://youtu.be/PggFIdWCBtI Poco después, los tres osos (volvieron, volvían) del bosque dispuestos a comer la sopa. Cuando vieron la puerta abierta, el plato vacío, y la silla rota, los osos (supieron, sabían) que alguien (estuvo, estaba) en su casa en ese momento. No (supieron, sabían) qué pensar. Ellos (fueron, iban) a la alcoba. ¡Qué sorpresa (tuvieron, tenían) allí! (Hubo, Había) una chica en la cama de Bebé Oso! Ella (durmió, dormía) pero cuando (oyó, oía) las voces (se despertó, se despertaba) asustada. La niña (dio , daba) un salto y (huyó , huía) de la casa. Ricitos de Oro (siguió, seguía) una senda conocida en el bosque hasta encontrar su propia casa. Preterito/Imperfecto –practicas http://www.indiana.edu/~call/ejercicios/imp_pret_imp01.html