ANTE TODO Both Spanish and English have past participles. The past participles of English verbs often end in –ed (to turn > turned), but many are also irregular (to buy > bought; to drive > driven).

In Spanish, regular –ar verbs form the past participle by dropping –ar and adding –ado. Regular –er and –ir verbs form the past participle by dropping –er or –ir and adding –ido. INFINITIVE STEM PAST PARTICIPLE bailar bail- bailado comer com- comido vivir viv- vivido

¡ATENCIÓN! The past participles of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in –a, –e, or –o carry a written accent mark on the i of the –ido ending. caer caído (fallen) creer creído (believed) leer leído (read) oír oído (heard) reír reído (laughed) sonreír sonreído (smiled) traer traído (brought)

Irregular past participles (All end in –to except for dicho/hecho.) abrir abierto morir muerto decir dicho poner puesto describir descrito resolver resuelto descubrir descubierto romper roto escribir escrito ver visto hacer hecho volver vuelto

NOTE: Verbs that conjugate the same way as the verbs with irregular past participles also have the irregular past participle formed in a similar manner. descubrir descubierto (discovered) cubrir cubierto (covered) hacer hecho (done/made) deshacer deshecho (undone/unmade) volver vuelto (returned to a place) devolver devuelto (returned something)

In Spanish, as in English, past participles can be used as adjectives. They are often used with the verb estar to describe a condition or state that results from an action. Like other Spanish adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. (o, os, a, as) Like other descriptive adjectives, if they do not follow the verb “estar,” they must come after the noun being modified.

En la entrada hay algunos letreros escritos en español. In the entrance, there are some signs written in Spanish. Tenemos la mesa puesta y la cena hecha. We have the table set and dinner made. La joyería está cerrada. The jewelry store is closed. La carta todavía no está enviada. The letter is not yet mailed. El cheque ya está firmado. The check is already signed. Note: The word “ya” means “already.” The expression “todavía no” means not yet.

¡INTÉNTALO! Indica la forma correcta del participio pasado de estos verbos. (masculino singular) Traduce del español al inglés. 1. hablar_____ hablado (spoken) 2. correr _____ corrido (run) 3. mirar _____ mirado (watched) 4. leer _____ leído (read)

5. escribir _____ escrito (written) 6. morir _____ muerto (dead) 7. cantar _____ cantado (sung) 8. oír _____ oído (heard)

9. traer _____ traído (brought) 10. abrir _____ abierto (open) 11. romper _____ roto (broken) 12. hacer _____ hecho (done/made)

13. decidir _____ decidido (decided) 14. ver _____ visto (seen) resolver resuelto (solved) poner puesto (put)