Lecture Outline Teoria especial de relatividad © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Lecture Outline Teoria especial de relatividad © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Postulados de la Teoria Especial de la relatividad Todas las leyes de la naturaleza son las mismas para marcos de referencia uniformes. La rapidez de la luz en el espacio libre tiene el mismo valor medido por todos los observadores, independientemente del movimiento del observador o de la fuente; esto es, la rapidez de la luz es una constante. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Simultaneidad Dos eventos sdon simultaneos si ocurren al mismo tiempo. Dos eventos que son simultaneos en un marco de referencia no necesariamente son simultaneos en un marco de referencia que se mueve con respecto al primer marco de referencia. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Simultaneidad Desde el punto de vista del observador que viaja en la nave, la luz viaja distancias iguales desde la fuente hasta ambos extremos del compartimiento por lo que llega e estos simultaneamente. Para un observador en un marco de referencia diferente la luz no llega simultaneamente a los extremos. Deido al movimiento de la nave, la luz que llega a la parte trasera del compartimiento llega primero que la luz que llega al frente de la nave. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dilatacion del tiempo Si de alguna forma fueramos capaces de observar un haz de luz rebotando entre las paredes de un par de espejos paralelos Si la distancia entre los dos espejos es fija, entonces el arreglo constituye un reloj de luz, porque los viajes de la luz hacia atras y hacia adelante ocurren en intervalos regulares de tiempo. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dilatacion del tiempo (a)Un observador moviendose en la nave observa el haz de luz moviendose verticalmente entre los espejos del reloj de luz (b) Un observador que ve la luz pasar observa el haz de luz siguiendo una trayectoria diagonal. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dilatacion del tiempo La relacion entre el tiempo t 0 (tiempo propio) en el tiempo de referencia que se mueve con el reloj y el tiempo t medido en otro marco de referencia (tiempo relativo) es © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dilatacion del tiempo A medida que la rapidez de la nave se incrementa, el factor de Lorentz se increnmenta como se muestra en la grafica. –El reloj caminara mas lento y mas lento conforme la rapidez de la nave se aproxime a la rapidez de la luz –Cuando vemos al cohete viajar a una rapidez cercana ala rapidez de la luz, nosotros lo vemos como si no se estuviera moviendo. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

El viaje de los gemelos Dos gemelos identicos, un astronauta que toma un viaje en la galaxia a una alta rapidez, mientras que el otro permanece en su casa en la Tierra. Cuando el gemelo viajante regresa, el es mas joven que el gemelo que se quedo en casa. –Que tan joven depende de las velocidades relativas involucradas. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

El viaje de los gemelos Dado que el movimiento es relativo, porque el efecto no es lo mismo en la direccion inversa? Porque no sucede que el gemelo viajero regrese y encuentre al gemelo que se quedo en casa mas joven que el? Cuando no hay movimiento involucrado, los haces de luz se reciben tan frecuentemente como la nave espacial los emite. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Twin Trip Cuando el emisor se mueve hacia el receptor, los haces de luz se ven mas frecuentemente. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Twin Trip Cuando el emisor se aleja del receptor, los haces de luz se separan y son vistos menos frecuentemente. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Twin Trip Suponiendo que el gemelo viajero se aleja de la Tierra a lata rapidez durante una hora. Luego da la vuelta y se acerca a La tierra durante una hora. Siguiendo la linea de razonamiento de la Figura en la pag. Siguiente, el gemelo viajero hace un viaje de dos horas, de acuerdo a todos los relojes en la nave espacial. Sin embargo, este viaje no tomara 2 horas desde el marco de referencia de la Tierra. Cuando la nave se aleja de la Tierra, emite un haz de luz cada 6 minutos. Estos haces de luz se reciben en La Tierra cada 12 minutos. Un total de 10 haces de luz se emiten durante el tiempo en que la nave se aleja de la Tierra. Si la nave salio al mediodia, los relojes en la nave 1 PM cuando el decimo haz de luz fue emitido. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Twin Trip © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

El viaje de los gemelos Los haces de luz enviados desde la Tierra cada 6-min se ven en intervalos de 12-min por la nave cuando se aleja, y a intervalos de 3-min cuando se acerca. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Addition of Velocities For everyday objects: Strictly speaking, the above rule is an approximation of the relativistic rule for adding velocities. We'll not treat the long derivation but simply state the rule: No matter what the relative velocities between two frames, light moving at c in one frame will be seen to be moving at c in any other frame. If you try chasing light, you can never catch it. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Length Contraction As objects move through spacetime, space as well as time changes. Space is contracted, making the objects look shorter when they move by us at relativistic speeds. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Length Contraction Length contraction takes place only in the direction of travel. –If an object is traveling horizontally, no contraction takes place vertically. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relativistic Momentum Relativistic momentum is: Subatomic particles are routinely pushed to nearly the speed of light. Classically, the particles behave as if their masses increase with speed. The increased momentum of a high-speed particle is evident in the increased "stiffness" of its trajectory. The more momentum it has, the "stiffer" is its trajectory and the harder it is to deflect. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relativistic Momentum If the momentum of the electrons were equal to the Newtonian value,, the beam would follow the dashed line. But because the relativistic momentum is greater, the beam follows the "stiffer" trajectory shown by the solid line. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass, Energy and E = mc 2 A piece of matter, even at rest and not interacting with anything else, has an "energy of being." This is called its rest energy. Einstein concluded that it takes energy to make mass and that energy is released if mass disappears. The amount of energy E is related to the amount of mass m by the most celebrated equation of the 20th century: © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass, Energy and E = mc 2 Saying that a power plant delivers 90 million megajoules of energy to its consumers is equivalent to saying that it delivers 1 gram of energy to its consumers, because mass and energy are equivalent. In 1 second, 4.5 million tons of mass are converted to radiant energy in the Sun. The Sun is so massive, however, that in 1 million years only 1 ten-millionth of the Sun's mass will have been converted to radiant energy. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Correspondence Principle It states that any new theory or any new description of nature must agree with the old where the old gives correct results. If the equations of special relativity are valid, they must correspond to those of classical mechanics when speeds much less than the speed of light are considered. When speeds are very low, compared to the speed of light v is much smaller than c, then © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Correspondence Principle So: Relativistic time: Relativistic length: Relativistic momentum: © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.