PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS

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Transcripción de la presentación:

PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS REPASO DE INGLÉS PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS

ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much / how many The Other / another This / these, that / those One / ones Some / any Pronombres indefinidos Propósito Each / every Both /all Either / neither Doble negativa Conectores Frases para practicar

A dog, a car, a house, a university student. A / AN A: un, una + sustantivo singular. Se utiliza cuando el sustantivo empieza por sonido consonántico: A dog, a car, a house, a university student. AN: un, una + sustantivo singular cuando el sustantivo empieza por sonido vocálico: An egg, an hour

DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES SUJETO PRONOMBRE OBJETO DETERMINANTE POSESIVO POSESIVO PRONOMBRE REFLEXIVO I Me My + nombre.. mine myself You Your Yours Yourself He Him His Himself She Her Hers Herself It Its Itself We Us Our Ours Ourselves Yourselves They Them their theirs themselves

DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES She went to France. (sujeto de la frase: ella) Mary helped us. (objeto de la frase: nos, a nosotros, a nosotras) That’s my sister. (determinante posesivo: mi) The wallet the police found is mine. (pronombre posesivo: el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías) I promised myself. (pronombre reflexivo: a mí mismo, a mí misma)

MANY / MUCH / A LOT OF MANY: MUCHOS, MUCHAS. Se suele utilizar en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, aunque también puede aparecer en afirmativa: Were there many people? MUCH: MUCHO, MUCHA. Se suele utilizar en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, aunque también aparece en afirmativa: There wasn’t much noise. A LOT OF: MUCHO, MUCHA, MUCHOS, MUCHAS. Se suele utilizar con oraciones afirmativas: She bought a lot of presents.

TOO MUCH / TOO MANY / ENOUGH TOO (demasiado): se utiliza con adjetivos: He is too tall. She is too young. TOO MUCH (demasiado, demasiada): Se usa con nombres incontables: There was too much sugar. TOO MANY (demasiados, demasiadas): Se usa con nombres contables: There were too many people. Recordamos que TOO + adjetivo puede emplearse como sinónimo de NOT + adjetivo contrario + ENOUGH (lo suficiente, suficiente, bastante): He is not short enough. She is not old enough (compara estas frases con las primeras).

A LITTLE / A FEW A FEW: unos pocos, unas pocas, pocos, pocas. Se utiliza con sustantivos CONTABLES en PLURAL: A few people, a few students A LITTLE: un poco de, poco, poca. Se utiliza con sustantivos INCONTABLES en SINGULAR. LITTLE: pequeño. A little house, a little salt (Una casa pequeña, un poco de sal)

HOW MUCH / HOW MANY? HOW MUCH + INCONTABLE? Se utiliza con sustantivos incontables, y se puede responder con A LITTLE: "How much beer can you drink?" "A little / much" HOW MANY + CONTABLE? Se utiliza con sustantivos contables en PLURAL y se puede responder con A FEW: "How many people were?" “Many / a few"

THE Cuando el sustantivo es único: The Earth. The + singular: representa una clase. Puede ser con adjetivo o sustantivo: The Spanish, The whale, The rich (Los españoles, las ballenas, los ricos)

THE (OMISIÓN) En plural cuando representan a la clase en general o nombres abstractos en singular: Cows eat grass. Love moves us to do things. THE cows jumped the fence (vacas particulares) Con las partes del cuerpo y la ropa se suele usar el POSESIVO: Raise your hand. He took off his coat. Delante de los deportes: He plays football.

THE (OMISIÓN) Con work (como sustantivo), office: He went to work. He is at work. Con “home”: He is (at) home. Con “town” se omite SOLAMENTE si se habla del pueblo del sujeto: He went to town. Con bed, church, hospital, prison, school, college, university cuando son usados para su propósito principal: He went to bed (to sleep). He went to the bed to take the pillow.

OTHER / ANOTHER ONE ANOTHER / EACH OTHER: indican RECIPROCIDAD: ADJETIVO PRONOMBRE SINGULAR Another PLURAL Other Others Have you met Paul’s sister? – I’ve met one. I didn’t know he had another (sister) – Oh, he has two others / two other sisters. ONE ANOTHER / EACH OTHER: indican RECIPROCIDAD: Sue and Carol looked at one another / each other (Sue y Carol se miraron)

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE THIS: este, esta + sustantivo; esto. THESE: estos, estas + sustantivo. THIS ONE: éste, ésta. THESE ONES: éstos, éstas THAT: ese, esa, aquel, aquella + sustantivo, eso, aquello. THOSE: esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas + sustantivo. THAT ONE: ése, ésa, aquél, aquélla. THOSE ONES: ésos, aquéllos.

ONE / ONES One of us: uno de nosotros. Entre otros casos, se pueden utilizar para reemplazar al sustantivo tanto en singular como en plural con THIS / THE / ANOTHER , etc. Do you like those shoes? – No, I like these ones. This is the one I told you. Another one, please!

…any students? …any salt? SOME / ANY SOME se utiliza en afirmativa con nombres CONTABLES en plural y con nombres INCONTABLES en singular: Some people, some oil. ANY se utiliza en negativa e interrogativa con nombres CONTABLES en plural y con nombres INCONTABLES en singular. …any students? …any salt?

PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS -BODY -ONE -THING -WHERE AFFIRM Somebody (alguien) Someone Something (algo) Somewhere (en alguna parte, en algún lugar) ELSE Somebody else (otra persona, alguien más) Someone else Something else (algo más) Somewhere else (en otro lugar) NEG / INT Anybody Anyone Anything Anywhere NEG Nobody (nadie) No one (ninguno, nadie) Nothing (nada) Nowhere (en ninguna parte, en ningún lugar) EVERY Everybody (todo el mundo) Everyone (todo el mundo) Everything (todo) Everywhere (en todas partes, en todos los lugares)

PROPÓSITO Para hacer, para reír, para cantar, etc. Siempre que queramos expresar un propósito (en español: “para” + infinitivo), usaremos en inglés “to” + verbo en forma base: To do, to laugh, to sing… A veces el propósito es que otra persona haga algo. También utilizaremos un “to + forma base”, pero en este caso, añadiendo un pronombre objeto delante. Normalmente se traduce como subjuntivo: I want to go (quiero ir) I want HER to go (quiero que vaya ella). I asked her to do it (le pedí –a ella- que lo hiciera).

Every student reads a different book. EACH / EVERY Los dos llevan el verbo en singular: Every student reads a different book. EVERY: significa “cada” y se utiliza como DETERMINANTE. Se usa con un número grande: Every man had a weapon. EACH: significa “cada” y se utiliza como DETERMINANTE o PRONOMBRE. Se usa cuando hay un número pequeño: Each man had a weapon. Each had a weapon.

BOTH ALL Significa AMBOS y va con el verbo en plural. Puede ir solo: Both (doors) were opened. Con of + pronombre objeto: Both of us knew that. Con pronombre personal sujeto: We both knew that. ALL OF US: todos nosotros. ALL OF YOU: todos vosotros. ALL OF THEM: todos ellos. ALL

EITHER / NEITHER EITHER significa uno de los dos / ninguno (cuando el verbo va en negativa): I didn’t like either of them. EITHER…OR / NEITHER…NOR (o…o / ni…ni) The room wasn’t either large or bright. The room was neither large nor bright. NEITHER significa ninguno (ni uno ni otro). El verbo va en afirmativa: I tried both passwords but neither worked.

DOBLE NEGATIVA Se aplica con SOME (+) / ANY (-) EITHER…OR (+) / NEITHER…NOR (-) NEVER (-) / EVER (+) Solamente usamos la negativa UNA VEZ en la frase: She didn’t find anything. - * + = - She found nothing. + * - = - She didn’t find nothing. - * - = +

CONNECTORS Copulativos and, not only … but also, no sooner … than Disyuntivos or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise Condicionales if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of Concesivos although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of Conclusivos therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently Continuativos then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to Adversativos but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary Causales because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as Comparativos as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though Funcionales so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/connectors.php

FRASES PARA PRACTICAR María estudiaba en una universidad europea. Juan me pidió que escribiera mi nombre en un sobre. Mi hermano fue a prisión a visitar a un amigo. Hay otras personas que quieren que hables con ellos. Esos libros son mejores que éstos. Cuando lo necesito, nunca encuentro a alguien que me ayude. No vimos ni a Juan ni a Miguel. Mary used to study at a European university. Juan asked me to write my name on an envelope. My brother went to the prison to visit a friend. There are other people who want you to talk to them. Those books are better than these ones. When I need it, I never find someone to help me. We didn’t see either Juan or Miguel / We saw neither Juan nor Miguel.