PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF GLACIERS AND PREVENTION PROPOSALS

Deglaciation is an ongoing process that has been increasing since the end of the Little Ice Age, about the year As important consequences of deglaciation, we have the decrease in glacier surfaces and the formation of hanging glaciers and lakes, many with high levels of physical vulnerability.

Type of Glacier Hazards 1 Ice Avalanches 2 Alluvion of Glacier Lakes 3 Glacier Mass Reduction

PERU

En 1702 Inundación de la ciudad de Huarás En 1725 Aluvión que desapareció el pueblo de Ancash En 1725 Avalanchas y aluviones en Huarás pérdidas de vidas En 1869 Aluvión en Monterrey - Huarás En 1883 Aluvión en Macashca cerca a Huarás En 1917 Aluvión del Nevado Huascarán sobre Ranrahirca En 1938 Aluvión en la quebrada Ulta - Carhuaz En 1941 Aluvión en la cuenca del Río Pativilca En 1941 Aluvión de laguna Palcacocha- Huarás - 4 a 5 mil pérdidas de vidas En 1945 Aluvión sobre las ruinas de Chavín de Huantar En 1950 Aluvión en la laguna Jancarurish destruyendo hidroeléctrica En 1951 Primer aluvión en la laguna Artesoncocha – Laguna Parón En 1951 Segundo aluvión en la laguna Artesoncocha - Laguna Parón En 1952 Aluvión en la Laguna Millhuacocha – Quebrada Ishinca Rebalse de la Laguna Tullparaju – Huarás En 1962 Avalancha del Nevado Huascarán N, destrucción de Ranrahirca –4000 pérdidas de vidas En 1965 Aluvión en la Laguna Tumarina – Carhuascancha En 1970 Aluvión en Yungay y Ranrahirca – 18,000 pérdidas de vidas En 2001 Avalancha sobre la laguna Mullaca, produciendo su desborde En 2002 Derrumbe sobre la laguna Safuna Alta, produciendo oleajes de 77m de altura En 2003 Derrumbe sobre la laguna Palcacocha, produciendo su desborde y desabastecimiento de agua potable en la ciudad de Huarás por 6 días. En 2003 Avalancha del Nevado Huandoy, produciendo 9 pérdidas de vidas En 2006 Desborde de la laguna Matara (Huari), produciendo daños en infraestructura En 2008 Desborde de una laguna en formación en la cabecera de la quebrada Cojup En 2009 Deslizamiento en Rampac Grande (Carhuaz), 9 pérdidas de vidas En 2010 Avalancha sobre la laguna 513; daños a la infraestructura. En 2012 Aluvión de laguna Artesa, quebrada Santa Cruz HISTORY OF GLACIER TYPE DISASTERS IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA

PALCACOCHA LAKE IN THE HIGHEST LEVEL 1940

ALLUVION THAT DEVASTATED HUARAS CITY DECEMBER 13th, 1941

ICE AVALANCHE FROM HUALCAN MOUNTAIN ABOVE 513 LAKE, ABRIL 2010

Formación de la Lag. 513 (2) Aluvión de la Lag. 513 (1) ALLUVION PATH BETWEN 513 LAKE AND THE SANTA RIVER CROSSING CARHUAZ CITY – APRIL 2010

AVALANCHE OF NORTH HUASCARAN MAYO 31st, 1970

CHILE

ESTERO DEL APAREJO GLACIER BASIN REMAINS OF THE GLACIER AT THE END OF THE VALLEY UNDER THE ROCK MATERIAL

COLOMBIA

ARMEO CITY DESTROYED BY THE LAHAR OF MOUNT RUIZ

SWITZERLAND

ALLALIN GLACIER MATMARK DAM IN CONSTRUCTION ALLALIN AVALANCHE ABOVE THE MATMARK DAM

HIMALAYAS

IN ORDER TO AVOID GLACIER CATHASTOPHIES, SEVERAL SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS WERE BUILT SPECIALLY IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA - PERU SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS

REDUCE THE WATER LEVEL BUILT DAMS OR TUNELS

34 SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS WERE BUILT IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA Towns / Cities Safety Prevention Works

INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES Peruvian Case

: Instituto Geológico del Perú (IGP) : Comisión de Lagunas de la Cordillera Blanca (CLCB) : Corporación Peruana del Santa (CPS) : Electroperú (EP1) : Instituto de Geología y Minería (IMIN) : Instituto de Geología Minería y Metalurgia (IMET) : Empresa de Electricidad Norte Medio HIDRANDINA (HIDRA) : Electroperú (EP2) : Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) : Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA) From the mid-40 can distinguish the shared management of the Glaciology and Lakes Security Program of in 3 principal stages: Ministry of Development and Public Works Ministry of Mining and Energy Ministry of Agriculture

PROPOSAL To create an Organism of Glaciology and Safety Lake Program for the Andean Region with base in Huaras City – Cordillera Blanca

GROUNDS OF THE PROPOSAL 1.The objective of the studies of glaciers has two aspects, one oriented towards the assessment and monitoring of glaciers for mitigation and reduction of surface water. The second aspect is related to the hazards and the development of actions for safety matters. 2.Related to the glacier research, there is a lack of management policies, for being oriented basically only towards the reaserch and monitoring of glaciers with hydric resources matter, not taking in consideration the complementary portion of hazards and prevention works against the glacier disasters.

3.Need for specialists in the public sector in multidisciplinary specialties for glacier research, hazards and safety works. 4.Need particularly in the Latin American region to have a Permanent Agency specializing in Glacier Research, Hazard Management and Implementation of safety prevention works.