HELLP Syndrome, or another road to Ghostland

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HELLP Syndrome, or another road to Ghostland The following slides presentation contains a selection of data regarding the so called HELLP syndrome. It is not a thorough analysis of the syndrome, but of some of its most important aspects. Probably one of the weakest aspects of this syndrome is the fact that it was born with a serious congenital defect. From its very first description, the syndrome omitted the renal involvement that is necessarily present in any hemolytic process. As a matter of fact the kidney structures are among the first ones to express changes following the inception of a hemolytic process. It all depends of the sensibility of the exploring tests used to detect them. Of course, you would not need to go as far as an acute renal failure to speak of significant kidney involvement in the HELLP syndrome. So, at least one more letter should be added to such popular acronym, or we could use a more hematological proper name, such as microangiopathic hemolytic anemia complicating pre-eclampsia

Diagnóstico del síndrome de HELLP Fondo de pre-eclampsia o eclampsia Frotis de sangre periférica. Plaquetas <150,000 mm3 [<100,000 mm3] Dehidrogenasa láctica > 600 U/L Aminotransferasa aspártica > 70 U/L Aminotransferasa alaninica > 30 U/L Bilirrubina total > 1.2 mg/dL

Clasificación del síndrome de HELLP ANTEPARTO POSTPARTO precoz ? CLASE 1. Plaquetas < 50,000 mm3 CLASE 2. Plaquetas 50,000 a 100,000 mm3 CLASE 3. Plaquetas 100,000 a 150,000 mm3 Variante I. Con preEcl sin complicaciones asociadas. Variante II Con preEcl complicada multistémicamente Variante X: Síndrome completo Variante Y: Síndrome incompleto (?)

Criterios diagnósticos en el Síndrome de HELLP Autor Plaquetas Aspartate AT Alanine AT DHL Haptoglobina Bilirrubina 10x3/ mm3 IU/L IU/L IU/L mg/dL mg/dL Weinstein <100 abnormal abnormal - - abnormal Sibai <100 >70 - >600 - >1.2 Harms et. <150 >15 >19 >240 - >1.0 De Boer et <100 - >50 >180 - - Visser et <100 >30 >30 - - - Neiger et <150 >60 - - - >0.8 Hamm et <150 >16 >20 - <70 - Schwerk et <150 >15 >17 >240 - >1.0 Martin et <150 >40 >40 >600 - - Modificado de Hohlagschwandtner, M. et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol May 2000;1271.

Diagnóstico de CIVD Fondo de pre-eclampsia o eclampsia Plaquetas < 100,000 mm3 Fibrinógeno <300 mg/dL Prods. Degradación del fibrinógeno >40 ug/dL T° parcial de tromboplastina >14 segs T° de protrombina >14 segs Haptoglobinas disminuidas Prueba de Sulfato de Protamina positiva Prueba del etanol positiva

Posible confusión diagnóstica Síndrome urémico y hemolítico Púrpura trombocitopénica Púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica Agudización de Lupus eritematoso Síndrome de Evans Patología hepática aguda - degeneración grasa - hepatitis - colelitiásis - hematoma subcapsular - ruptura hepática

Frecuencia y tasas del síndrome de HELLP Dependen de: las tasas reales de pre-eclampsia y eclampsia los criterios diagnósticos la exactitud del registro En pre-eclampsia severa 18.9% En Eclampsia 10.0% Con inicio post-parto 30.0% Con inicio anteparto 70.0% precoz (<27 ss) 11% temprano 27-36 ss 71% de término 37-42 ss 18% Sibai BM et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1000-6

Morbilidad asociada al síndrome de HELLP Coagulación intravascular diseminada 21% Insuficiencia renal aguda 8% Desprendimiento placentario 16% Ascitis 8% Hipertensión arterial crónica 13% Mortalidad perinatal total 15% Mortalidad materna 1 a 4% Sibai BM et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1000-6

Experiencia de Martin JN et al. En 117 casos de Eclampsia AP e IP hubo 62 con síndrome de HELLP Eclampsia +HELLP Eclampsia sin HELLP N=62 N=53 Edad gestacional 32.1 ss 36.4 ss Peso fetal gms. 1,821 2,550 Mort. PN total 11.3% 1.8% Mort. Materna 3.2% 0 % Martin JN et al. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1993;100:1095-1100

EXPERIENCIA DE HELLP EN MEXICO Dr. M. López-Llera M.

Tratamiento del síndrome de HELLP Manejo óptimo del fondo de pre-eclampsia o eclampsia * Identificación oportuna y correcta de complicaciones asociadas Decisión obstétrica equilibrada por monitorización materna y fetal, y valoración de respuesta terapéutica de la pre-eclampsia. Monitorización específica, periódica y confiable de los signos del HELLP ( AP, IP y PP ) * Un 20 % de casos PP se presenta sin signos de pre-eclampsia

Medidas complementarias Hidratación Plasma fresco congelado Concentrados de plaquetas Transfusión de sangre total fresca En casos postparto seleccionados: Dexametasona c 12 hrs. ( 10 - 10 - 5 - 5 mgrs) En casos PP refractarios posible plasmaféresis

Conducta expectante individualizada Conducta expectante individualizada ? Pre-eclampsia temprana < 34 sems. Con HELLP Sin HELLP N=128 N=128 Interrupcion 17% 13% Continuación 15 días 17 días Peso Fetal gms 1,200 1,230 Mortalidad Materna 0 0 Mortalidad Perinatal 14.1% 14.8% Remisión completa del HELLP Ante-Parto en el 52% con ganancia promedio de 21 días. Visser & Wallenburg, Br J Obstet Gynecol 1995:102:111-7

Plasmaféresis en Síndrome refractario ? N= 18 casos PP clase 1 (<50,000 mm3 ) intercambio ml /ml por 90 a 120 minutos ( total 3 a 3.5 L) Variante I ( sin complicaciones ) N= 9 con un solo intercambio Buenos resultados Variante II (complicados) N= 9 con 1 a 5 intercambios Malos resultados Dos muertes maternas Martin JN Jr. Et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1107

DEXAMETASONA EN EL PUERPERIO TA media Diurésis Plaquetas DHL Aminotransferasa Días en UCI Costos hospital N= 20 con otros 20 controles No hubo infecciones No hubo rebote. Morbilidad Materna similar en los dos grupos Maggan EF et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171:1154-8

Dexametasona en el HELLP Post-parto. 43 casos tratados, comparados con 237 casos sin dexametasona. Dexametasona IV, 10 mgrs cada 12 hrs hasta remisión de los signos, seguidos con una o dos dosis adicionales de 5 mgrs IV con intervalos de 12 hrs. (la mayor parte necesitó 30 mgrs) Dexametasona se asoció a una normalización más rápida de la cuenta plaquetaria y de los niveles de DHL, menor número de transfusiones y de inhaloterápia, y una estancia hospitalaria mas corta. (los casos tratados mostraron una mayor severidad al ingreso con más hipertensión, proteinuria y niveles de ac. Úrico) Martin JN et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1011-7.

DUDAS SOBRE EL LEGRADO POST-PARTO Magann EF et al. En un estudio randomizado de 32 pacientes con pre-eclampsia severa encontró una recuperación acelerada en los casos sometidos a legrado post-parto inmediato en comparación con otro grupo control sin legrado (Obstet.Gynecol 1993;81:502) Schlenzig C. et al comparó la evolución de 24 casos de HELLP sometidos a legrado uterino post-parto inmediato con la evolución de 20 casos sin dicho legrado y no pudo comprobar diferencias significativas en el curso de recuperación. (Europ J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;91:25-8) Dr. M. López-Llera M.

HELLP, PROCESO INFLAMATORIO ? Análisis de regresión mostró que la cuenta plaquetaria varió inversamente a la cuenta de leucocitos Tambien, los casos de HELLP I mostraron cuentas leucocitarias significativamente mayores Terrone DA et al. South Med J 2000;93:768-71.