Libro de gramatica 7 pages of blank paper *will use 16 in Spanish 2 and leave enough for Spanish 3

Present Tense- PG 1 Regular Verbs -o -amos -as -áis -a -an –ER verbs -o -emos -es -èis -e -en –IR verbs -o -imos -es -ìs -e -en

Irregular Verbs PG 2 (present tense) SER – to be Soy Somos Eres Sois Es Son (Ser vs. Estar – pg 3) IR – to go Voy Vamos Vas Vais Va Van How to use IR: Conjugation of IR + A+ place Conjugation of IR + A+ infinitive

IRREGULAR YO VERBS pg 2 (present tense) SALIR  SALGO PONER  PONGO HACER  HAGO TRAER  TRAIGO SABER  SÈ VENIR  VENGO TENER  TENGO DECIR  DIGO ESTAR Estoy DAR - Doy Irregular YO verbs have an irregular YO form, But will conjugate like any other regular verb In all other conjugations NOTE: VENIR and TENER are E-IE verbs DECIR is an E-I verb

Ser vs. Estar pg 3 (to be) Ser D (description/date) O (occupation) C (characteristics) T (time) O (origin) R (relationships) Estar P (position) L (location) A (actions in progress) C (conditions) E (emotions)

Stem-Changing Verbs pg. 4 In Spanish, there are four types of stem-changing verbs. They stem- change in every form except nosotros and vosotros 1. E-IE Example: Pensar Pienso Pensamos Piensas Pensais Piensa Piensan E-I Example: Pedir Pido Pedimos Pides Pedis Pide Piden

O-UE Example: Poder: Puedo Podemos Puedes Podeis Puede Pueden U-UE Example: Jugar Juego Jugamos Juegas Jugais Juega Juegan

Present Progressive pg 5 The present progressive is used to say what is happening right now. Example: She is running. It is formed by the present tense conjugation of ESTAR and the present participle of the main verb. AR verbs  ANDO ER/IR verbs  IENDO Examples: She is running  Ella esta corriendo I am studying  Yo estoy estudiando

Reflexive Verbs pg 6 *Reflexive verbs are used when the action of the verb is being directed back to the subject. Example: She bathes herself Reflexive Pronouns: Me Nos **The subject, pronoun and verb should all “match” Te Os when using reflexive verbs. Se Se **Where there is one verb in the sentence, the pronoun is placed in front of the verb. **When there are two verbs in the sentence, the pronoun can be placed in front of the first verb or attached the end of the second verb.

Tener Idioms PG 7 Tener sed- to be thirsty Tener prisa- to be in a hurry Tener frio- to be cold Tener que (infinitive) – to have to do something Tener ganas de (infinitive) – to feel like doing something Tener sueño – to be sleepy Tener suerte- to be lucky Tener razon- to be right Tener calor- to be hot Tener miedo – to be scared Tener cuidado- to be careful Tener Idioms are phrases that do not translate literally from English to Spanish. Example: I am hungry  Yo tengo hambre

INFORMAL COMMANDS / Tu Commands PG 8 TELLING SOMEONE (tú)TO DO OR NOT DO SOMETHING Affirmative TU Commands **AR VERBS Drop ending and add an A **ER/IR VERBS Drop ending and add an E EXAMPLE: AYUDAR- AYUDA COMER- COME ESCRIBIR- ESCRIBE Negative TU Commands *AR VERBS Drop the ending and add an ES. **ER/IR VERBS Drop the ending and add an AS. Examples: Ayudar- No ayudes Comer – no comas Escribir – no escribas

Irregular Tu Commands pg 8 Decir di no digas Hacer haz no hagas Ir Ve no vayas Poner pon no pongas Salir Sal no salgas Ser Se no seas Tener Ten no tengas Venir Ven no vengas Seguir Sigue no sigas

Preterite pg 9 *The preterite tense is the simple past tense -AR verbs -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron -ER/IR verbs -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron Examples: I ate ice cream yesterday  Yo comí helado ayer The teacher taught the class  La profesora ensenó la clase

Verbs that change spelling in the YO form Pg 9 (continued) Verbs that change spelling in the YO form -CAR  QUÈ  Sacar  Saqué -GAR  GUÈ  Jugar  Jugué -ZAR  CÈ  Almorzar  Almorcé Examples Yo saqué una Buena nota. / I got a good grade Ella sacó una Buena nota / She got a good grade Yo jugué al futbol ayer. / I played soccer yesterday.

Stem Changing verbs in the preterite tense pg 10 Verbs stem-change in the 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural. Stem Changing verbs are either o-u or e-i Examples of stem-changing verbs Dormir – Ella durmió 8 horas. Pedir – Ella pidió los tacos Divertirse – El se divirtió en la clase de espanol. More stem-changing verbs: Morir, Preferir, Servir, Repetir, Seguir

Irregular Preterite Stems pg 11 Andar – anduv Estar – estuv Tener- tuv Querer- Quis Poner – Pus Poder – Pud Hacer – Hic Saber- Sup Decir – Dij Venir – Vin Conducir – Conduj Traducir – Traduj Traer - Traj

Pg 11 (continued) Irregular Preterite Endings -E -IMOS -ISTE -O -IERON **Irregular stems that end in J, will change to ERON in the 3rd person plural form.