Examen pequeño Escribe de memoria Hechos 10:37-38. ¿Cuál fue un punto del discurso de Esteban en Hechos 7? ¿Cuál fue la actitud de Saulo acerca de la iglesia en Hechos 8? ¿Quién fue el mago que se convirtió en Hechos 8? ¿De cual país era el eunuco? Extra: ¿Qué significa la palabra evangelio en griego?

El lunes que viene—8 octubre—no habrá clase. En la próxima clase, el 15 octubre, se entregará la descripción de una iglesia del Nuevo Testamento.

Eneas Hechos 9:32-35

Dorcas Hechos 9:36-43

Cornelio Hechos 10:1-48

Inscripción de Pilato Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Inscripción de Pilato

Teatro de Cesarea Caesarea theater Construction of the Theater The Caesarea theater is apparently the oldest of all theaters in Israel. It was built in Herod’s time and used for hundreds of years. Most theaters in Israel were built around 200 A.D. In the 2nd century A.D., the orchestra floor was covered with plaster which looked like marble. The seats were also renovated in the 2nd century A.D. The theater would hold 3,500-4,000 people. During the 3rd-4th centuries, the orchestra was redesigned and the area was filled with water for naval games. The theater was incorporated into a Byzantine fortress in the 6th century as evidenced by the poorly built wall around it. It reused the high back of the theater as part of the defenses. It was deserted after the Arab conquest. Two round towers from this fortress are visible projecting from a wall going to the ocean on the north side of a theater. Teatro de Cesarea

Teatro de Cesarea Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Teatro de Cesarea

Teatro de Cesarea Vomitarium Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Teatro de Cesarea Vomitarium

Escenario del teatro (escena, skene, carpa) Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Escenario del teatro (escena, skene, carpa) Teatro de Cesarea

Calle de Cesarea Caesarea paved street The Early Church in Caesarea Caesarea was the main city for Christianity in the first centuries. Origen lived here from 231-250 A.D. Pamphilius (d. 309) continued Origen’s tradition of scholarship. He created a library second only to that of Alexandria. In 630 A.D. it had 30,000 volumes. Eusebius (260-340) was Pamphilius’ student. He lived here 25 years, writing the Onomasticon and Ecclesiastical History. He became bishop of Caesarea in 314. Caesarea was the capital of Palestine for nearly 600 years. The Byzantine city had an estimated population of 100,000. Calle de Cesarea

Teatro de Cesarea Palacio de Herodes Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Teatro de Cesarea Palacio de Herodes

Teatro de Cesarea Hipódromo Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Teatro de Cesarea Hipódromo

Fortaleza de las Cruzadas Caesarea theater Features of the Theater The scenae frons was three stories high. Scena in Greek means “tent.” This is the term that the English word “scene” comes from. Actors went in a tent to change and thus began a new “scene.” The cavea. The seating area is known as the cavea. This was subdivided by a passage, creating an upper cavea (summacavea) and a lower cavea (immacavea). The orchestra was in the center of the cavea. This was for the choir. During the Roman period, the choir was not used in the theater. Thus the orchestra area became the place for seating more important people. They had large stone or marble chairs made for them, sometimes with their names written on them. Six entrance vaults lead into the auditorium. These entrances were called vomitoria, because the Romans visualized the theatre as a big monster that “vomits” the crowds out at the end. A large curtain of cloth or “vellum” could be placed over the theater to provide shade. It was held up by tall wooden supports. “From the focal point of stage center of the theater in Caesarea Maritima, whispers can be heard in the final row of seats” (Crisler 1976: 129). There were all sorts of acoustical devices in the theatres: Empty jars were used for projecting the actor’s voice. A projecting roof from the scenae frons was used to project an actor’s voice. Tall shoes may have been used so that more people could see the actors. The actors wore masks which amplified their voices. The seats of the theater were stepped and every seat had a projection, under which the person could put his feet without disturbing the person below. The spectators usually brought their own cushions. Fortaleza de las Cruzadas Teatro de Cesarea

Caesarea excavations near harbor The Commercial Area The commercial area was located between the amphitheater and the harbor. It was built on vaults that served as warehouses. One of the vaulted chambers served as a Mithraeum (sanctuary of the god Mithras). In the summer of the 1993 excavations, a hoard of 99 gold coins from the later Roman Empire were found underneath a mosaic floor in a private dwelling. Otras excavaciones de Cesarea

Caesarea harbor from above Puerto de Cesarea

Caesarea harbor at sunset Puerto de Cesarea al ponerse el sol

Caesarea Roman aqueduct High-Level Aqueduct The high-level aqueduct was fed by the Zerka (Shuni) River, Kabara springs and the Nahal Taninim at the foot of Mt. Carmel. The aqueduct is made of two channels with independent foundations. The eastern side was built by Herod while the western side was an addition by Hadrian. The Crusaders filled in this channel to create a higher and smaller channel. The arched portion of the aqueduct is 5 mi (9 km) long. The aqueduct has a gradient of 20 cm (8 in) for each km, and it reached Caesarea at a height of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level. The aqueduct passes through a kurkar ridge by means of a 400 m (1312 ft) hewn tunnel at the modern village of Jisr es-Zarka. Acueducto Romano

Herodian aqueduct turn near Tell Mevorakh Acueducto de Herodes cerca del comienzo, yendo a Cesarea

v. 2 φοβούμενος τὸν θεὸν temiendo a Dios, respetando. Cap. 10 v. 2 φοβούμενος τὸν θεὸν temiendo a Dios, respetando. v. 4 ἔμφοβος asustado, raiz de temor. 6b no está en en griego. v. 24 Había invitado a todos sus parientes y amigos íntimos. Compara con Juan 15:14-15 v. 28 ἀθέμιτόν abominable o illegal

v. 29 κολλᾶσθαι juntarse a, asociarse con. ¿Raiz de colaborar? V. 30 no dice el griego en ayunas v. 31 ἐμνήσθησαν recordados—Dios recuerda todo lo que hacemos, y responde. v. 32 y cuando el te llegue, te hablará. No está en el griego v. 34 προσωπολήμπτης uno que muestra favoritismo

v. 35 φοβούμενος αὐτὸν καὶ ἐργαζόμενος δικαιοσύνην el que le teme y practica justica es aceptable o agradable (aceptable) a él. v. 38 ἔχρισεν ungir, misma raiz que Mesías, el ungido. v. 41 προκεχειροτονημένοις elegir antes con la mano (otra vez la idea de planear) v. 42 ha puesto, ha fijado v. 43 órden de frase Los profetas dicen que el perdón de pecados reciben por su nombre todos los que creen en él.

v. 44 ἐπέπεσεν caer encima de alguien v. 44 ἐπέπεσεν caer encima de alguien. ¿Será comparación con las lenguas de fuego en Hechos 2? v. 45 y quedaron atonitos, viene primero, enfatizando la reacción de los circuncisos. Igualmente, la última palabra de la frase es “derramado”. v. 47 ¡¿Por supuesto el agua nadie puede prohibir, que estos no sean bautizados, que recibieron el Espíritu con (lo mismo que) nosotros?!

El reporte de Pedro acerca de Cornelio Hechos 11:1-18

Cap. 11 v. 2 διεκρίνοντο juzgar, diferenciar, distinguir, disputar v. 12 διακρίναντα dudar, titubear, juzgar. Lo mismo en 10:20 y 11:2 Dios decía no juzgar, como los judíos querían. v. 15 ὥσπερ justo como, comparación con Hechos 2

Varias palabras de esta historia tiene su raíz en la misma palabra de arche o archi, que tiene que ver con el comienzo—de discurso, de evento, etc. Este episodio es un comienzo para los gentiles justo como Hechos 2 era comienzo para los judíos.

v. 17 ἴσην igual, idéntico referente al don de Dios para los judíos y gentiles. 11:17 y 10:47 κωλῦσαι prohibir ni Pedro ni ellos podían prohibir algo de Dios (Hch. 5, Gamaliel) v. 18 μετάνοιαν εἰς ζωὴν ἔδωκεν arrepentimiento para la vida. No dice salvación en sí, sino les concedió algo necesario para entrar en la salvación.

La aceptación de los gentiles por Dios, por Pedro, y por los judios La aceptación de los gentiles por Dios, por Pedro, y por los judios. Compara con Galatas 2 Quienes son los gentiles de hoy? Qué hacemos para salir de lo cómodo para traer a otros a Cristo?

Central Valley from south The Central Valley is also known as the Tyropoean Valley (its Greek name), or as it has been inaccurately translated, the Cheesemaker’s Valley. Today the Arabs call it simply el-Wad, the valley. Central Valley from south

Upper City from west Upper City from west The Upper City The Upper City was the location of a wealthy residential quarter in the 1st century A.D. It was located on the summit of the Western Hill. When first constructed, Avi-Yonah was criticized for making the houses too large and luxurious. Since that time, excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City have revealed that the model is too modest. Many priests likely lived in the Upper City. Upper City from west

Pedro en la cárcel Hechos 12:1-19

Cap. 12 v. 3 ¿Será este un año después de la muerte de Cristo, o más? Aniversario de cuando Cristo salió de la cárcel de la tumba para proclamar y ser señal, y Pedro hizo lo mismo. Otra vez las autoridades están confundidas por un escape. v. 6 κοιμώμενος dormido, la misma palabra de Juan 11:11 para Lázaro cuando estaba muerto. Pedro estaba al punto de serlo.

v. 7 πατάξας matar con golpe fuerte, o tocando como brisa v. 7 πατάξας matar con golpe fuerte, o tocando como brisa. Herodes iba a hacer uno, el ángel hizo otro. v. 14 ¡Esa puerta no se le abrió! ¡Dios abre puertas pero la iglesia no, a veces! v. 15 ¡Oraban por eso, pero cuando ocurrió, no lo creyeron! v. 15 διϊσχυρίζετο insistían con firmeza Chiste del helicóptero

La iglesia perseguida, Voz de los Martires Imposibilidad de lo que pasa, pero cuando uno sigue a Dios…