Clasificación biológica como una taxonomía cientifica

Presentación del tema: "Clasificación biológica como una taxonomía cientifica"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Clasificación biológica como una taxonomía cientifica
Taxonomías folk Clase Orden Género Especie Variedad Systema Naturae

2 Nombre científico Nomenclatura binominal -latín ej. Latimeria chalumnae Autoridades Códigos de Nomenclatura * International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN) * International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN; incluye hongos y cianobacterias) * International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, abbreviated ICNB) * viruses (sistema Baltimore). Tipo - fija el nombre a un taxon

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4 - Common descent

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6 Evolucionismo

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10 Fenética - Taxonomía Numérica
Clustering, ordination Sneath Sokal Neighbor joining

11 Sibley DNA-DNA hybridization

12 Neighbor joining

13 Cladismo - Sistemática Filogenética Homología -homoplasia Primitivo - derivado parsimonia W. Hennig "Grundzüge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematik" (1950)

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18 Uso de modelos evolutivos
Null model - reloj molecular M. Kimura "The neutral theory of molecular evolution" (1968) King andJukes’ "Non-Darwinian Evolution" (1969).

19 Tomoko Ohta nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutral theory of molecular evolution that accounts for slightly advantageous or deleterious mutations at the molecular level nearly neutral theory predicts a relationship between population size and the rate of molecular evolution: in larger populations, genetic drift, which can bring even slightly deleterious mutations to fixation, is a weaker force, so evolution happens more slowly than in smaller populations

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22 DNA substitution mutations are of two types
DNA substitution mutations are of two types. Transitions are interchanges of two-ring purines (A G) or of one-ring pyrimidines (C T): they therefore involve bases of similar shape. Transversions are interchanges of purine for pyrimidine bases, which therefore involve exchange of one-ring and two-ring structures. Although there are twice as many possible transversions, because of the molecular mechanisms by which they are generated, transition mutations are generated at higher frequency than transversions. As well, because transitions are less likely to result in amino acid substitutions, they are more likely to persist and hence are more frequently observed in populations as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) than are transversions.

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24 Nei M & Kumar S (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics
Nei M & Kumar S (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York.

25 Tarea: Localiza una clasificación comúnmente utilizada en algún grupo de tu interés. De preferencia una familia, orden o clase. Localiza una filogenia producida para ese grupo Compara que tanto la clasificación concuerda, refleja o recupera la información filogenética. Discute y propon modificaciones. Ensayo de 2-5 páginas.