Apathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward ninis in Mexico DEVELOPMENT PATHS: VALUES, ETHICS AND.

Presentación del tema: "Apathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward ninis in Mexico DEVELOPMENT PATHS: VALUES, ETHICS AND."— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Apathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward ninis in Mexico DEVELOPMENT PATHS: VALUES, ETHICS AND MORALITY THE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2010 Juancho Barrón Pastor November 5th, 2010

2 Contents Context: Ninis and the so-called war on narcotics in Mexico The Anti-Oedipus argument Systemic, symbolic and situational violence Concepts working in examples Conclusion

3 Ninis in Mexico 106 million people live in Mexico 34.7 million are young people between 14 and 29 years old (INEGI, 2005) Of them, 42.9% are in conditions of poverty (Coneval, 2008) and 7.5 millions do not have a job and are not studying (Narro, 2010)

4 Violence Situational Violence (Zimbardo, 2007) Systemic Violence (Žižek, 2008; Deleuze & Guattari, 1972) Symbolic Violence (Bourdieu, 1991)

5 Systemic violence towards young people in Mexico Access rate to higher education in Mexico is 28% but with huge inequalities: Access rate of Mexico City to Higher education is 42% Access rate in rural areas is 13% Access rate for indigenous people is only 3% (INEE, 2007) 91% of the aspirants seeking a place to study in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) were rejected this year (La Jornada 8/April/2010)

6 Photo: María Luisa Severiano La Jornada

7 Systemic violence: the construction of normality Mexico displays unemployment rates usually between 4 and 5% of the economically active population (INEGI, 2009). However, this apparent low rate is disguised behind 15 million people sub-employed (CEPAL, 2010), representing at least 60% of economically active population (OECD, 2009).

8 Systemic violence: the construction of normality The economic crisis of 2009 provoked losses of around a million formal jobs (INEGI, 2009) The number of people that will be 18 years-old this year is more than 1.5 million (CONAPO, 2010) The expectation of the Mexican government for this year is to create 250,000 formal jobs (El Financiero, 2010) This would mean that only 15 of every 100 people entering the economically active population this year will find a formal job (CEESP, 2010).

9 Photo: Guillermo Sologuren La Jornada

10 Symbolic violence: the construction of dangerousness Ninis] despise for authority is fed by the lack of horizons. Parents despaired by impotence see how their sons leave, without having convincing reasons to persuade them. They [the ninis] are a very fluid and tireless source of evil legionaries; exactly, as fluid and tireless as the Vietcong. Accordingly with surveys of serious firms (sic), these youngsters are in hopelessness. Even more, they find natural and [they are] logically ready to attend the calls from narcos inviting [the ninis] to join them [the narcos]. [This may happen] basically due to the adventurer tendency of that age, and because of the [access to] easy money. Both tendencies are in the mood of a futureless youth (Carrillo Olea, 2010, my translation).

11 Photo: Lorenzo Encinas, Milenio Semanal 678, 2010

12 Situational violence: the end of parties Around 20,000 people of the people executed in the last three years could be less than 29 years-old (Milenio Semanal 678, 2010) In Ciudad Juárez, 1,200 people under 18 years-old were killed this year (Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Francisco Vitoria, 2010) 10,000 the number of orphans living in this city (Asociación de Maquiladoras, 2010) In Monterrey, 519 people have been killed this year and presumably most of them were young people between 14 and 29 years-old (Milenio Semanal 678, 2010)

13 Situational violence: the end of parties Two parties ended in a massacre conducted by commandos this year in Ciudad Juárez: On January 31 st, 16 young people were assassinated while they were in a school-party at the house of one of them. On October 23 rd, 14 people were killed when having a birthday party. The preliminary reports say that at least four of the lethal victims were under 18 years old and two children of 7 and 11 years-old are in the hospital at the moment of writing these lines. At least four women were killed in this slaughter, one pregnant and one leaving 6 orphans (La Jornada, 24-Oct-2010) On October 29 th, the federal police open fire towards a pacific demonstration asking for the end of the juvenicide. One student is in the hospital.

14 Video: Radiza. Mx http://www.radiza.mx/php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6480:vea-el- video-de-la-11a-kaminata-donde-pfp-balea- estudiantes&catid=41:estatal&Itemid=71http://www.radiza.mx/php/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=6480:vea-el-video-de-la-11a-kaminata-donde-pfp-balea- estudiantes&catid=41:estatal&Itemid=71

15 The Anti-Oedipus argument Maybe many adults have the sensation of powerlessness and hopelessness attached to ninis. Instead of recognising that the current circumstances put young people in very vulnerable conditions and in highly risky situations Young people are accused of been potential criminals. Is this a projection of the adult world? Or is it a projection about how profoundly the narco is deeply rooted in society as corruption also is as asserted one the major Narco-capos Ismael Mayo Zambada (Scherer, 2010)?

16 Conclusions Representing young people as ninis reinforces the stereotype of young people as potential criminals, by these means they are violently treated in three dimensions: 1) in systemic forms through the construction social exclusion and open competition for access to education and formal jobs as a normal state of violence 2) in symbolic ways through stigmatisation and stereotyping as potential criminals disseminated through discourses 3) through situational means that increase peoples vulnerability now exacerbated by bloodbaths in certain parts of the country.

17 References Asociación de Maquiladoras (2010) Exigen ONG frenar el genocidio de jóvenes y niños en Ciudad Juárez Note by Matilde Pérez, Mexican newspaper La Jornada, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol Barrón Pastor, J. (2010) Theorising intercultural relations: A reflection on cultural identities, violence and emotional affects in Mexico, Doctoral Thesis, School of International Development, University of East Anglia Bourdieu P. (1991) Language and symbolic power, Harvard: Harvard University Press Bourdieu, P. & Wacquant, L. (1992) An invitation to reflexive sociology, Chicago: Polity Buscaglia, E. (2010) La estructura del narco intocada, interview with Ricardo Ravelo Revista Proceso 14 de julio available at http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/81378 (accessed on 20/09/10)http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/81378 Carrillo Olea, J. (2010) Lo que no quieren que se sepa, published in the Mexican newspaper La Jornada, 01-04-2010, available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/01/index.php?section=opinion&article=015a2pol (accessed on 20/09/10http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/01/index.php?section=opinion&article=015a2pol CEESP (2010) La recuperación y creación de empleo en México tras la crisis financier internacional 15/07/2010, Centro de Estudios económicos del sector privado available at: http://ceesp.org.mx/noticia/la- recuperaci%C3%B3n-y-creaci%C3%B3n-de-empleo-en-m%C3%A9xico-tras-la-crisis-financiera-internacional (accessed on 20/09/10)http://ceesp.org.mx/noticia/la- recuperaci%C3%B3n-y-creaci%C3%B3n-de-empleo-en-m%C3%A9xico-tras-la-crisis-financiera-internacional Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Francisco Vitoria (2010) Exigen ONG frenar el genocidio de jóvenes y niños en Ciudad Juárez Note by Matilde Pérez, Mexican newspaper La Jornada, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol CEPAL (2010) CEPAL: en subempleo 15 millones en México Conferencia de prensa dicatada por Jorge Mattar, reporte en El Universal, available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/finanzas/76815.html (accessed 20/09/10)http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/finanzas/76815.html

18 CISEN (2010) Suman 28,000 muertos por lucha anticrimen, the report was not available in the website in September 2010, however there are many newspaper notes referring to the report made public in August 3 rd, 2010, e.g. available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2010/08/03/son-poco-mas-de-28-mil-los-asesinatos-por-combate-al-crimen-cisen (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2010/08/03/son-poco-mas-de-28-mil-los-asesinatos-por-combate-al-crimen-cisen CONAPO (2010) La situación actual de los jóvenes en México, document técnico, Consejo Nacional de Población, available at: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/juventud/Doc_completo.pdf (accessed 26/10/10) http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/juventud/Doc_completo.pdf CONEVAL, (2008) Informe de pobreza multidimensional en México 2008, Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, available at: http://medusa.coneval.gob.mx/cmsconeval/rw/pages/medicion/Informe_de_pobreza_multidimensional_en_Mexico_2008.es. do (accessed 20/09/10) http://medusa.coneval.gob.mx/cmsconeval/rw/pages/medicion/Informe_de_pobreza_multidimensional_en_Mexico_2008.es. do Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1972) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and schizophrenia, translated by Hurley, Seem and Lane (1984), London:Athlone El Financiero (2010) Confía Calderón que se generen 250,000 empleos en primer trimestre available at: http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=253970&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sor tby=ASC (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=253970&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sor tby=ASC El Universal (4-Dec-2009) Entérate ¿Qué es un ni-ni? available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/644085.html (accessed on 26/10/10)http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/644085.html Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its discontents, translated by Mc Lintock D. (2004), London: Penguin INEE (2007) Instituto Nacional de Investiación Educativa, http://www.inee.edu.mx/index.php/publicaciones/resultados-de- investigacion/reportes-de-investigacion (accessed on 20/09/10)http://www.inee.edu.mx/index.php/publicaciones/resultados-de- investigacion/reportes-de-investigacion INEGI (2005) II Conteo de población y vivienda 2005, available at http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/cpv2005/Default.aspx (accessed 20/09/10) http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/cpv2005/Default.aspx INEGI (2009) Personal ocupado total de las unidades económicas... available at: http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=17179&pred=1 (accessed 20/09/10) http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=17179&pred=1 La Jornada (24-Oct-2010) Nueva masacre en una fiesta en Juárez; 14 muertos y 20 heridos, Note by René Villalpando and Miroslava Breach, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/24/index.php?section=politica&article=005n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10)http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/24/index.php?section=politica&article=005n1pol La Jornada (9-Feb-2010) Ofrece Gómez Mont disculpas por palabras equivocadas de Calderón, Note by Rubén Villalpando, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/02/09/index.php?section=politica&article=003n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10)http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/02/09/index.php?section=politica&article=003n1pol La Jornada (08/04/2010) Rechazados, 91 por ciento de los aspirantes a ingresar a la UNAM, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/08/index.php?section=sociedad&article=038n1soc (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/08/index.php?section=sociedad&article=038n1soc

19 Milenio Semanal 678 (2010) Los nuevos sicarios: vive rápido y muere joven… Note by Lorenzo Encinas, available at: http://www.msemanal.com/node/3158 (accessed on 26/10/10) http://www.msemanal.com/node/3158 Montemayor, C. (2010) La violencia de Estado en México Antes y después de 1968, México: Debate Muñoz Ledo, P. (2010) El narco es ya un poder político y un desafío abierto Interview by Gerardo Albarrán de Alba, Revista Proceso 1773, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152528 (accessed on 26/10/10)http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152528 Nadal, A. (14-Oct-2009) Política fiscal anticrisis: la gran mentira, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/10/14/index.php?section=opinion&article=029a1eco (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/10/14/index.php?section=opinion&article=029a1eco Narro, J. (2010) Refuta José Narro a la Secretaría de Gobernación y Secretaría de Educación Publica: Hay 7.5 millones de ninis, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/08/24/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 20/09/10)http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/08/24/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol OECD (2009) Employment outlook 2010: Mexico available at http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_33873108_33873610_45604036_1_1_1_1,00.html (accesed on 20/09/10) http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_33873108_33873610_45604036_1_1_1_1,00.html OMNIA, (2010) Jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años 70% de los ejecutados, available at: http://www.omnia.com.mx/noticias/jovenes-de-entre-15-y-24-anos-el-70-de-ejecutados-en-el-estado/ (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.omnia.com.mx/noticias/jovenes-de-entre-15-y-24-anos-el-70-de-ejecutados-en-el-estado/ Pickering, M. (2001) Stereotyping: The politics of representation, New York: Palgrave Ravelo R. (2010) Los Cárteles imponen su ley, Revista Proceso 1773 24 de abril, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152527 (accessed on 26/10/10) http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152527 Rodríguez Castañeda, (Coord) (2010) El México Narco, México: Planeta Rycrofft, C. (1985) Psychoanalysis and beyond, London: Chatto and Windus Scherer, J. (2010) En la guarida del mayo Zambada, Revista Proceso 1744, 14 de Abril, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/78278 (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/78278 Schmelkes, S. (2007) Universidades innovadoras: nueva demanda, Foro (2) Julio Sefchovich, S. (2008) País de mentiras, Mexico: Grijalbo Sen, A. (1999a) Development as Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sen, A. (1999b) Reason before Identity, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sen, A. (2006) Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny, New York: Norton Stiglitz J. (19-Nov-2009) El manejo de la crisis en México de los peores del Mundo: Stiglitz, La Jornada, available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/11/19/index.php?section=economia&article=024n1eco (accessed on 20/09/10) http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/11/19/index.php?section=economia&article=024n1eco Zimbardo, P. (2007) The Lucifer effect: understanding how good people turn evil, London: Random House Žižek, S. (2008) On violence, London: Verso

20 Thank You Juancho_barron@gmail.com