Andamios - CFR 1926, Subsección L

Presentación del tema: "Andamios - CFR 1926, Subsección L"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Andamios - CFR 1926, Subsección L
I. Introduction A. Scaffold related injuries and fatalities continue to occur throughout the construction industry. In an effort to reduce these statistics, OSHA revised Subpart L, Scaffolds on November 9, 1996.

2 Las 10 violaciones más citadas por la OSHA - 2004
Andamios (8,682) Comunicación de Riesgos (químicas, 7,318) Protección contra Caídas (5,680) Cierre/Etiquetado (4,304) Protección Respiratoria (4,302) Eléctrico (cablería, etc, 3,337) Cubiertas de máquinas (3,245) Montacargas (3,130) Eléctrico (requisitos generales, 2,399) Potencia mecánica (2,321)

3 Objetivos Nombrar los requisitos generales para andamios
Nombrar los requisitos de acceso a los andamios Nombrar los requisitos para usar un andamio Nombrar los requisitos para proteción contra caídas Nombrar los requisitos tratándose de objetos en desplome Nombrar los requisitos para elevadores aéreos Nombrar los requisitos de capacitación sobre andamios B. The objectives we will cover during this presentation are to list and understand the following: 1. General requirements for scaffolds 2. Access requirements for scaffolds 3. Requirements for use of a scaffold 4. Fall protection requirements 5. Falling object protection requirements 6. Requirements for aerial lifts 7. Scaffold training requirements

4 Requisitos Generales Capacidades Construcción de Plataformas
Andamios Sostenidos Andamios Suspendidos Acceso y uso Protección contra caídas Protección de objetos en desplome II. General Requirements A. The general requirements for scaffolding are covered in CFR We will look at the requirements as they relate to: 1. Capacities of scaffolds 2. Platform construction 3. Supported scaffolds 4. Suspension scaffolds 5. Access to and use of scaffolds 6. Fall protection 7. Falling object protection The first thing to consider is the capacities of various scaffolds.

5 Capacidades 4 veces la máxima carga anticipada
Diseñado por una persona calificada B. The following is a list of the various scaffold capacity restrictions: 1. Each scaffold and component must be capable of supporting its own weight and four times the intended load placed upon it. 2. The stall load (load at which the prime-mover of a power-operated hoist stalls or the power is disconnected) of any scaffold hoist must be three times its rated load. 3. Scaffolds must be designed by a qualified person and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. The next thing to consider is the construction of the platforms used on scaffolds.

6 ¿Aguantaría esto 4 veces la carga?

7 Construcción de Plataforma de Andamio
No tiene calzo Bordes Frontales 14” o menos 18” al enlucir o tornear if plastering or lathing 3” para los arbotantes Términos de plataformas Cada término, si no está afianzado, tiene que extenderse sobre los soportes por lo menos 6 pulgadas Front Edges 14” or less 18” if plastering or lathing 3” for outriggers Platform ends Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must extend over its support by at least 6 inches

8 Construcción de Plataforma de Andamio
Las plataformas tienen que: Tener piso completo con grietas máximo 1 pulgada Poder aguantar su propio peso y 4 veces la carga máxima Medir por lo menos 18 pulgadas de ancho Reference (b) and (a) How wide does the work area need to be on scaffolding? Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches wide. When the work area is less than 18 inches wide, guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems must be used. Employees on a walkway located within a scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system installed within 9 1/2 inches of and along at least one side of the walkway. Planking should be graded and marked as scaffold planking. No construido correctamente

9 Construcción de Plataforma de Andamio
Ningún espacio grande en el borde frontal Cada junta de las tablas tiene que estar en un soporte separado. Traslape plataformas al menos 12 pulgadas salvo que estén afianzadas para impedir el moverse Tablas no traslapadas bien Reference (b) Front edge of all platforms - No more than 14" from the face of the work - 3" from the face for outrigger scaffolds - 18" from the face for plastering and lathing operations Platforms 10' and less to extend at least 6" but not more than 12" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly Platforms greater than 10' no more than 18" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly

10 Construcción de Plataforma de Andamio
Nada de pintura en plataformas de madera Use madera de calidad para andamios Completamente entablonado entre el soporte frontal y el soporte del barandal Componentes tienen que ser del mismo tipo y estilo Se ensambla en superficie nivelada y estable Trabe ruedas y travesaños No paint on wood platforms Use scaffold grade wood Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support Component pieces used must match and be of the same type Erect on stable and level ground Lock wheels and braces

11 Construcción de Plataforma- Extensión y Aplicación
Ninguna pintura opaca Ninguna mezcla de partes Extendido al menos 12" E. There are certain restrictions on distances for the overlap and extension of scaffold platforms: 1. For platforms 10 feet or less in length, the end may extend no more than 12 inches over its support. 2. For platforms over 10 feet in length, this distance increases to 18 inches. 3. Both of these distances can vary if the platform has been designed and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the platform will support workers and/or materials without tipping or has guardrails which block workers access to the cantilevered end. 4. If platforms are overlapped to create a longer work surface, there much be at least 12 inches of overlap. The only exception is if the platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained to prevent movement. F. Do not apply opaque finishes to platforms except on the ends for identification. G. Don't intermix parts from different manufacturers unless they fit without forcing and don't mix dissimilar metals unless a competent person has approved them. 12" o < Para tablas 10’ o menos 18” para tablas mayor de 10’ Extensión

12 Construcción de Plataforma
Completamente entablonada: No se aplica a plataformas usadas como pasarelas o al ensamblar o desmantelar Máximo 1 pulgada Al menos 18 pulgadas C. All scaffolds must be fully planked and decked as follows: Each platform unit must be no more than one inch from the adjacent unit or from the uprights in the scaffold. The upright rule may be waived if more space is required to fit around uprights with side brackets. This upright space may then be no greater than 9 ½ inches. 2. Each platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches wide. If the employer can show this is not feasible, then the platforms and walkways can be as wide as possible but must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems. 3. The dimensions are not applicable to platforms used as walkways or during erection or dismantling.

13 Demasiada Extensión de Tablas

14 ¿Completamente Entablonada?

15 Andamios Soportados Base firme Ningún objeto inestable
No se usan cargadores frontales como soporte A plomo y apuntalado para impedir balanceo H. Supported scaffolds must rest on base plates, mud sills or other firm foundation. 1. Don't use unstable objects for support or as platforms. 2. Don't use a front end loader or similar equipment for support unless they are specifically designed for this use. 3. All scaffolds must be plumb and braced to prevent swaying.

16 Mala Base

17

18 ¿Es Esto un Andamio?

19 ¿Está a Plomo Esto?

20 Andamios Suspendidos Ningún cable de acero reparado
Inspeccionado por persona competente No se permite equipo y tornos impulsados a gasolina Engranajes y frenos tienen que estar cubiertos Cuerda de suspensión - 6X carga anticipada I. There are a number of guidelines to follow when using suspension scaffolds: 1. Using any type of repaired wire rope is prohibited. 2. All components of the scaffold must be inspected by a competent person prior to use. 3. Gasoline powered equipment and hoists can not be used. Gears and brakes must be enclosed to protect workers. 5. Suspension ropes must be able to support at least six times the intended load placed on them. These are but a sampling of the requirements. The remainder can be found in (d).

21 Acceso al Andamio No se sube por los travesaños Extremo
A usar escaleras, peldaño inferior máximo 24 pulgadas del suelo Se puede entrar de otro andamio, estructura, o torno Se pueden usar algunos extremos No access by crossbraces When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches high Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist Can use some end frames Extremo

22 Acceso Correcto al Andamio
Proporcione acceso cuando las plataformas están a dos pies o más de otro nivel Tipos de acceso permitidos: Escaleras portátiles, e integradas Torres Rampas y pasarelas K. There are certain requirements that apply when using portable ladders to access scaffolds: 1. The bottom rung of the ladder must be 24 inches or less above the scaffolding support level. 2. If ladders are used on scaffolding that is more than 35 feet high, there must be rest platforms provided at 35 foot intervals. 3. Each rung on the ladder must be at least 11.5 inches long. 4. The rungs must be no greater than inches apart. The remainder of the requirements can be found in (e)(2).

23 Acceso al Andamio

24 Acceso - Montaje/Desarme
Manera segura de acceso Escaleras colocadas cuanto antes Travesaños no se usan para subir o bajar P. The following procedures must be followed when erecting or dismantling a scaffold: 1. A safe means of access for the workers performing the work will be determined by a competent person. 2. Ladders must be in place as soon as possible for use by the workers. 3. Crossbraces must not be used for access or egress.

25 Andamios Movibles Empleados no pueden subir a un andamio movible salvo que: Superficie nivelada Ratio de altura a base es 2 a 1 Balancines instalados de los dos lados del andamio Empleados no pueden estar en los componentes del andamio más allá de las ruedas Persona competente en el sitio Employees can’t be on a moving scaffold unless: Surface is level Height to base ratio is 2 to 1 Outriggers are installed on both sides of scaffold Employees can’t be on scaffold parts beyond the wheels Competent person on site

26 Reglas Generales de Andamios
No sobrecargar No se deben usar andamios provisionales Inspeccionados por persona competente Remover partes dañadas Ningún movimiento horizontal con trabajadores en el andamio Persona competente supervisa montar, mover, desmantelar, o alterar Q. When using a scaffold, there are certain general guidelines which must be followed: 1. Scaffolds and their components must never be loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities. 2. Shore or lean-to scaffolds must never be used on a jobsite. 3. A competent person must inspect scaffolds and components before each workshift or after any occurrence which could adversely affect the structural integrity of the scaffold. 4. All damaged parts must be repaired or replaced. 5. Never move a scaffold horizontally with workers on the scaffold unless it has been designed by a registered professional engineer for this purpose. 6. A competent person directs and supervises the erection, moving, dismantling or alteration of all scaffolds.

27 Reglas Generales de Andamios
No se trabaja en andamios con nieve, hielo, u otros materiales resbalosos Se controlan las cargas en columpio cerca de andamios Cuerdas de suspensión tienen que tener freno y mecanismo de torno Cuerdas protegidas contra corrosivos y procesos que producen calor 7. Work may not be performed on scaffolds with snow, ice or other slippery materials present unless the workers are removing these hazards. 8. Use tag lines or equivalent measures to control swinging loads near scaffolds. 9. Suspension ropes on adjustable suspension scaffolds must have a diameter sufficient to allow brake and hoist mechanisms to function. 10. Suspension ropes must be shielded from heat producing processes and corrosives.

28 Reglas Generales de Andamios
No se trabaja durante tormentas o vientos fuertes No se permite acumulación de escombros No se usan improvisados para extender altura de trabajo con excepción de escaleras que: Estén contra la estructura adyacente y el andamio esté asegurado Estén en una plataforma estable Tengan patas amarradas 11. No work may be performed on scaffolds during storms or high winds. 12. Don't allow debris to accumulate on scaffolds. 13. Don't use makeshift devices to increase work height on scaffolds except for ladders that: a. are against an adjoining structure and scaffold is secured; b. are placed on secured platform; or c. have ladder legs secured.

29 ¿Un Accidente Cierto?

30 Cablería Eléctrica Espacio entre andamio y cables Cables no insulados
Cables insulados Menos de 300 voltios - 3 pies 300 voltios to 50kv - 10 pies Más de 50kv - 10 pies + .4" por cada 1kv sobre 50kv Cables no insulados Menos de 50kv - 10 pies Más de 50kv - 10 pies + .4" por cada 1kv sobre 50kv R Certain clearance restrictions apply when working around power lines with scaffolding : 1. Insulated lines a. less than 300 volts - 3 feet; b volts to 50kv - 10 feet; and c. greater than 50kv - 10 feet + .4" for each 1kv over 50kv. 2. Uninsulated lines a. less than 50kv - 10 feet; and b. more than 50kv - 10 feet + .4" for each 1kv over 50kv.

31 ¡Esto no cumple con el requisito!

32 Protección contra Caídas
Más de 10' arriba del nivel inferior III. Fall Protection A. We now need to take a look at the fall protection requirements associated with scaffolds. If working more than 10 feet above a lower level, then fall protection is required.

33 Se Necesita Solo Equipo Personal contra Caídas (EPC)
Silla de contramaestre Andamio catenario Andamio flotante Andamio de Viga de Alfiler Andamio de Escalera B. Personal Fall Arrest (PFA) only is required when using the following: 1. Boatswain's chair 2. Catenary scaffold 3. Float scaffold 4. Needle beam scaffold 5. Ladder jack scaffold

34 Se Necesitan EPC y Barandales
Andamio ajustable suspendido de un solo punto Andamio ajustable suspendido de dos puntos Andamio ajustable auto-contenido – al estar soportado por cuerdas C. Personal Fall Arrest equipment and a guardrail are required for the following: 1. Single point adjustable suspension scaffold. 2. Two-point adjustable suspension scaffold. 3. Self contained adjustable scaffold - when supported by ropes.

35 Se Necesitan EPC, Barandal o Cuerda de 3/4" para Agarrarse
Escalera de Gallinero D. If using a crawling board (chicken ladder) then Personal Fall Arrest equipment, a guardrail or 3/4 inch grabline must be used.

36 Solo Barandal Andamio ajustable auto-contenido – al tener soporte de armazón E. If using a self contained adjustable scaffold that is supported by a frame structure then a guardrail may be the only fall protection that is required.

37 EPC o Barandal Albañilería desde andamio soportado
Todos los demás andamios no mencionados aquí F. Use Personal Fall Arrest equipment or a guardrail if using the following scaffolds: 1. Overhand bricklaying from supported scaffold. 2. All other scaffolds not previously mentioned.

38 Otros Requisitos Al montar o desmantelar -1926.451(g)(2)
Procedimientos de Sujetarse (g)(3) Barandales (g)(4) G. Other requirements for the use of fall protection equipment on scaffolds are covered in the following: 1. Erecting or dismantling (g)(2) 2. Attachment procedures (g)(3) 3. Guardrails (g)(4)

39 Protección contra Objetos en Desplome
Use cascos Ponga barricada abajo Use guardapies Proteja arriba del guardapies Barandal con aberturas pequeñas Ponga cubierta sobre los trabajadores abajo IV. Falling Object Protection A. When workers are exposed to a potential hazard from falling objects, there are certain guidelines which must be followed: 1. All workers must wear hardhats on the job. 2. If workers below a scaffold are exposed to falling objects: a. barricade below and don't allow workers in the hazard area; b. use toeboards to keep objects from falling; c. if objects protrude above the toeboard, protect above toeboard with screening or paneling; d. ensure guardrail systems have small openings to prevent objects from passing through; or e. erect a canopy over the workers below if necessary.

40 ¿Dónde están los cascos?

41 Elevadores aéreos CFR 1926.453 V. Aerial Lifts
A. Aerial Lifts are widely used in construction today and there are guidelines which must be followed when using them.

42 Camiones de Escalera/Torre
La escalera tiene que asegurarse antes de mover el vehículo D. There are specific requirements for equipment which will be covered in this section. 1. On ladder and tower trucks, the aerial ladders must be secured in the lower traveling position by the locking device on top of the truck cab and manually operated device at the base of the ladder. 2. Locking device must take place before the vehicle moves.

43 Plataformas de Brazos de Extensión y de Articulación
Prueba diaria de controles Solamente operadores autorizados No amarrarse fuera de la plataforma Solamente de pie Sistema de contención usado 3. When operating Extensible and Articulating Boom Platforms, follow these guidelines: a. perform a daily lift control test prior to use to ensure the controls are in proper working order; b. only authorized operators may operate an aerial lift; c. belting off to an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment while working is not permitted; d. workers may stand only in the floor of the basket and not sit or climb; e. a restraint system such as a body belt must be used when working out of a basket;

44 Plataformas de Brazos de Extensión y de Articulación
No sobrepase límites de carga Frenos puestos Cuñas en las ruedas en los declives Controles independientes en las jaulas Nunca altere partes insuladas Inspeccione antes de mover f. don’t exceed the load limits of the boom and basket; g. brakes must be set and wheel chocks in place while working; h. if the unit is designed primarily for carrying personnel, then upper as well as lower controls must be provided; never alter insulated portions of a lift; and j. before moving a lift, inspect to see that it is properly cradled and the outriggers are in a stored position.

45 ¿Buenas Prácticas de Trabajo?

46 Bien Amarrado

47 Requisitos de Capacitación
Persona trabajando en el andamio Tipos de peligros: eléctricos, caídas, y objetos en desplome Tratando los problemas eléctricos Protección contra caídas y objetos en desplome Uso y manejo correcto de andamios y materiales Cualquier otro requisito pertinente de esta subsección VI. Training Requirements A. If a person is involved in the use of a scaffold, they must be trained in the following: 1. The nature of electrical, fall, and falling object hazards; 2. Procedures for dealing with electrical hazards 3. Procedures for erecting, maintaining and disassembling fall protection & falling object systems; 4. Proper use of the scaffold & handling of materials on the scaffold; and 5. Maximum intended load and load-carrying capacities of scaffolds used and any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.

48 Montaje, Operación, Inspección
Por una persona competente: Tipos de peligros Específicos del andamio siendo usado Criterio de diseño, capacidad de carga, y uso anticipado del andamio Cualquier otro requisito pertinente de esta subsección B. Workers involved in the erecting, operating, and inspecting of scaffolds must be trained by a competent person in the following: 1. The nature of scaffold hazards; 2. The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold being used; 3. Design criteria, load capacity and intended use of the scaffold; and 4. Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.

49 Capacitación de Actualización
Al criterio del empleador Cambios en los tipos de peligros Cambios en los andamios, la protección contra caídas y contra objetos en desplome, y peligros presentados por equipo C. Retraining must take place under the following conditions: 1. If the employer has reason to believe that a worker lacks the skill or understanding to perform the job; 2. Changes in the worksite present a hazard about which the employee has not been previously trained; or 3. Changes in scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection or other equipment present new hazards for which the employee has not been previously trained.

50 Identificación de Peligros
Subiendo por los extremos es peligroso. Climbing end frames is not safe access.

51 Faltan barandales en los extremos
No guardrails on the open ends of this scaffold. (Note: The employee was stepping backward at the time this photo was taken.)

52 ¿Acceso seguro. No al subir así
¿Acceso seguro? No al subir así. Mire también el peligro de tropiezo debido a las herramientas y extensiones. Not by climbing this type of end frame. Note the trip hazards caused by tools and power cords. This scaffold is inside a clarifier tank at a water treatment plant under construction, and is erected over an approximately 4-foot x 10-foot floor opening, which adds another 10 feet to the fall height (6 feet + 10 feet = 16 feet).

53 El andamio mide 6 pies de alto y está sobre un hoyo que tiene 4 pies de profundo, un total de 10 pies This is the same scaffold as shown in slide No. 3. The scaffold is approximately 6-feet high and is erected over an access pit (4' x 10'). There is a 10 foot fall hazard caused by the unguarded pit and therefore the total fall hazard is >/= 16 feet to the lower level (e.g.; the bottom of the pit). Fall protection is required for this 6-foot tall mobile scaffold, because the total fall distance is greater than 10 feet.

54 Los travesaños no deben usarse para subir o bajar

55 ¿Arneses? ¿Barandales?.

56 No completamente entablonado
Tabiques usados como base 2 x 4 usado para apoyar el andamio Falta de barandales, etc. Unstable scaffold: Not fully planked, concrete blocks used as footing, 2 x 4 lumber used to "prop" the scaffold against the building, with #9 wire to hold the 2 x 4s in place, inadequate guardrails, etc.

57 Grietas anchas en el entablonado
Entablonado quemado Bad planking: Lots of daylight is visible through the splits, cracks and gaps; also, planking has been scorched.

58 Cambio de dirección no es ángulo recto
Tablas que hacen el cambio tienen que colocarse primero, para que no se deslizen Barandal malo This directional change is not at a right angle. The planks that form the change need to be laid first, to help prevent plank displacement. This scaffold also has unsafe guardrails, in that there are no midrails or toeboards, and the toprail is held together with #9 wire. Also, the toprail has a gap between the rail and the platform.

59 Espacio más de 14 pulgadas entre el edificio y la plataforma.
No hay barandales Espacio más de 14 pulgadas entre el edificio y la plataforma.  The planks are not cleated or otherwise secured against displacement, there are no guardrails, and there is greater than a 14-inch gap between the building and the scaffold platform. 

60 No se debe usar caballete para aumentar la altura de una plataforma.
This scaffold is on a city sidewalk, and a saw horse is being used to increase the working height of the scaffold. This indicates that the scaffold is too short for the job. OSHA prohibits using "makeshift" objects (e.g., saw horses, buckets, milk crates, etc.) to increase the working height of a scaffold, because an unstable platform increases the likelihood of a fall.

61 ¡No llegue usted a ser una estadística!