Past Tense – Preterit -ar endings: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, aron -er/ir endings: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron -ar and -er verbs that were stem-changing verbs in the present do not change in the past! -ir verbs that were stem-changing verbs in the present change (e-i) or (o-u) in the past.

Stem –changing verbs in the Past Remember how stem-changing verbs in the present tense were called boot verbs? They only changed in the forms inside the boot. Also, remember how some verbs like tener didn’t change in the yo form and so looked like a shoe rather than a boot? In the past tense, -ir verbs that change only change in the third person (él/ella/Ud. and Ellos(as)/Uds.). These verbs are called sandal verbs.

Pedir (e-i) – to ask for/order Notice that the (e-i) only happens in the bottom boxes. Also notice that it looks like a sandal. Other verbs that change (e-i): Servir – to serve, Repetir – to repeat, Medir – to measure, Preferir – to prefer, Sentir(se) – to feel, Vestir(se) – to dress, Divertirse – to have fun Yopedí I asked for Nosotros(as) pedimos We asked for Túpediste You (fam.) asked for Vosotros(as)pedisteis You all (fam.) asked for Él/Ella/Ud. pidió He/She You (for.) asked for Ellos(as)/Uds. pidieron They/You all (for.) asked for

Dormir (o-u) – to sleep Notice that the (o-u) only happens in the bottom boxes. Also notice that it looks like a sandal. Other verbs that change (o-u): Dormirse – to fall asleep, Morir – to die Yodormí I slept Nosotros(as) dormimos We slept Túdormiste You (fam.) slept Vosotros(as)dormisteis You all (fam.) slept Él/Ella/Ud. durmió He/She You (for.) slept Ellos(as)/Uds. durmieron They/You all (for.) slept

(i-y) spelling changes There are two kinds of verbs that change (i-y). These verbs are verbs that end in –uir, and other verbs that end with a double vowel that is not (ui). Except traer and verbs that end in traer. Verbs that end in –uir only have accents on the yo and él/ella/Ud. Forms. Other double vowel verbs have accents on all form except ellos/ellas/Uds.

Leer (i-y) – to read Notice that the (i-y) only happens in the bottom boxes. Also notice that it looks like a sandal. Other verbs that change (i-y): Caer – to fall, Creer – to think/believe, Oír – to hear, Poseer – to possess/own Yoleí I read Nosotros(as) leímos We read Túleíste You (fam.) read Vosotros(as)leísteis You all (fam.) read Él/Ella/Ud. leyó He/She You (for.) read Ellos(as)/Uds. leyeron They/You all (for.) read

Destruir (i-y)– to destroy Notice that the (i-y) only happens in the bottom boxes. Also notice that it looks like a sandal. Other verbs that change (i-y) and end in -uir: Construir – to build/construct, Distribuir – to distribute, Huir – to flee, Incluir – to include Yodestruí I destroyed Nosotros(as) destruimos We destroyed Túdestruiste You (fam.) destroyed Vosotros(as)destruisteis You all (fam.) destroyed Él/Ella/Ud. destruyó He/She You (for.) destroyed Ellos(as)/Uds. destruyeron They/You all (for.) destroyed

Irregulares Besides stem changing and spell changing verbs, the endings for irregulars are: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, (-isteis), -ieron No accents on irregulars! The hardest thing about irregulars is knowing what kind they are and how to learn them. I have grouped them together to try and make it easier to memorize them.

J Stems Note: The third person plural is –eron Note: Decir is (e-i) for all forms Verbs: traer (bring), verbs that end in –cir (Ex. conducir (drive), decir (say/tell), producir (produce), traducir (translate) Traer -> traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron Producir -> produje, produjiste, produjo, produjimos, produjeron Decir -> dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron

V Stems Note: There are many verbs that end in –tener that are also V stems - sostener (sustain), mantener (maintain) Verbs: andar (ride/walk), estar (be), tener (have) Andar -> anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron Estar -> estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron Tener -> tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron

P Stems Verbs: caber (fit), saber (found out) Caber -> cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupieron Saber -> supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron

S Stems Note: querer (e-i) can mean to refuse Verbs: poner (put/place), querer (wanted) Poner -> puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron Querer -> quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron

Short Stems Note: yo form ends in –i, él/ella/Ud. form ends in -io Verbs: dar (give), ver (see) Dar -> di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron Ver -> vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

Same Stems Note: The forms are identical for both verbs Note: yo, él/ella/Ud. and ellos(as)/Uds. have different endings Verbs: ir (go), ser (be) Ir -> fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser -> fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron

Loner Stems Note: These verbs don’t have partners Note: hacer – spell change (c-z) in él/ella/Ud. Note: venir – (e-i) in all forms Verbs: hacer (make/do), poder (can/able to), venir (come) Hacer -> hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron Poder -> pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron Venir -> vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron