Present Perfect (Pretérito perfecto)
We / You / They have / ‘ve written a letter Construimos la forma afirmativa del present perfect con have / has + past participle (participio pasado) del verbo. I have / ‘ve studied He / She / It has / ‘s come We / You / They have / ‘ve written a letter
(Regular verbs): El past participle de los verbos regulares siempre coincide con su past simple.
(Irregular verbs): No hay reglas para la formación del past participle de los verbos irregulares. Todos son diferentes y hay que aprendérselos de memoria.
We / You / They haven’t written a letter Construimos la forma negativa del present perfect con haven’t / hasn’t + past participle (participio pasado) del verbo. I haven’t studied He / She / It hasn’t come We / You / They haven’t written a letter
Construimos la forma interrogativa del present perfect con (WH-) + have / has + subject + past participle (+ complements)? Have I done anything wrong? Has he / she / it come? Why have we / you / they written a letter?
Construimos las respuestas cortas del present perfect con Yes, subject + have / has No, subject + haven’t / hasn’t Has she come? Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t Have they written a letter? Yes, they have / No, they haven’t
Utilizamos el present perfect: Para hablar de hechos recientes del pasado cuyo resultado suele ser evidente en el momento actual. ‘I have bought a house’
Para hablar de hechos que han sucedido en un tiempo que no ha acabado. ‘ The postman has come this morning’ (It’s 11 o’clock)
Para hablar de hechos que empezaron en el pasado y continúan. ‘They have worked here since 2000’ ‘They have worked here for 13 years’
‘ The postman has come this morning’ ‘ The postman came this morning’ No utilizamos el present perfect en frases que incluyen adverbios referidos al tiempo pasado. En ese caso utilizamos el past simple. ‘ The postman has come this morning’ (It’s 11 am) ‘ The postman came this morning’ (It’s 3 pm)
¡Me he hecho daño en la mano!
I have hurt my hand!
¡No he comido diez manzanas!
I haven’t eaten ten apples!
¿John ha terminado sus deberes?
Has John finished his homework?
Hemos escuchado ese CD diez veces.
We have listened to that CD ten times.
He terminado mis deberes.
I have finished my homework.
John no ha cocinado el almuerzo.
John hasn’t cooked lunch.
Hemos hablado con nuestros amigos italianos.
We have talked to our Italian friends.
¿Ella ha tirado sus libros?
Has she dropped her books?
La película ha empezado.
The film has started.
Los invitados no han llegado.
The guests haven’t arrived .
He aprobado todos mis exámenes.
I have passed all my exams.
No he comido cuatro hamburguesas.
I haven’t eaten four hamburgers.
Ella ha comprado dos camisetas nuevas.
She has bought two new T-shirts.
¿Ella ha roto la radio? Sí.
Has she broken the radio? Yes, she has
El se ha hecho daño en la mano.
He has hurt his hand.
¡Ella ha bebido un litro de zumo de naranja!
She has drunk a litre of orange juice!
Marga Renedo Gómez