Apuntes 5.3: Pronombres relativos

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Apuntes 5.3: Pronombres relativos Imagina Lección 5 páginas 180-181

Los pronombres relativos Relative pronouns are used to connect short sentences or clauses to create longer, more fluid sentences. Spanish relative pronouns include que, quien, quienes, cual and cuales. Unlike the interrogative words (question words) qué, quién(es) and cuál(es), relative pronouns NEVER have accents.

El pronombre relativo que Que means that, which or who and is the most frequently used relative pronoun. Used to refer to people or things, subjects or objects. Can be used in restrictive clauses (with commas) or nonrestrictive clauses (without commas). Relative pronouns must ALWAYS be used in Spanish, unlike English, where they are sometimes omitted.

Ejemplos de que El incendio que vimos ayer destruyó la tercera parte del bosque. La inundación fue causada por la lluvia, que ha durado más de dos semanas.

ALWAYS use que in restrictive clauses (without commas) where no preposition or personal a precedes the relative pronoun. Por ejemplo: Las ballenas que encontraron en la playa estaban vivas.

El que/la que After prepositions, que follows the definite article el que, la que, los que, las que The article must agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun it refers to When referring to things, but NOT people, the article can be omitted after short prepositions (en, de, con)

Ejemplos con el que/la que La mujer para la que trabajo llegará a las seis. El edificio en (el) que viven es viejo.

El que, la que, los que and las que are also used for clarification to refer to a previously mentioned person or thing. Por ejemplo: Hablé con los vecinos que tienen perros pero no con los que tienen gatos. Si puedes optar entre dos compañías, elige la que paga más.

El cual/la cual El cual, la cual, los cuales and las cuales are generally interchangeable with el que, la que, los que and las que after prepositions. They are most often used in formal speech or writing. The article is NEVER omitted when using el cual and its forms.

Ejemplo con el cual El edificio en el cual viven es viejo.

Quien/quienes Quien/quienes are only used to refer to PEOPLE. Quien(es) can generally be replaced by forms of el que and el cual, but the reverse is not always true. Los investigadores, quienes (los que/los cuales) estudian la erosión, son de Ecuador. El investigador de quien (del que/del cual) hablaron era mi profesor.

Que and quien(es) refer to people, but their use depends on the sentence structure. In restrictive clauses (without commas), que is used if no preposition or personal a is necessary. La gente que vive en la capital está harto de smog. If a preposition or personal a is necessary, quien or a form of el que/ el cual is used. Esperamos una respuesta de los biólogos a quienes (a los que/a los cuales) llamamos.

Quien(es) or a form of el que/el cual is preferred in written speech. In nonrestrictive clauses (with commas) that refer to people, que is more common in SPOKEN Spanish. Quien(es) or a form of el que/el cual is preferred in written speech. Juan y María, que viven conmigo, me regañan si dejo las luces prendidas. Las expertas, quienes por fin concedieron la entrevista, no mencionaron la sequía.

El adjetivo relativo cuyo The relative adjective cuyo and its forms (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) mean whose and agree in gender and number with the noun it precedes. When asking to whom something belongs, use ¿de quién(es)? and not a form of cuyo.

El equipo, cuyo proyecto aprobaron, viajará a las islas Galápagos en febrero. La colega, cuyas ideas mejoraron el plan, no tiene tiempo para realizar el proyecto. ¿De quién es este mapa de Venezuela? Es mío, pero no es un mapa. Es un atlas cuyos autores son venezolanos.