 Overall, 669 patients (16.7%) developed ischemia with exercise. During a mean follow-up of years, 313 patients died, and 183 patients had a MACE before any revascularization procedure. The 5- year mortality and MACE rates were 6.4% and 4.2% in patients without ischemia versus 12.1% and 10.1% in those with ischemia, respectively (p 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, WMSI remained an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40 to 5.32, p 0.003) and MACE (HR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.42 to 9.07, p 0.007). The addition of the EE results to the clinical, resting echocardiographic and exercise hemodynamic data significantly i ncreased the global chi-square of the models for the prediction of mortality (p 0.005) and MACE (p 0.009).

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Exposure  Outcome Lancet 2002; 359: Exposure  Outcome Exposure and outcome at the same time

Lancet 2002; 359: 57-61

Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. P. M. Rothwell et al LANCET. 2003

 Experiencia  Conferencia  Emergencia  Grandilocuencia  Jurisprudencia  Prepotencia  Evidencia

 Necesidad Información  Buscar Evidencias  Evaluación Evidencias  Aplicación Clínica  Retroalimentación

 Plantear situación clínica. -Causalidad. -Intervenciones. -Diagnóstico. -Pronostico.  Literatura Biomédica.  Evaluar Evidencia.  Sintetizar y Aplicar la Información. PASOS:

 Requiere tiempo.  Recursos.  Simplificar Práctica (?).  Busca reducir costos (?).  Estudios Aleatorios y Meta-análisis.

Rating clinical evidence Assessment system of the US Preventive Services Task Force Quality of evidence 1 Evidence from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial. 2-1 Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomisation. 2-2 Evidence from well-designed cohort or case-control studies. preferably from more than one centre or research group. 2-3 Evidence from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Important results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be considered as this type of evidence. 3Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees. Strength of recommendations A) Good evidence to support the intervention. B) Fair evidence to support the intervention. C) Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the intervention. But recommendation might be made on other grounds. D) Fair evidence against the intervention. E) Good evidence against the intervention.

 Población  Exposición  Control  Desenlace

FUNCIONES:  Uso Tiempo  Estrategias  Comunicación  Didáctica  Confianza

1.1 Validez 1.2 Resultados 1.3 Desenlaces 1.4 Aplicación Resultados 1.5 Costo: Beneficio

1.1 Validez - Aleatorio? - Seguimiento? - Ciego? - Grupos Comparables? - Igual Tratamiento?

1.2 RESULTADOS a. Riesgo - Riesgo Relativo (RR) - Odds Ratio (OR) - Reducción Riesgo Relativo (RRR) - Reducción Absoluta Riesgo (RAR) b. Número Necesario Tratar b. Número Necesario Tratar (NNT)

R.R. = Re/Rne RR = 1 : No existe Riesgo RR > 1 : Exposición Riesgo RR < 1 : Exposición Riesgo

REDUCCION DE RIEGO RELATIVO (RRR) RRR = (1-RR) 100% RRR = 0: No Existe Riesgos RRR > 0: No Exposición Riesgos RRR < 0: No Exposición Riesgos

REDUCCION ABSOLUTA RIESGO (RAR) RAR : Rne - Re RAR = 0 : No Existe Riesgo RAR < 0 : Exposición Riesgos RAR > 0 : Exposición Riesgos

NUMERO NECESARIO TRATAR (NNT) NNT = 1/RAR = 1 (Rne - Re) NNT = 1 : Tx Ideal = : Tx Inútil > 0 : Tx Beneficioso < 0 : Tx Nocivo

Odds Ratio (OR) O.R : Oe/One O.R = 1 : No Existe Riesgo O.R > 1 : Exposición Riegos O.R < 1 : Exposición Riegos

 Aplicación Práctica ?  Desenlaces Importantes ?  Beneficios > Riesgos ?

Beneficio Relevante Beneficio Irrelevante Beneficio Relativo de Sobrevida (Indice de Riesgo) THE LANCET Vol. 357 : MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

Beneficioso Nocivo Beneficio Relativo de Sobrevida (Indice de Riesgo) THE LANCET Vol. 357 : MEDICINA BASADA EN EVIDENCIAS

PREVENTION OF CORONARY AND STROKE EVENTS WITH ATORVASTATIN Y HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WHO HAVE AVERAGE OR LOWER THAN AVERAGE CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS, IN THE ANGLO-SCANDINAVIAN CARDIAC OUTCOMES TRIAL LIPID LOWERING ARM (ASCOTT-LLA). Peter S. Sever et al. LANCET. Vol 361. Abril 5, 2003

ACE inhibitors in AMI Curr Probl Cardiol, January 2003

FACTORES:  Variabilidad Biológica  Aspectos Socio-Económicos  Aspectos Epidemiológicos

Costo-Efectividad = C A - C B / E A - E B C= costo. E= efectividad. A= Tx nuevo. B= Tx control.