Relative Pronouns AP Spanish.

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Relative Pronouns AP Spanish

Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect a independent and dependent clause. I bought the book that he is reading. Relative pronouns combine sentences to avoid repetition. I bought the book. He is reading the book. Relative pronouns are sometimes omitted in English, but can never be in Spanish.

Que is the most frequently used relative pronoun. It can be: the subject of the verb in a relative clause La mujer que escribió la carta es amiga mía. the object (like a DOP or IOP) of the verb in a relative clause El libro que Elena compró es muy caro.

Que the object of a preposition in a relative clause: refering to only things: Ése es el avión en que Pedro vino de Viena. refering to people only after de: El joven de que hablaban es muy guapo.

Quien/quienes Quien and quienes (meaning who and whom) refer only to people. They are used primarily as the objects of prepositions (especially a, con, de, and en). Ésas son las chicas en quienes confié. Those are the girls in whom I confided.

Quien/quienes They are also used instead of que in relative clauses which are separated by commas: the subject of a verb in the relative clause El autor, quien había escrito varios libros, habló en la conferencia. the object of a verb in the relative clause El estudiante a quien le dio malas notas estudió más.

Quien/quienes When quien and quienes are the direct objects of the verb in the clause: The personal a is required. Que can be used in place of a quien or a quienes

el/la/los/las que el/la/los/las que (meaning that, which, who, whom) refer to persons and things They can be used as the subject or object of the verb in a regular clause. Subject: Conozco al profesor de María, el que vive cerca de la escuela. Object: ¿Vio Ud. a las hermanas de Juan, a las que invitamos a la fiesta?

el/la/los/las que el/la/los/las que are used after prepositions (de, con, por, para, ect.) (especially those that have more than one syllable) Me gusta el parque cerca del (de + el) que comimos. El profesor para el que escribí la composición es muy exigente.

el/la/los/las que el/la/los/las que are the equivalent to the English “he/she/those/the one/ that/those who” Mi amiga Celia, la que juega al fútbol, acaba de ganar la competencia.

el/la/los/las que When el/la/los/las que are used at the beginning of the sentence, they are often replaced with Quien/Quienes to mean an indefinite subject (aka he who... Think proverbs) Quien (El que) ríe último, ríe mejor. He who laughs last, laughs best.

el/la cual and los/las cuales el/la cual and los/las cuales mean the same as el/la/los/las que. They can also be used in the same ways. (see previous slides)

el/la cual and los/las cuales In order to avoid confustion with porque, sin que, and para que, use el/la cual and los/las cuales in place of que, quien, and quienes with the prepositions por, sin, and para. El candidato por el cual voté ganó las elecciones.

el/la cual and los/las cuales NOTE: That el/la cual and los/las cuales CAN NOT be used to replace quien and quienes to mean “he/she/the one(s), those who”. YOU CAN ONLY REPLACE WITH el/la/los/las que.

el/la cual and los/las cuales ALSO: DO NOT use el/la cual and los/las cuales when it is an antecedent (use examples to help). Esta moto y la que compró mi hermano son modernas. Los que hablan español ganan mejor sueeldo.

Lo que Lo que is used to refer to an idea that has been previously stated. Tenemos tres exámenes hoy, lo que no me gusta nada. (refering to the fact that we have tests not the tests themselves.) Lo que can also refer to an idea that is not stated but is understood and generally means “what”. Lo que te conté es verídico. What I told you is true.

Lo cual Lo cual ALSO is used to refer to an idea that has been previously stated. El presidente cambió de opinión varias veces, lo cual (lo que) causó muchos comentaios de la prensa. When the idea has not been mentioned, ONLY USE lo que. Lo que él te dijo no es verdad.

Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas are adjectives that mean “whose”. They are put in front of the noun and must agree. (if they describe more than one noun, they ONLY agree with the 1st.) Ésa es la autora cuyos cuentos y novelas han recibido muchos premios internacionales.

Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas When “whose” is used as an interrogative (aka question word) Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas can NEVER BE USED. Always use “De quién(es)”.