Matter and Thermal Energy

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Transcripción de la presentación:

Matter and Thermal Energy 14.1

Matter Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) The “stuff” of the universe Solids, liquids, and gases Chemistry is the study of matter This includes its properties, structure, behavior, and changes they undergo La materia es cualquier cosa que tenga masa y volumen (ocupa espacio) Las "cosas" del universo. Sólidos, líquidos y gases La química es el estudio de la materia. Esto incluye sus propiedades, estructura, comportamiento y cambios que experimentan.

Kinetic Theory - explains how particles in matter behave All matter is composed of particles Particles are in constant, random motion Particles collide with each other and walls of their container Toda la materia está compuesta de átomos, que SIEMPRE están en movimiento ¡Esta es la teoría cinética! La energía cinética es la energía del movimiento. Si todas las partículas de la materia están siempre en movimiento, ¡todas tienen energía cinética

Kinetic Theory Some particles have more energy than others Temperature: average kinetic energy of the particles in an object Thermal Energy: total kinetic energy of particles in an object Substances with higher temperatures will move more, and therefore have more kinetic energy Larger particles will move slower than smaller ones at the same temperature Algunas partículas tienen más energía que otras Temperatura: energía cinética promedio de las partículas en un objeto Energía térmica: energía cinética total de partículas en un objeto Las sustancias con temperaturas más altas se moverán más y, por lo tanto, tendrán más energía cinética Las partículas más grandes se moverán más lentamente que las más pequeñas unos a la misma temperatura

Phases of Matter Matter will take on different states based on their particle movement Solid, liquid, gas, plasma The particles in each phase are the same, they just move differently La materia tomará diferentes estados en función de su movimiento de partículas Sólido, líquido, gas, plasma Las partículas en cada fase son las mismas, simplemente se mueven de manera diferente

The state of a sample of matter depends on temperature.   Temperature – related to the average kinetic energy of an object’s atoms or molecules Thermal expansion – increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases and contracts when cooled *Exception to Rule: water – when cooled it expands

Solids The atoms in a SOLID vibrate in place, occasionally sliding by one another, energy is not strong enough to break the bonds between them Energy: low Shape: definite [doesn’t change] Volume: definite Los átomos en un SÓLIDO vibran en su lugar, deslizándose ocasionalmente uno del otro, la energía no es lo suficientemente fuerte como para romper los enlaces entre ellos Energía: baja Forma: definida [no cambia] Volumen: definido

Liquids The atoms in a LIQUID move about freely Energy: mid-level Shape: variable [can change] Volume: definite Los átomos en un LÍQUIDO se mueven libremente Energía: nivel medio Forma: variable [puede cambiar] Volumen: definido

GASES The atoms in a GAS move around wildly, constantly bumping into each other Energy: high Shape: variable Volume: variable Since the particles in gases and liquids can move past each other, they are considered “fluids” Los átomos en un GAS se mueven salvajemente, chocando constantemente entre sí Energía: alta Forma: variable Volumen: variable Dado que las partículas en gases y líquidos se pueden mover una a la otra, se consideran "fluidos"

Plasma Atoms in a PLASMA are very HIGH energy, the particles are electrically charge Shape: variable Volume: variable Affected by magnetic fields 4th and MOST common phase of matter in the universe

Plasmas act like gases, but they can conduct electric current, gases cannot Commonly found in stars, can be created naturally by lightning on earth and in the hottest part of a flame Los átomos en un PLASMA son muy ALTOS de energía, las partículas se cargan eléctricamente Forma: variable Volumen: variable Afectado por los campos magnéticos 4º y la fase más común de la materia en el universo