El establecimiento de nuevas poblaciones -Establecimiento de nuevas poblaciones silvestres o semi-silvestres -Incrementando el tamaño de poblaciones existentes

Estos programas no serán efectivos si los factores que llevaron al declive de las poblaciones originales no se han eliminado o controlado it is the world's only flightless parrot, the heaviest parrot, nocturnal, herbivorous, visibly sexually dimorphic in body size, has a low basal metabolic rate, no male parental care, and is the only parrot to have a polygynous lek breeding system. It is also possibly one of the world's longest- living birds sexually dimorphic basal metabolic rate polygynouslek

Kakapo are critically endangered; only 91 living individuals are known,[4] all of which have been given names.[5] The ancestral Kakapo migrated to the islands of New Zealand in prehistory; in the absence of mammalian predators, it lost the ability to fly. Because of Polynesian and European colonisation and the introduction of predators such as cats, rats, and stoats, most of the Kakapo were wiped out. Conservation efforts began in the 1890s, but they were not very successful until the implementation of the Kakapo Recovery Plan in the 1980s. As of November 2005, surviving Kakapo are kept on four predator-free islands, Maud, Chalky (Te Kakahu), Codfish (Whenua Hou) and Anchor islands, where they are closely monitored.[3] Two large Fiordland islands, Resolution and Secretary, have been the subject of large-scale ecological restoration activities to prepare self-sustaining ecosystems with suitable habitat for the Kakapo.91 living individuals are known[4][5]mammaliancatsratsstoats MaudChalky (Te Kakahu)Codfish (Whenua Hou)Anchor[3] ResolutionSecretaryecological restorationecosystems

Codfish island or Whenua Hou is a small island (14 km²) located to the west of Stewart Island/Rakiura in southern New Zealand. It reaches a height of 249 m close to the south coast. It is a predator-free bird sanctuary and the focus of kakapo recovery efforts. The majority of the breeding population of critically endangered kakapo are currently located on this island. The island is also home to southern short- tailed bats, kākā, fernbirds, red and yellow- crowned parakeets, and a recently introduced population of yellowheads (mohua). Yellow-eyed and Fiordland penguins breed along the coastline.Stewart Island/RakiuraNew Zealandkakaposouthern short- tailed batskākāfernbirdsredyellow- crowned parakeetsyellowheadsYellow-eyedFiordland penguins The island is frequented by scientific researchers and Department of Conservation field workers along with public volunteers. The sole hut is located at in the northeast, with access by light aircraft or helicopter. The island is closed to visitors and unauthorised landing is prohibited.Department of Conservation The English name refers to the endemic blue cod or rawaru / pakirikiri, which is fished commercially in surrounding waters by trapping in baited pots. Whenua Hou means "new land" in Maori[1].blue cod Maori[1]

Kakapo recovery plan Kakapo Translocations 1974– 1992 [43] [43] Translocated toNumber of Kakapo Deaths < 6 months Survived as of November 1992 Maud Island (1974– 81) 9 (6, 3)3 (2, 1)4 (2, 2) Little Barrier Island (1982) 22 (13, 9)2 (1, 1)15–19 (10–12, 5–7) Codfish Island (1987–92) 30 (20, 10)020–30 (13–20, 7–10) Maud Island (1989– 91) 6 (4, 2)05 (3, 2) Mana Island (1992)2 (2)1 (1) Total65 (43, 22)6 (3, 3)41–55 (27–36, 14–19) Note: = males, = females.

A key part of the Recovery Plan is the supplementary feeding of females. Kakapo breed only once every two to five years, when a certain type of plant species, primarily Dacrydium cupressinum (rimu), produces protein-rich fruit and seeds. Observations of the relationship between intermittent breeding and the plant's mast year help biologists choose which suitable supplementary foods to increase Kakapo breeding frequency.[45] In 1989, six preferred foods (apples, sweet potatoes, almonds, brazil nuts, sunflower seeds and walnuts) were supplied ad libitum each night to 12 feeding stations. Males and females ate the supplied foods, and females nested on Little Barrier Island in the summers of 1989–91 for the first time since 1982, although nesting success was low.[46]Dacrydium cupressinum (rimu)mast year[45]apples sweet potatoesalmondsbrazil nutssunflower seedswalnutsad libitum[46] Supplementary feeding not only increases the Kakapo breeding frequency, but also affects the sex ratio of Kakapo offspring, as maternal conditions influence this ratio.[47] (See section "Reproduction" for more information on this topic.) This finding was subsequently used to increase the number of female chicks by deliberately manipulating maternal condition.[48] During the winter of 1981, only females below 1.5 kg weight were given supplementary feeding to avoid raising their body condition, and the sex ratio results in 1982 were close to parity, eliminating the male-biased sex ratios in the unrestricted feeding.sex ratio[47]section "Reproduction"[48]

Programa de Reintroducción -Liberación de individuos criados en cautiverio o capturados en vida silvestre en un lugar adecuado ecológicamente dentro de su área de distribución histórica y donde ya no se encuentra. Objetivo: crear una nueva población en su ambiente original. Ejemplo, lobos grises en Yellowstone. Programa de aumento poblacional -Liberar individuos en una población existente para incrementar su tamaño y pool genético. Ejemplo, programa headstart en tortugas marinas donde los animales se protegen en cautiverio para ayudarlos en su estadío más vulnerable Programa de Introducción -Mover organismos criados en cautiverio o atrapados en vida silvestres a nuevas áreas donde antes no ocurrían

Chief Joseph Pack Pack Composition: 13 Wolves ID #SexColorBornStatus 033FemaleBlackJan 96Alpha 034MaleGrayJan 96Alpha 113MaleGrayMar 97Adult 198FemaleGrayMar 99Adult 201FemaleBlackMar 99Adult 202MaleBlackMar 00Adult 203MaleBlackMar 00Adult BlackMar 00Adult BlackMar 00Adult GrayMar 00Adult GrayMar 00Adult GrayMar 00Adult GrayMar 00Adult

Consideraciones: -costos -dificultades -compromiso a largo plazo -altamente emocionales para el público -necesita el apoyo de la comunidad local -componente genético -pueden necesitarse técnicas de liberación suave con entrenamientos o suplementos de alimento, etc. -deben monitorearse actividades humanas que puedan impactar a los animales liberados -pueden tener valor educativo

Griffith et al. 1989, 198 programas de aves y mamíferos 1.El éxito fue mayor cuando las liberaciones se hiciern en hábitat óptimo (84%) que en hábitat pobre (38%). 2.El éxito fue myor en el núcleo del área de distribución (78%) más que en la periferia o fuera del área original (48%). 3.El éxito fue mayor con animales atrapados de vida silvestre (75%) que con animales criados en cuativerio (38%). 4.El éxito fue mayor para herbívoros (77%), que para carnívoros (48%). 5.La probabilidad de establecer una nueva población incrementó con el número de individuos liberados, hasta 100. Liberar más de 100 no cambió las probabilidades de éxito. Beck et al Liberación de animales en cautiverio 16 de 145 proyectos se consderaron exitosos (establecieron poblaciones de al menos 500 individuos)

Reintroducción de peces de vida corta en el oeste de USA: 26% de éxito. Programas de reintroducción de anfibios, reptiles e invertebrados, muy baja probabilidad de éxito, probablemente debido a las exigentes condiciones de microhábitat requeridas por las especies Algunas reintroducciones que al principio parecen exitosas después fracasan

Conductas sociales en los individuos liberados: en animales criados en cautiverio solos o en grupos no naturales, ello son tienen las habilidades para sobrevivir en un ambiente naturales, o las habilidades sociales para encontrar comida en forma cooperativa, sentir el peligro, encontrar pareja y sacar adelante a los polluelos

Lobo rojo. Alligator River National Park. N Carolina, 42 -> 100 desde 1987, parece exitoso, locales tienen dudas, hibridizan con coyotes

Tortuga lora (Lepidochelys kempii) Trataron de cuidar un año juveniles de huevos traídos de México en una playa de Isla del Padre en Texas, se liberaron 22,000 entre 1978 y 1988 y solamente 32 regresaron a anidar en la playa, (6 del programa headstart), poco éxito, se descontinuó el programa pues la mortandad ocurre con la pesca, no en la playa

Pediocactus knowltonii New Mexico 150 individuos cultivados fueron introducidos, y en 202 el 40% de estas plantas aún están vivas pero no se ha desarrollado una segunda generación