El Nivel de REDD: Nacional, Subnacional y Proyectos

Objetivos Definiciones de las escalas de REDD Actividades de REDD en varias escalas Creando vínculos entre escalas

Antecedentes del Debate ¿Deberían los incentivos fluir directamente hacia los gobiernos nacionales o hacia quienes realizan la implementación al nivel de proyecto? Los enfoques nacionales alivian las preocupaciones históricas sobre los enfoques al nivel de proyecto pero son extremadamente complejos Existen varias interpretaciones para esta pregunta lo cual complica el debate Existen pros y contras para cada enfoque When LULUCF rules were negotiated under the Kyoto Protocol, there were numerous concerns about the project-based nature of the proposed approaches. Specifically, project-based approaches are considered to be more prone to leakage, subject to higher transaction costs, and insufficient to reach the scale of emissions reductions required. Since tropical deforestation is such a significant source of emissions, many countries were frustrated that it was not included in Kyoto. The Coalition for Rainforest Nations submitted a proposal for the inclusion of REDD in a post-2012 framework. Their proposal called for a national-approach to REDD in which baselines would be set at on a country-wide basis and emissions reductions would be accounted for on the national scale.

¿Sobre qué estamos hablando? Contabilidad Implementación Pertenencia Discussions around the scale of a REDD mechanism have not specified which activities are to be undertaken at which level. There are various REDD activities that could be undertaken at either the national-level, the project-level , or both: Accounting Frameworks: Setting baselines, monitoring deforestation, and accounting for emissions reductions could be performed on the national-level, project-level, or both. Implementation: Implementing activities that reduce deforestation could be undertaken by national governments (through large-scale policy reform), by project developers (through specific actions to reduce deforestation in a designated area), or both (through a combination of policy enactment and local action). Ownership of credits: Either national governments or project developers could own the rights to REDD credits. Commitments: A REDD mechanism may or may not include binding commitments for governments or project developers.

Contabilidad de Carbono Ventajas y desventajas de cada escala Nacional Toma en cuenta las fugas a nivel nacional Monitoreo de las emisiones a nivel nacional es mas eficiente que monitoreo de cada proyecto individualmente Algunos países no tienen la capacidad Sub-nacional/Proyectos Menos complejo – modelos ya existen Se necesita hacer contabilidad de fugas para cada proyecto Se necesita hacer monitoreo para cada proyecto Discussions around the scale of a REDD mechanism have not specified which activities are to be undertaken at which level. There are various REDD activities that could be undertaken at either the national-level, the project-level , or both: Accounting Frameworks: Setting baselines, monitoring deforestation, and accounting for emissions reductions could be performed on the national-level, project-level, or both. Implementation: Implementing activities that reduce deforestation could be undertaken by national governments (through large-scale policy reform), by project developers (through specific actions to reduce deforestation in a designated area), or both (through a combination of policy enactment and local action). Ownership of credits: Either national governments or project developers could own the rights to REDD credits. Commitments: A REDD mechanism may or may not include binding commitments for governments or project developers.

Implementación Nacional Ventajas y desventajas de cada escala Nacional Motive al gobierno nacional a hacer unas reformas necesarias Llega a la escala de acción necesaria Muy complejo No se puede enfocar en los factores locales que conllevan a la deforestación Sub-nacional/Proyectos Menos complejo – modelos ya existen Puede combatir los factores locales que conllevan a la deforestación Mas participación de la gente local Discussions around the scale of a REDD mechanism have not specified which activities are to be undertaken at which level. There are various REDD activities that could be undertaken at either the national-level, the project-level , or both: Accounting Frameworks: Setting baselines, monitoring deforestation, and accounting for emissions reductions could be performed on the national-level, project-level, or both. Implementation: Implementing activities that reduce deforestation could be undertaken by national governments (through large-scale policy reform), by project developers (through specific actions to reduce deforestation in a designated area), or both (through a combination of policy enactment and local action). Ownership of credits: Either national governments or project developers could own the rights to REDD credits. Commitments: A REDD mechanism may or may not include binding commitments for governments or project developers.

Pertenencia Ventajas y desventajas de cada escala Nacional Motive al gobierno nacional a hacer unos reformas necesarios Compensación basada en el desempeño contra una línea de base nacional Menos inversión privada Menos transparencia en la distribución de ingresos Sub-nacional/Proyectos Promueve mas inversión privada Mas transparencia Discussions around the scale of a REDD mechanism have not specified which activities are to be undertaken at which level. There are various REDD activities that could be undertaken at either the national-level, the project-level , or both: Accounting Frameworks: Setting baselines, monitoring deforestation, and accounting for emissions reductions could be performed on the national-level, project-level, or both. Implementation: Implementing activities that reduce deforestation could be undertaken by national governments (through large-scale policy reform), by project developers (through specific actions to reduce deforestation in a designated area), or both (through a combination of policy enactment and local action). Ownership of credits: Either national governments or project developers could own the rights to REDD credits. Commitments: A REDD mechanism may or may not include binding commitments for governments or project developers.

Un Espectro de Opciones Solo proyectos Contabilidad nacional con implementación de proyectos Contabilidad nacional con implementación tanto sub-nacional como nacional Nivel estrictamente nacional

Creando Enlaces Acuerdos para compartir riesgos Acuerdos para compartir ganancias Políticas complementarias While the nested approach represents more of a sequential approach to address the question of scale, true national/project hybrids are also possible. For example, a country could create a national baseline of emissions from deforestation and account for emissions reductions on a national scale against that baseline. Implementation of strategies to reduce deforestation could be taken at multiple levels. For strategies taken at local levels, baselines would need to be developed for specific projects. National governments could own the rights to sell carbon credits, but some sort of risk- and profit-sharing mechanisms would be created so that both the project developers and the national government have incentives to reduce deforestation at all levels. Successful projects could receive a guarantee that they would receive compensation from the government, regardless of whether the national government met their emission reduction goals. (If the government did not reach their goal, successful projects may receive a discounted compensation thus providing an incentive to reduce leakage from their projects in order to help the national performance). This approach motivates both the national government and project developers to succeed.

Un Programa Hibrido Los países que pueden, deberían tomar un enfoque nacional para el establecimiento de líneas de base y contabilidad de carbono Otros países comienzan con un enfoque sub-nacional Una vez que toda el área del país participante alcanza un umbral dado, o transcurre una cantidad de años acordada, los países tendrían que pasar a un enfoque nacional Se crearían incentivos para estimular a los países a moverse hacia un enfoque nacional tan pronto como sea posible The nested approach represents a sequential response to the question of scale Incentives to move to a national approach: National level accounting could use IPCC Tier-2 or Tier-3 methods while project level accounting only Tier-2 or higher. National level initiatives do not have to assess leakage while projects would have to assess, verify, and discount for leakage.

Un Programa Hibrido Source: Angelsen, A., C. Streck, L. Peskett, J. Brown, and C. Luttrell. 2008. What is the right scale for REDD? In: Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications.

El Ejemplo de Indonesia There are advantages to each approach. National approach: Carries no risk of in-country leakage since all emissions from deforestation from within the country will be accounted for Carries a reduced impermanence risk since it is much less likely that an entire countries forests are destroyed or degraded than that a specific project is destroyed or degraded. The national approach pools the risk of impermanence across multiple sites. Has economies of scale: transaction costs will be lowered on a per-ton basis Has greater potential to reach the scale needed to significantly address the problem. A Project Approach: Allows more countries to participate. Many countries are not prepared to create a national baseline and accounting system. A project approach incentivizes those countries to participate in a mechanism thereby increasing their capacity to eventually take on a national approach and also reducing the risk of international leakage. Is more attractive to private investors. Private investors are often warying of investing in national governments because of the various concerns about governance and inefficiencies.

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Referencias Pedroni, Streck, and Porrua, 2007. Creating Incentives for Avoiding Further Deforestation: The Nested Approach Angelsen, A., C. Streck, L. Peskett, J. Brown, and C. Luttrell. 2008. What is the right scale for REDD? In: Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications

Contribuyentes Los contribuyentes a esta presentación incluyen a: Rane Cortez (TNC) Land tenure and carbon rights: Many forest-dependent communities do not have clear and secure legal tenure over their land, which will make it difficult for them to decide how that land gets used or to receive benefits from its protection. A REDD mechanism may be a powerful impetus to more clearly define land tenure in tropical countries. This could go in either direction for forest-dependent communities: they may benefit by finally being granted legal rights to their land, or they may suffer if governments decide to take away their traditional lands in order to reap the benefits of carbon finance. Additionally, even when clear tenure has been established, laws regarding who owns carbon reductions may not be clear. Systems for benefit-sharing: REDD benefit flows may be more stable, regular, and long-term than other sources of income and could enhance the security of the poor. Yet finding ways to distribute REDD finances equitably will likely be challenging. Elite capture of benefits and conflicts arising from the increased value of the land could create problems. Level of continued access to the forest: Forest-dependent communities utilize the forest for many essential goods and services, such as food, water, firewood, and medicines. A REDD mechanism has the potential to improve the long-term availability of those goods and services by providing adequate and stable financing to protect the forests. If the rules of a REDD mechanism are designed in such a way that communities lose access to the forest, however, the impact could be negative. Principal design elements that affect the scale and the scope of REDD: Certain design elements of a REDD mechanism could affect the impact of the mechanism on forest-dependent communities. For example, whether the mechanism national or project-based in scope could change the level of participation of local communities and the amount of benefits that reach the local levels. Whether or not the mechanism includes degradation could impact the level of access that forest communities continue to have to the forest. Whether the mechanism is financed through funds or through a market will impact the level of funding available to forest communities and the value placed on pro-poor development aspects of the program.