 Adverbial phrases are groups of words which modify the action - they indicate or imply why, where, when and how. John is working so that his boss will notice him (why) John works wherever he is asked (where) John works after school is out (when) John works as rapidly as he can (how)  Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, or words that can trigger the use of the subjunctive or indicative.

 Question: What determines whether to use the indicative or subjunctive in adverbial clauses?  Answer: The type of situation or time in the adverbial clause.  In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical/uncertain or anticipated-rather than completed, habitual or factual-then the subjunctive is required.

 Adverbial clauses which are always followed by the subjunctive (because they always indicate a pending/hypothetical action or state). These conjunctions express purpose, intent, condition and anticipation. E n caso de quein case S in quewithout C on tal (de) queprovided that A fin de quein order that P ara queso that A menos queunless Antes (de) quebefore

 Ejemplos:  Terminaré el trabajo antes de que ellos vuelvan I will finish the work before they return.  Te llamaré cuando tenga más tiempo. I will call you when I have more time.

Cuando when De manera que so that De modo que Después (de) que after En cuanto Luego que as soon as Tan pronto como Así que These conjunctions introduce time, place and manner. Aunque although, even though, even if Hasta que until Mientras while

 When you can’t speak with certainty about an action that has not yet taken place, you will use the subjunctive. This uncertainty is often conveyed by a future tense in the main clause:  Ejemplos: Subjunctive:Indicative: Te llamaré cuando llegue a casa.Siempre me llama cuando llega a I will call you when I arrive homecasa. (whenever that may be)He always calls me when he arrives home. Aunque cueste mucho dinero, lo Aunque costó mucho dinero, lo compraré.Compré Although it may cost a lot of moneyAlthough it cost a lot of money I I will buy it.bought it.

 If there is no change in subject or dependent clause, a preposition will be used. In this case the following prepositions are used with the infinitive: A fin de A menos de Con tal de En caso de Antes de Para Sin *how are these different from the conjuctions? Ejemplo: Mi hijo vive para tocar la guitarra – My son lives to play the guitar. Ganaré antes de salir – I’ll win before I leave (before leaving).

 If the action in the main clause is habitual or has already happened, use the present or past indicative in the subordinate clause: Ejemplos: Siempre fue tímida hasta que tomó un curso de arte dramático. She was always timid until she took a course in dramatic art. Mi perro siempre ladra cuando ve un extraño. My dog always barks when he sees a stranger.

 Aunque (although, even though, even if). The indicative is used if a fact is involved or the outcome is known (certain); otherwise the subjunctive is used.  Note: when aunque corresponds to the English “even if” the subjunctive is used; when it corresponds to “even though”, the indicative is used. Aunque vea la telenovela, no te diré lo que pasósubjunctive Even if I see the soap opera, I will not tell you what happened. No me gusta ese tipo de programa, aunque es muy buena la serie políciacaIndicative