Monitoreo de Signos Vitales Dr. Rogelio Carrera UANL

National Park Service Natural Resource Challenge Revitalize and expand the natural resource program within the park service and improve park management through greater reliance on scientific knowledge

Title II – Section 204. Inventory and Monitoring Program NATIONAL PARKS OMNIBUS MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1998 Title II – Section 204. Inventory and Monitoring Program “El Servicio deberá llevar a cabo un programa de inventario y monitoreo del sistema de Parques Nacionales para contar con información básica de la tendencia a largo plazo de la condición de los recursos en los Parques…” “El Servicio deberá…utilizar los resultados de los estudios científicos de manera apropiada para tomar decisiones de manejo en los Parques..”

Objetivos del Programa de Monitoreo de Signos Vitales: Determinar el estado y tendencias de la condición de ciertos recursos naturales en los Parques Nacionales La intención del monitoreo de signos vitales es de darle seguimiento a un subgrupo de elementos y/o procesos físicos, y químicos, así como elementos biológicos y procesos ecosistémicos que son seleccionados para representar la salud general de los parques, midiendo los efectos hipotéticos de agentes de estrés identificados.

Aspectos Clave del Monitoreo de Signos Vitales: Perspectiva de largo plazo Integración y coordinación entre parques, programas y agencias Énfasis en el Manejo de la Información

Entender, proteger, restaurar, los recursos en los Parques El Manejo de los Parques se Alimenta de Información Científica – Integración con otras operaciones del Parque Entender, proteger, restaurar, los recursos en los Parques El monitoreo como un sistema de información Se integra la información de los recursos naturales a las operaciones del parque Se hace la información mas útil y disponible para los manejadores en sitio Los datos están disponibles para investigadores, educación, modelaje y análisis (Adapted from National Water Quality Monitoring Council)

El “Pastel de Bodas” Una alternativa a usar una “receta de cocina” Nacional Red/Ecosistema Parque El uso principal de los datos es a nivel local La capacidad del parque en establecer alianzas y procurar fondos es importante para el éxito Los indicadores y protocolos mas importantes para cada sistema pueden ser muy diferentes (Bosques del Pacifico Norte vs. Florida vs. Colorado) Variables “Núcleo” del Servicio Variables “Núcleo” de la Red/Ecosistema

El Concepto de Red Las 32 redes de parques son suficientemente grandes para permitir compartir recursos humanos y financieros. Agrupan parques que comparten ecosistemas y problemáticas.

“Las redes de monitoreo de signos vitales están diseñando un sistema para recopilar datos de manera científica, su análisis y difusión, que no tiene precedentes en la historia del Servicio de Parques Nacionales”

Vital Signs for Tonto National Monument Level 1 Category Vital Sign: Frequency Air and Climate Atmospheric Deposition (NADP) Monthly Visibility and particulate matter (IMPROVE) Climate (9 parameters) Daily Geology and Soils Stream Channel Morphology Every 5 years Biological Soil Crusts Soil Aggregate Stability Soil Compaction Soil Cover Annually Water Groundwater Depth Core Water Quality Parameters Nutrient Loading (N & P) Biological Integrity Invasive/Exotic Plants – Early Detection Biennially Invasive/Exotic Plants – Status and Trends Every 5 Years Plant Phenology Vegetation Lifeform Abundance Landbirds Vegetation Structure and Composition Human Use Visitor Use Visitor Use Impacts Landscapes Landscape Dynamics (Land Use & Cover) Every 10 years

Como se reportan los resultados del monitoreo en Parques Nacionales Los datos están disponibles para tomadores de decisiones, científicos, educadores, y grupos interesados Annual Administrative Report and Work Plan Annual Reports for specific Protocols or Projects Inventory Project Reports Analysis and Synthesis reports – trends Program and Protocol Review reports Scientific journal articles and book chapters Symposia, workshops and conferences Websites – Intranet and Internet Annual briefings and “executive summaries” for park managers National Report - Condition of NR in National Parks

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Geothermal Fire Wolves Bison Elk Lake Trout Yellowstone Volcano Climate Land Use Whitebark Pine Amphibians Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring print version Whitebark Pine Source Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Importance Whitebark pine is considered a “keystone” species in the subalpine ecosystem. Its best known role in these ecosystems is as a high-energy food source for a variety of wildlife species, including grizzly bears. Dramatic declines of whitebark have been reported throughout its range due to two major factors: 1) an introduced fungus, white pine blister rust; and 2) heavy mortality from endemic mountain pine beetle. Last Update 12/04/2005 Geothermal Click for more detail. or for graphic. Fire D D Wolves G Bison G 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 Year Proportion of Trees Infected Elk Lake Trout Status Thirty six of the 51 (71%) transects had some indication of blister rust. Although blister rust was widespread, the infection severity was relatively low. The estimate proportion of trees infected with blister rust within the GYE to be 0.189 ± 0.05 SE, and most infected trees had ≤2 cankers. Yellowstone Volcano Climate G Land Use Whitebark Pine D G Amphibians Discussion Our preliminary results indicate that the occurrence of white pine blister rust is widespread throughout the GYE, although in most cases, severity is at relatively low levels. Additional Resources Contact(s) Reports Learning Center Links Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Whitebark Pine Issues White pine blister rust White pine blister rust, an exotic fungus first introduced to North America in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1910, enters the stomata of the whitebark pine needles and then erupts into cankers on the branches, leading to the cessation of cone production and the eventual death of the tree in some cases (Tomback et al. 2001). White pine blister rust also requires Ribes species as an alternate host (Tomback et al. 2001). Depending on the level of infection, a tree with white pine blister rust can live for several years; however, saplings that are infected generally die within three years (Koteen 2002). Infection by blister rust also weakens the tree and tends to lead to death by an accumulation of factors, including mountain pine beetle, other pathogens, root diseases and unfavorable climatic conditions (Koteen 2002). Mountain Pine Beetle The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a native insect that has coevolved with pine forests in the western U.S. (Logan and Powell 2001). Host tree species of mountain pine beetle include: ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine and whitebark pine (Kipfmueller and Swetnam 2002). In some species, such as lodgepole pine, mountain pine beetle plays a significant role in its continuation on the landscape through providing periodic disturbances that kill trees and create vast tracks of dead needles that serve as fine fuels for fire ignition and spread (Logan and Powell 2001). Close Window Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring print version Whitebark Pine Source Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Importance Whitebark pine is considered a “keystone” species in the subalpine ecosystem. Its best known role in these ecosystems is as a high-energy food source for a variety of wildlife species, including grizzly bears. Dramatic declines of whitebark have been reported throughout its range due to two major factors: 1) an introduced fungus, white pine blister rust; and 2) heavy mortality from endemic mountain pine beetle. Last Update 12/04/2005 Geothermal Click for more detail. or for graphic. Fire D D Wolves G Bison G 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 Year Proportion of Trees Infected Elk Lake Trout Status Thirty six of the 51 (71%) transects had some indication of blister rust. Although blister rust was widespread, the infection severity was relatively low. The estimate proportion of trees infected with blister rust within the GYE to be 0.189 ± 0.05 SE, and most infected trees had ≤2 cankers. Yellowstone Volcano Climate G Land Use Whitebark Pine D G Amphibians Discussion Our preliminary results indicate that the occurrence of white pine blister rust is widespread throughout the GYE, although in most cases, severity is at relatively low levels. Additional Resources Contact(s) Reports Learning Center Links Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring print version Whitebark Pine Source Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Importance Whitebark pine is considered a “keystone” species in the subalpine ecosystem. Its best known role in these ecosystems is as a high-energy food source for a variety of wildlife species, including grizzly bears. Dramatic declines of whitebark have been reported throughout its range due to two major factors: 1) an introduced fungus, white pine blister rust; and 2) heavy mortality from endemic mountain pine beetle. Last Update 12/04/2005 Geothermal Click for more detail. or for graphic. Fire D D Wolves G Bison G 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 Year Proportion of Trees Infected Elk Lake Trout Status Thirty six of the 51 (71%) transects had some indication of blister rust. Although blister rust was widespread, the infection severity was relatively low. The estimate proportion of trees infected with blister rust within the GYE to be 0.189 ± 0.05 SE, and most infected trees had ≤2 cankers. Yellowstone Volcano Climate G Land Use Whitebark Pine D G Amphibians Discussion Our preliminary results indicate that the occurrence of white pine blister rust is widespread throughout the GYE, although in most cases, severity is at relatively low levels. Additional Resources Contact(s) Reports Learning Center Links Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring http://climchange.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/pinualbi.pdf 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Transect Proportion of Trees Infected Uninfected Transects Distribution Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis print version Whitebark Pine Source Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Importance Whitebark pine is considered a “keystone” species in the subalpine ecosystem. Its best known role in these ecosystems is as a high-energy food source for a variety of wildlife species, including grizzly bears. Dramatic declines of whitebark have been reported throughout its range due to two major factors: 1) an introduced fungus, white pine blister rust; and 2) heavy mortality from endemic mountain pine beetle. Last Update 12/04/2005 Geothermal Click for more detail. or for graphic. Fire D D Wolves G Bison G 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 Year Proportion of Trees Infected Elk Figure 2. The proportion of whitebark pine trees infected on each of the 51 transects sampled during 2004 arranged in rank order from most infected to least infected. Lake Trout Status Thirty six of the 51 (71%) transects had some indication of blister rust. Although blister rust was widespread, the infection severity was relatively low. The estimate proportion of trees infected with blister rust within the GYE to be 0.189 ± 0.05 SE, and most infected trees had ≤2 cankers. Yellowstone Volcano Climate G Land Use Whitebark Pine D G Close Window Amphibians Discussion Our preliminary results indicate that the occurrence of white pine blister rust is widespread throughout the GYE, although in most cases, severity is at relatively low levels. Additional Resources Contact(s) Reports Learning Center Links Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Greater Yellowstone Monitoring Executive Briefs Greater Yellowstone Monitoring print version Whitebark Pine Source Grizzly Bears Yellowstone Cutthroat Importance Whitebark pine is considered a “keystone” species in the subalpine ecosystem. Its best known role in these ecosystems is as a high-energy food source for a variety of wildlife species, including grizzly bears. Dramatic declines of whitebark have been reported throughout its range due to two major factors: 1) an introduced fungus, white pine blister rust; and 2) heavy mortality from endemic mountain pine beetle. Last Update 12/04/2005 Geothermal Click for more detail. or for graphic. Fire D D Wolves G Bison G 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 Year Proportion of Trees Infected Elk Lake Trout Status Thirty six of the 51 (71%) transects had some indication of blister rust. Although blister rust was widespread, the infection severity was relatively low. The estimate proportion of trees infected with blister rust within the GYE to be 0.189 ± 0.05 SE, and most infected trees had ≤2 cankers. Yellowstone Volcano Climate G Land Use Whitebark Pine D G Amphibians Discussion Our preliminary results indicate that the occurrence of white pine blister rust is widespread throughout the GYE, although in most cases, severity is at relatively low levels. Additional Resources Contact(s) Reports Learning Center Links Invasive Plants Land Birds Trumpeter Swans

Metodología de Signos Vitales El primer paso es el de identificar agentes de cambio y fuentes de estrés Con esta información se general modelos de ecosistemas bajo estrés Con estos modelos se proponen los indicadores a medir Posteriormente se les asigna un valor a los indicadores para priorizarlos Por ultimo de proponen metodologías de campo para medir los indicadores

Modelo Jerárquico de los Ecosistemas

Talleres de Planificación de CONANP- Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Estrategia Regional Hermanamiento de Áreas Protegidas y Parques Nacionales Estrategia de Cambio Climático Mataremos dos Pájaros de un solo tiro?

Talleres de Planificación de CONANP- Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Dos talleres en Cuatrocienegas Buena aceptación del proyecto de Signos Vitales No hay algún programa o mandato a nivel oficinas centrales CONANP

Talleres de Planificación de CONANP- Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Alianzas entre CONANP y otras instituciones Proyecto WWF Taller en White Sands, NM, Mayo 2011 Necesidad de seguir sumando esfuerzos

Talleres de Planificación de CONANP- Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Formación del Comité de Monitoreo de Signos Vitales de la Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Objetivos del Comité: Dar seguimiento a los esfuerzos para consolidar el Programa de Monitoreo en la Región Supervisar los talleres y documentos generados durante estos esfuerzos Tomar decisiones técnicas respecto a la selección de los Signos Vitales

Integrantes del Comité de Monitoreo de Signos Vitales Nombre Puesto Carlos Sifuentes Lugo Director, COBIO Cañón de Santa Elena-Maderas del Carmen Ivo García Gutiérrez Director, Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Cuatrocienegas Andrew Rhodes Espinoza Director, Estrategia de Cambio Climático-CONANP J. Joel Aguilar Mosqueda Encargado de Monitoreo-Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental Jose Antonio Dávila Paulin Director, APRN de las Cuencas Alimentadoras de Riego del Distrito 04 Don Martin Lissette Leyequien Abarca Directora, Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Sierra La Mojonera Oscar Flores Sosa Director, Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Sierra de Alvarez-El Potosi-El Gogorron Rogelio Carrera Treviño Profesor Titular, UANL Haydee Parra Programa Desierto Chihuahuense-WWF

Entonces, Por que estamos aquí? Objetivo a largo plazo: Que la Región Noreste y Sierra Madre Oriental cuente con un programa de monitoreo de Signos Vitales que se capaz de dar seguimiento a los recursos naturales, evaluar decisiones de manejo y actividades de conservación, y de incorporar un sistema de detección temprana del Cambio Climático.

Información de Contacto rogelio.carrera-trevino@ttu.edu rogeliocarrera@hotmail.com Skype: rogelio.carrera Dr. Rogelio Carrera Treviño Laboratorio de Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-UANL