Español Year 8 Language Guide

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1 Español Year 8 Language Guide
Nombre: ………………………………… Clase: ……………………………………

2 Spanish phonics – key sounds………………………………….…… 1
Spanish phonics – pronunciation tips…………………… 1  The Translation Bee………………………………………… 2 Core language Asking for permission……………………………………… 6 Asking for help……………………………………………… 7 Giving and understanding feedback………………………………… 8 Language for games………………………………………………….. Time phrases………………………………………………………….. 9  Sequencers………………………………………………… 9 Adverbs ………………………………………………………………… Time phrases for different time frames (past/present/future)…….. 10 Conjunctions…………………………………………………………… 11 Intensifiers……………………………………………………………… 11  Giving and explaining opinions…………….…………… 12  Describing a photo…………………………………………… 13 Y8 Key questions……………………………………………………… 14 Term 1 Where did you go on holiday ? 16 What did you do? 17 How was it? 18 Term 2 What do you do on your phone? How often? 19 What type of music do you like? What type of music do you listen to? 20 Who is your favourite singer? What type of programmes do you like? 21 What did you do yesterday? 22  Term 3 What do you like to eat / drink? 23  What do you have for breakfast / lunch / dinner? 23 What time do you have breakfast / lunch / dinner? 26 What are we going to buy? 27 What are you going to bring to the party?

3 Term 4… .  Us What are you going to have? 28 What do you normally wear at the weekend? 29 Are you going to go out tonight? What are you going to wear?.... Term 5 Where shall we meet? 31 How do you get ready when you go to a party? 32 Term 6 What can you do in Mallorca?  33 Grammar Key terms………………………………………………………….….. 34 Word stress and written accents……………………………………. 35 The definite and indefinite article…………………………………… 36  Subject pronouns…………………………………………………….. 36 Asking questions…………………………………………………….. 37 Negatives …………………………………………………………….. The present tense: regular verbs…………………………………… 38 The present tense: radical-changing verbs (boot verbs)………… 39 Reflexive verbs……………………………………………………….. 40 Gustar and gustar-type verbs………………………………………. 42  Two verb stuctures: Modal verbs, Soler, Se puede / Se pueden.. 43  The preterite: regular verbs…………………………………………. 44  The preterite: SER (to be) and IR (to go)………………………… 45 The preterite: irregular verbs……………………………………...... 46 The near future ………………………………………………………. 47 Exclamations …………………………………………………………. 48 Adjectives……………………………………………………………... 49 Comparatives and the superlative …………………………………. 50 Possessive adjectives (my) and pronouns (mine)………………... 51 Demonstrative adjectives (this) and pronouns (this one)………... 52 Direct object pronouns (it / them)…………………………………... 53 Numbers…………………………………………………………….56 Websites……………………………………………………….57

4 Tips for pronouncing Spanish
The good news about Spanish pronunciation is that it obeys clear phonetic rules! Vowels Each of the five vowels has a consistent prounciation: a as in hat e as in pet i as in feet o as in clock u as in drew c and z c + e = th (cero, once) c + i = th (cinco, gracias) z + a, o, u = th (zapato, corazón, azul) c + a = ka (casa, catorce) c + o = ko (cómo, color) c + u = ku (Cuba, Cubano) j and g J, as in jardines (gardens), is a harder, stronger version of the English 'h'. G, when followed by e and i, sounds exactly the same as j. Otherwise, it is pronounced as the English 'g' in go. ll The double ll, as in calle, is another characteristic Spanish sound. In most parts of Spain it's like the 'lli' in the English million. h The h is silent in Spanish. Just imagine it’s not there and pronounce the second letter in the word. hablo, helado, ¡hola!, huevo 4 1

5 Translation Bee – Vocab list
Spanish English 35 el baloncesto (the) basketball 36 el tenis (the) tennis 37 el golf (the) golf 38 el hockey (the) hockey 39 el rugby (the) rugby 40 las cartas (the) cards 41 el tenis de mesa (the) table-tennis 42 el bádminton (the) badminton 43 el voleibol (the) volleyball 44 el cine (the) cinema 45 el teatro (the) theatre 46 el restaurante (the) restaurant 47 el colegio (the) school 48 la casa (the) house 49 el pueblo (the) village 50 la ciudad (the) town 51 el campo (the) country 52 la costa (the) coast 53 las montañas (the) mountains 54 la camiseta (the) t-shirt 55 el pantalón (the) pair of trousers 56 el vestido (the) dress 57 la falda (the) skirt 58 el jersey (the) jumper 59 la chaqueta (the) Jacket 60 los zapatos (the) shoes 61 los calcetines (the) socks 62 las zapatillas de deporte (the) trainers 63 el autobús (the) bus 64 el tren (the) train 65 el coche (the) car 66 el avión (the) plane 67 el metro (the) underground Spanish English 1 viajar to travel 2 comer to eat 3 beber to drink 4 aprender to learn 5 jugar to play 6 ir to go 7 vivir to live 8 comprar to buy 9 España Spain 10 Francia France 11 Alemania Germany 12 Italia Italy 13 Austria 14 la pizza (the) pizza 15 las patatas fritas (the) chips 16 la fruta (the) fruit 17 la ensalada (the) salad 18 el arroz (the) rice 19 el zumo de naranja (the) orange juice 20 el agua (the) water 21 la limonada (the) lemonade 22 el té (the) tea 23 el café (the) coffee 24 el alemán (the) German 25 el francés (the) French 26 el español (the) Spanish 27 el inglés (the) English 28 las matemáticas (the) maths 29 las ciencias (the) sciences 30 el teatro (the) drama 31 el dibujo (the) art 32 la geografía (the) geography 33 la historia (the) history 34 el fútbol (the) football 2

6 Stage 1: Present tense 3 Aprendo (I learn) Aprendemos (we learn)
alemán ciencias dibujo español francés geografía historia inglés matemáticas teatro Bebo (I drink) Bebemos (we drink)  agua café limonada té zumo de naranja Como (I eat) Comemos (we eat)  arroz ensalada fruta patatas fritas pizza Compro (I buy) Compramos (we buy) una camisa una camiseta una chaqueta una falda un jersey un pantalón un vestido calcetines zapatillas de deporte zapatos Juego (I play) Jugamos (we play) al bádminton al baloncesto a las cartas al fútbol al golf al hockey al rugby al tenis al tenis de mesa al voleibol Voy (I go) Vamos (we go) a casa al cine al colegio al restaurante al teatro Viajo (I travel) Viajamos (we travel) a Alemania Austria España Francia Italia en autobús avión coche metro tren Vivo (I live) Vivimos (we live) el campo la costa una ciudad las montañas un pueblo 3

7 Stage 2: Future tense 4 Voy a (I'm going to) Vamos a (we are going to)
aprender (learn) alemán ciencias dibujo español francés geografía historia inglés matemáticas teatro beber (drink) agua café limonada té zumo de naranja comer (eat)  arroz ensalada fruta patatas fritas pizza comprar (buy) una camisa una camiseta una chaqueta una falda un jersey un pantalón un vestido calcetines zapatillas de deporte zapatos Voy a (I'm going to) Vamos a (we are going to) jugar (play) al badminton al baloncesto a las cartas al fútbol al golf al hockey al rugby al tenis al tenis de mesa al voleibol ir (go) a casa al cine al colegio al restaurante al teatro viajar (travel) a  Alemania Austria España Francia Italia en autobús avión coche metro tren vivir (live) el campo la costa una ciudad las montañas un pueblo 4

8 Stage 3: Preterite 5 Aprendí (I learnt) Aprendimos (we learnt) alemán
ciencias dibujo español francés geografía historia inglés matemáticas teatro Bebí (I drank) Bebimos (we drank) agua café limonada té zumo de naranja Comí (I ate) Comimos (we ate) arroz ensalada fruta patatas fritas pizza Compré (I bought) Compramos (we bought) una camisa una camiseta una chaqueta una falda un jersey un pantalón un vestido calcetines zapatillas de deporte zapatos Jugué (I played) Jugamos (we played) al bádminton al baloncesto a las cartas al fútbol al golf al hockey al rugby al tenis al tenis de mesa al voleibol Fui (I went) Fuimos (we went) a casa al cine al colegio al restaurante al teatro Viajé (I travelled) Viajamos (we travelled) a Alemania Austria España Francia Italia en  autobús avión coche metro tren Viví (I lived) Vivimos (we lived) en el campo la costa una ciudad las montañas un pueblo 5

9 Asking for clarification/help
Asking for permission ¿Puedo Can I… ¿Puedes Can you… ¿Podemos Can we… levantarme? get up? encender/apagar la luz? switch on/off the lights? abrir/cerrar la puerta/ventana? open/close the door/window? usar la guía de vocabulario? use my language guide? ir a mi clase de (música/guitarra/piano)? go to my (Music/guitar/piano) lesson? ver a la enfermera? see the nurse? recoger? pack up? repartir …? hand out…? ir al baño? go to the toilet? beber? drink? hablar en inglés? speak in English? hablar más despacio? speak more slowly? explicarlo otra vez? explain it again? Asking for clarification/help ¿Cómo se dice en español/inglés? How do you say in Spanish/English? ¿Cómo se escribe? How do you spell it? ¿Qué significa? What does it mean? ¿Qué página es en la guía? Which page is it in the language guide? 6

10 Asking for help 7 ¿Tenemos que Do we have to… ¿Tengo que Do Ihave to…
¿Hay que Do we need to… escribirlo? write it down? trabajar en parejas? work in pairs? trabajar con…? work with…? compartir? share? pegarlo? stick it in? corregirlo en verde? mark it in green? Tengo… I have… un problema a problem una idea an idea una pregunta a question Necesito… I need… un cuaderno nuevo a new exercise book un boli a pen pegamento a glue stick papel paper ayuda help una hoja a sheet más tiempo more tiempo Por favor Please He olvidado I’ve forgotten Siento llegar tarde Sorry I’m late No lo sé I don’t know Gracias Thank you Un momento por favor A moment please De nada You’re welcome No entiendo I don’t understand Lo siento I’m sorry No estoy seguro/a I’m not sure 7

11 Giving and understanding feedback
(No) es It is… masculino/femenino masculine/feminine un verbo/ sustantivo/ adjetivo/ pronombe/ conector/ infinitive a verb/ noun/ adjective/ pronoun/connective/ infinitive correcto/incorrecto correct/incorrecto Está It is in… en el presente in the present (tense) en el pasado in the past (tense) en el futuro in the future (tense) El orden (no) es The order is (not)… correct/incorrect Falta … is missing Tiene It has… un acento/tilde an accent la letra…. the letter… una palabra a word un signo de interrogación/exclamación an exclamation mark/question mark mayúscula capital letter Games Es tu/mi turno It’s your/my turn Te toca toca a ti/Me toca a mí It’s your turn/it’s my turn He/hemos ganado I have/we have won He/hemos perdido I have/we have lost Está haciendo trampas He/she is cheating Empate It’s a draw Es nuestro punto It’s our point No es justo It’s fair 8

12 Expressions of time and sequencers
Expresiones de tiempo Expressions of time por la mañana in the morning por la tarde in the afternoon a las (tres) de la tarde at (three) o’clock in the afternoon a las (ocho) de la mañana At (eight) in the monring el sábado por la mañana on Saturday morning el domingo por la tarde on Sunday afternoon/evening los fines de semana at the weekends este fin de semana this weekend Secuenciadores Sequencers primero first luego then después afterwards (un poco) más tarde (a little) later por fin / finalmente finally Adverbs Adverbios de modo Adverbs of manner rápidamente, de prisa quickly lentamente, despacio slowly bien well mal badly de repente suddenly mejor / peor better / worse felizmente happily 28 NB these often end in –ly in English, and –mente in Spanish 9

13 Time phrases – different time frames
Expresiones de tiempo - pasado Time phrases - past ayer / anoche yesterday / last night el fin de semana pasado last weekend la semana pasada last week hace dos semanas two weeks ago el mes / verano / año pasado last month / summer / year hace un año a year ago Expresiones de tiempo - presente Time phrases - present siempre always hoy today ahora now en estos momentos at the moment normalmente / generalmente normally / generally (muy) a menudo (very) often dos o tres veces a la semana two or three times a week a veces sometimes de vez en cuando from time to time rara vez / raramente rarely nunca never cada año every year los sábados on Saturdays los fines de semana on weekends todos los dias every day en agosto in August Expresiones de tiempo - futuro Time phrases - future esta tarde this afternoon mañana tomorrow este fin de semana this weekend el fin de semana que viene next weekend la semana que viene next week este verano this summer en agosto in August el próximo mes / el mes que viene next month el año que viene next year la próxima vez next time 28 10

14 Conjunctions, intensifiers
Conjunciones Conjuctions y / e (before a word beginning with “I” or “hi”) and o / u (before a word beginning with “u”) or con with sin without pero but también also tampoco nor/neither cuando when donde where porque because ya que since (because) así que so (consequence) por eso because of that además also, in addition sin embargo however aunque although Intensficadores (adverbios) Intensifiers (adverbs) muy very bastante quite casi almost un poco a bit/a little mucho a lot demasiado too cada vez mas more and more sobre todo especially / above all 11

15 Opinions 12 Opiniones Opinions Me gusta (bastante) I (quite) like
No me gusta (nada) I don’t like (at all) Me encanta/ me chifla/ me mola I love Detesto / odio I hate Prefiero I prefer Frases para introducir hipótesis Phrases to hypothesise Pienso que I think that Creo que I belive that En mi opinión In my opinion Para mí… As far as I’m concerned A mi ver In my view Desde mi punto de vista From my point of view Según… According to… Por un lado…por otro lado… On one hand…on the other hand… Frases para justificar y desarrollar opiniones Phrases to explain / justify and develop opinions porque because por eso because of that debido a / a causa de / gracias a due to / because of / thanks to ya que since como as dado que / puesto que given that por ejemplo for example así que so (consequence) por lo tanto therefore 12

16 Photo description People Action Location Mood W(eather)
there is hay (it) has tiene (it) is (characteristic) es (it) is (location) está Creo que… Pienso que… En mi opinión… ¿Qué hay en la foto? ¿Cómo es/son …? En la foto hay… ¿Dónde está/n …? Tiene/n el pelo… Tiene/n los ojos… Es/son… (guapo/a(s), feo/a(s), gordo/a(s), alto/a(s), bajo/a(s)…) Está/n en... ¿Cómo está/n …? ¿Qué hace/n …? ¿Qué va a pasar…? El niño/a The girl/ boy Los chicos The kids El hombre/la mujer The man/ woman está/n El niño/a The girl/ boy Los chicos The kids El hombre/la mujer The man/ woman + a + infinitivo ¿Qué tiempo hace …? Hace.. Hay… !Ojo! Use Present tense/ present continuous People Action Location Mood W(eather) 13

17 Y8 Key questions 14 Term 1 – Mis vacaciones
¿Adónde fuiste de vacaciones? Where did you go on holiday? ¿Con quién fuiste? Who did you go with? ¿Cómo fuiste? How did you go? ¿Qué hiciste durante las vacaciones? What did you do during the holidays? ¿Qué hiciste el último día? What did you do on the last day? ¿Cómo te fue? How was it? / What was it like? Term 2 – Todo sobre mi vida ¿Qué haces con tu móvil? What do you do on your phone? ¿Con qué frecuencia? How often? ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta? What type of music do you like? ¿Qué tipo de música escuchas? What type of music do you listen to? ¿Quién es tu cantante favorito? Who is your favourite singer? ¿Te gusta la música de…[Ed Sheeran]? Do you like …[Ed Sheeran’s] music? ¿Te gusta la música…[pop]? Do you like…[pop] music? ¿Qué tipo de programas te gusta? What type of programmes do you like? ¿Qué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday? Term 3 – ¡A comer! ¿Qué (no) te gusta comer / beber? What do you (not) like to eat / drink? ¿Qué desayunas / comes / cenas? What do you have for breakfast / lunch / dinner? ¿A qué hora desayunas / comes / cenas? What time do you have breakfast / lunch / dinner? ¿Qué vamos a comprar? What are we going to buy? ¿Qué vas a traer a la fiesta? What are you going to bring to the party? ¿Qué vas a hacer el fin de semana que viene? What are you going to do next weekend? 14

18 Y8 Key questions 15 Term 4 – ¿Qué hacemos? ¿Qué va/vas a tomar?
What are you (tú/usted) going to have? ¿Qué llevas normalmente los fines de semana? What do you normally wear on weekends? ¿Vas a salir esta noche? Are you going to go out this evening? ¿Qué vas a llevar? What are you going to wear? Term 5 – Todo sobre mi vida ¿Te gustaría ir al cine? Would you like to go to the cinema? ¿Quieres salir? Do you want to go out? ¿Quieres ir a…? Do you want to go to…? ¿Dónde quedamos? Where shall we meet? ¿A qué hora? At what time? ¿Cómo te preparas cuando sales de fiesta? How do you get ready when you’re going out to a party? Term 6 – Operación verano ¿Adónde vas normalmente de vacaciones? Where do you normally go on holiday? ¿Qué se puede hacer en…? What can you do in…? ¿Adónde fuiste el verano pasado? Where did you go last summer? ¿Qué hiciste? What did you do? ¿Cómo fue? How was it? ¿Qué vas a hacer el año que viene? What are you going to do next year? ¿Qué te gustaría hacer este verano? What would you like to do this summer? ¿Cómo va a ser? What is it going to be like? 15

19 ¿Adónde fuiste de vacaciones?
¿Adónde fuiste de vacaciones? Where did you go on holiday? el año pasado last year el verano pasado last summer Fui a... I went to... Escocia Scotland España Spain Francia France Gales Wales Grecia Greece Inglaterra England Irlanda Ireland Italia Italy ¿Con quién fuiste? Who did you go with? Fui con... I went with... mis amigos, mis amigas my friends mi clase my class mi familia my family mis padres my parents ¿Cómo fuiste? How did you get there? Fui en, Fuimos en... I went by, We went by... autocar coach avión plane barco boat, ferry coche car tren train No fui de vacaciones. I didn't go on holiday. 16

20 ¿Qué hiciste? For full details on the preterite, see page 44
¿Qué hiciste? What did you do? ¿Qué hiciste en tus vacaciones de verano? What did you do on your summer holiday? Bailé. I danced. Compré una camiseta. I bought a T-shirt. Descansé en la playa. I relaxed on the beach. Mandé SMS. I sent texts. Monté en bicicleta. I rode my bike. Nadé en el mar. I swam in the sea. Tomé el sol. I sunbathed. Visité monumentos. I visited monuments. Pasé dos semanas allí. I spent two weeks there. Visité unos monumentos. I visited some monuments. ¡Lo pasé bomba! I had a great time! Viajé en avión. I travelled by plane. Me alojé en un hotel. I stayed in a hotel. No nadé en el mar. I didn't swim in the sea Saqué fotos. I took photos. Jugué al voleibol. I played volleyball. . El último día de tus vacaciones, ¿qué hiciste? What did you do on the last day of your holiday? Bebí una limonada. I drank a lemonade. Comí paella. I ate paella. Conocí a un chico guapo. I met a cute boy. Conocí a una chica guapa. I met a cute girl. Escribí SMS. I wrote texts. Salí con mi hermano. I went out with my brother. Salí con mi hermana. I went out with my sister. Vi un castillo interesante. I saw an interesting castle. 17

21 ¿Cómo te fue? disfrutar de to enjoy vomitar to vomit divertirse
¿Cómo te fue? How was it? Fue divertido. It was fun or funny. Fue estupendo. It was brilliant. Fue fenomenal. It was fantastic. Fue flipante. It was awesome. Fue genial. It was great. Fue guay. It was cool. Fue regular. It was OK. Fue un desastre. It was a disaster. Fue horrible. It was horrible. Fue horroroso. It was terrible. Fue raro. It was weird. Me gustó. I liked it. Me gustaron. I liked them. Me encantó. I loved it. Me encantaron. I loved them. Hizo buen tiempo.. The weather was good. Hizo sol It was sunny Lo/la/los/las odié I hated it/them (see page 53) Comí algo malo y vomité. I ate something bad and vomited. Llovió. It rained. Hizo mal tiempo. It was bad weather. Hubo tormenta. It was stormy. Perdí mi pasaporte. I lost my passport. Perdí mi móvil. I lost my mobile. disfrutar de to enjoy vomitar to vomit divertirse to have fun romper to break subir a una montaña rusa go on a roller coaster coger una insolación to get sunstroke perder to lose quemarse to burn (oneself) 18

22 descargar (to download)
¿Qué haces con tu móvil? For details on the present tense, see page 38 ¿Qué haces con tu móvil? What do you do on your phone? Chateo con mis amigos. I chat with my friends. Comparto mis vídeos favoritos. I share my favourite videos. Descargo melodías o aplicaciones.I download ringtones or apps. Hablo por Skype. I talk on Skype. Juego. I play. Leo mis SMS. I read my texts. Mando SMS. I send texts. Saco fotos. I take photos. Veo vídeos o películas. I watch videos or films. -AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs chatear (to chat) leer (to read) compartir (to share) descargar (to download) ver (to see/watch) escribir (to write) mandar (to send) aprender (to learn) recibir (to receive) sacar (to take) romper (to break) abrir (to open) hablar (to talk) correr (to run) decidir (to decide) jugar (oue) (to play) comer (to eat) subir (to go/put up) ¿Con qué frecuencia? How often? todos los días every day dos o tres veces a la semana two or three times a week a veces sometimes de vez en cuando from time to time nunca never 19

23 ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta?
¿Qué tipo de música te gusta? What type of music do you like? Me chifla / encanta / gusta (mucho/bastante)… No me gusta (nada) / odio / detest… el rap rap el R'n'B R'n'B el rock rock la música clásica classical music la música electronica electronic music la música pop pop music ¿Qué tipo de música escuchas? What type of music do you listen to? Escucho rap. I listen to rap. Escucho la música de Adele. I listen to Adele's music. Escucho de todo. I listen to everything. Opiniones Opinions Me gusta... I like... Me gusta mucho... I like... very much Me encanta... I love... No me gusta... I don't like... No me gusta nada... I don't like... at all la letra the lyrics la melodía the tune el ritmo the rhythm porque es guay, triste, horrible because it is cool, sad, horrible ¿Te gusta la música de Do you like One Direction's music? One Direction? ¿Quién es tu cantante favorito/a? Who is your favourite singer? Me gusta la música de Adele. I like Adele's music. mi canción favorita my favourite song mi cantante favorito/a my favourite singer mi grupo favorito my favourite group 20

24 ¿Qué tipo de programas te gusta?
¿Qué tipo de programas What type of programmes te gusta? do you like? Me gustan las comedias I like comedies los programas de música music programmes los programas de deportes sports programmes los concurso game shows los documentales documentaries los realitys reality shows las comedias comedies las series policíacas police series las telenovelas soap operas el telediario the news ¿Cuál es tu programa What is your favourite favorito? programme? Mi programa favorito es… My favourite programme is… Es… It is… un programa de música a music programme un programa de deportes a sports programme un concurso a game show un documental a documentary un reality a reality show una comedia a comedy una serie policíaca a police series una telenovela a soap opera triste sad  entretenido entertaining  informativo informative  emotivo moving  interesante interesting  educativo educational aburrido boring divertido funny emocionante exciting  cómico funny  21

25 ¿Qué hiciste ayer? For full details on the preterite, see page 44 22
¿Qué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday? Bailé en mi cuarto. I danced in my room. (bailar) Hablé por Skype. I talked on Skype. (hablar) Monté en bici. I rode my bike. (montar) Jugué en línea con mis amigos. I played online with my friends. (jugar) Jugué tres horas. I played for three hours. Vi una película. I watched a film. (ver) Salí con mis amigos. I went out with my friends. (salir) Fui al cine. I went to the cinema. (ir) Hice gimanasia. I did gymnastics. (hacer) Hice kárate. I did karate. No hice los deberes. I didn't do my homework. Jugar a… - To play Jugué a… - I played Hacer / practicar… – To do Hice / pratiqué – I did… el tenis (juego al tenis) el esquí (skiing) el fútbol (juego al fútbol) el patinaje (skating) el rugby el senderismo (hiking) el golf el ciclismo el hockey el piragüismo (kayaking) el baloncesto (basketball) el yoga el bádminton el atletismo (athletics) el snooker el alpinismo (climbing) el ping pong la gymnasia el squash la equitación (horse riding) la natación (swimming) You usually don’t use the definite article with ‘hacer’. Remember: a + el = al 22

26 ¡Ojo! Remember the definite article after opinion phrases
¿Qué te gusta comer y beber? ¿Qué te gusta comer/beber? What do you like to eat/drink? ¿Qué no te gusta comer? What don't you like to eat? ¿Qué no te gusta beber? What don't you like to drink? Me gusta(n) mucho I really like... Me encanta(n) I love... No me gusta(n) nada I don't like... at all. Odio... I hate... Prefiero... I prefer... ¡Ojo! Remember the definite article after opinion phrases ¿Qué desayunas? What do you have for breakfast? Desayuno... For breakfast I have... No desayuno nada. I don't have anything for breakfast. ¿Qué comes? What do you have for lunch? Como... I eat.../For lunch I have... ¿Qué meriendas? What do you have for a snack? Meriendo… For a snack I have… ¿Qué cenas? What do you have for dinner? Ceno... For dinner I have... ¿Qué bebes? What do you drink? Bebo… I drink… ¿Qué vas a tomar / desayunar… What are you going to have / have for breakfast etc. ¡Ojo! Do NOT use an article after these verbs. E.g. como ensalada (not como la ensalada) desyunar to have (for) breakfast comer to have (for) lunch merendar to have (for) tea / a snack cenar to have (for) dinner tomar to have (food & drink) beber to drink el desayuno breakfast la comida lunch (meal) la merienda Tea / afternoon snack la cena dinner la bebida drink 23

27 24 la fruta fruit el limón lemon el melocotón peach el plátano banana
el tomate tomato el aguacate avocado la naranja orange la manzana apple la pera pear la fresa strawberry las uvas grapes las verduras vegetables el pimiento pepper el ajo garlic el pepino cucumber los guisantes peas la lechuga lettuce la cebolla onion la zanahoria carrot la patata potato la ensalada salad los productos lácteos dairy products el queso cheese el yogur yoghurt la leche milk la mantequilla butter los mariscos sea food el pulpo octopus los calamares squid las gambas prawns la comida rápida fast-food el bocadillo (de…) filled roll el sándwich sandwich la pizza pizza la hamburguesa hamburger las patatas fritas chips la sopa soup los huevos eggs las bebidas drinks el zumo (de naranja..) juice (orange..) el té tea el café (con leche, solo) coffee (white, black) el cacao hot chocolate el ColaCao chocolate milk la coca cola coke la limonada lemonade la naranjada orangeade el agua mineral (con gas, sin gas) mineral water (sparkling, still) 24

28 delicioso / sabroso / rico delicious / tasty
los cereales cereal products el pan bread el pastel cake el arroz rice la pasta pasta los churros churros cereal las galletas biscuits las tostadas toast la carne meat el pollo chicken el cerdo pork el cordero lamb el jamón ham el chorizo sausage (spicy) el biftec/el bistec steak la carne de vaca beef la chuleta chop la salchicha sausage (not spicy) la carne picada mince el pescado fish el atún tuna los postres desserts los caramelos sweets Platos típicos Typical dishes la tortilla de patata potato omelette la paella Paella la ensalada mixta mixed salad la enslada rusa tuna & vegetable salad with mayonnaise las patatas bravas fried potatoes with spicy sauce la fabada stew with beans las migas fried breadcrumbs el turrón nougat el gazpacho cold tomato soup el flan creme caramel el cocido stew with chickpeas los calamares en su tinta squid in its ink el pulpo a la gallega octopus with sauce el pisto mixed fried vegetables el arroz con leche rice pudding sano healthy malsano unhealthy grasiento greasy delicioso / sabroso / rico delicious / tasty nutritivo nutritious picante spicy dulce sweet salado salty amargo bitter bueno para la salud good for your health malo para la salud bad for your health 25

29 ¿A qué hora desayunas / comes/ cenas?
¿A qué hora desayunas / At what time do you have comes/ cenas? breakfast / lunch / dinner? Desayuno a las siete. I have breakfast at seven o'clock. Como a las dos. I have lunch at two o'clock. Ceno a las nueve. I have dinner at nine o'clock. la hora de comer lunchtime antes de… before después de… after ¡Ojo! To say ‘It’s…[time]’, use ‘es la una’ / ‘son las…’, BUT to say “at…[time]’, use ‘a la una’ / ‘a las…’. 26

30 ¿Qué vamos a comprar? ¿Qué vamos a comprar? What are we going to buy? ¿Qué vas a comprar? What are you going to buy? ¿Qué vas a traer (a la fiesta)? What are you going to bring (to the party)? Voy a traer... I'm going to bring... quesadillas quesadillas (toasted cheese tortillas) Voy a comprar... I am going to buy... un kilo de tomates a kilo of tomatoes medio kilo de queso half a kilo of cheese 200 gramos de pollo 200 grams of chicken doscientos cincuenta gramos (de) 250g (of) medio kilo (de) ½ kilo (of) un kilo (de)/dos kilos (de) a kilo (of)/2 kilos (of) un kilo y medio (de) 1 ½ kilos (of) una botella (de) a bottle (of) una barra (de) a loaf (of) una lata (de) a tin/can (of) un paquete (de) a packet (of) cien euros 100 euros veinte céntimos 20 cents 10 diez 100 cien 20 veinte 200 doscientos 30 treinta 300 trescientos 40 cuarenta 400 cuatrocientos 50 cincuenta 500 quinientos 60 sesenta 600 seiscientos 70 setenta 700 setecientos 80 ochenta 800 ochocientos 90 noventa 900 novecientos mil ¿Qué desea? What would you like? Déme.. Give me.. ¿Algo más? Anything else? ¿Cuánto cuesta / es (todo)? How much is (everything)? Cuesta… It costs… Nada más Nothing else 27

31 ¿Qué va a tomar usted? Buenos días / Buenas tardes Good morning / afternoon ¿Qué va a tomar usted? What are you (singular, formal) going to have? ¿Qué van a tomar ustedes? What are you (plural, formal) going to have? Tengo hambre. I am hungry. Tengo sed. I am thirsty. de primer plato as a starter de segundo plato for main course de postre for dessert para beber to drink voy a tomar... I'll have... ¿Algo más? Anything else? nada más nothing else La cuenta, por favor. The bill, please. See page 24-5 for more la ensalada mixta mixed salad los huevos fritos fried eggs la sopa soup el pan bread las chuletas de cerdo pork chops el filete steak el pescado frito fried fish el pollo con pimientos chicken with peppers la tortilla española Spanish omelette el helado de chocolate chocolate ice cream (de fresa, de vainilla) (strawberry, vanilla) la tarta de queso cheesecake la coca cola coke 28

32 ¿Qué llevas normalmente?
¿Vas a salir esta noche? Are you going to go out tonight? Voy a ir al/a la... I'm going to go to the... ¿Te gustaría ir/venir a…? Would you like to come to …? Me gustaría ir/venir a… I would like to go/come to… ¿Qué llevas normalmente los fines de semana? What do you normally wear at weekends? Normalmente los fines de semana llevo… At weekends I normally wear... ¿Qué vas a llevar? una camisa a shirt una camiseta a T-shirt una sudadera a sweatshirt una falda a skirt una gorra a cap una corbata a tie unos pantalones some trousers unos vaqueros some jeans unos guantes some gloves unas botas some boots unos zapatos some shoes unas zapatillas de deporte some trainers unas chanclas some flip-flops a la bolera to the bowling alley a la cafetería to the café al centro comercial to the shopping centre al museo to the museum al cine to the cinema al parque to the park a la pista de hielo to the ice rink al polideportivo to the sports centre a mi casa to my house ¿Qué vas a llevar? What are you going to wear? Voy a llevar.. I'm going to wear... 29

33 de color naranja / naranja
¿De qué color? M (un vestido) F (una camisa) M pl (unos pantalones) F pl (unas botas) red rojo roja rojos rojas black negro negra negros negras white blanco blanca blancos blancas yellow amarillo amarilla amarillos amarillas purple morado morada morados moradas brown marrón marrones grey gris grises green verde verdes blue azul azules orange de color naranja / naranja pink de color rosa / rosa ¡Ojo! If there is an accent on the last syllable of an adjective e.g. marrón, inglés, the accent is DROPPED if the adjective is plural ¡Ojo! Some colours only agree for number (no separate feminine form) and some do not agree at all (if they are named after an object) sin mangas sleeveless de manga larga long-sleeved de manga corta short-sleeved de cuero (made of) leather de algodón (made of) cotton de lana (made of ) wool de rayas stripey de cuadros checked de lunares spotty de tacón high-heeled 30

34 ¿Quieres salir? De acuerdo. All right. Vale. OK. Muy bien. Very good.
¿Quieres salir? Do you want to go out? De acuerdo. All right. Vale. OK. Muy bien. Very good. ¡Genial! Great! Si, me gustaría mucho. Yes, I'd like that very much. ¿Dónde quedamos? Where shall we meet? delante de (la cafeteria) in front of (the café) detrás de (de+el  del cine) behind (the cinema) enfrente de (tu casa) opposite (your house) al lado de (la bolera) next to (the bowling alley) ¿A qué hora? At what time? a la(s)... at... No tengo ganas. I don't feel like it. ¡Qué aburrido! How boring! Lo siento, no puedo I'm sorry, I can't Tengo que... I have to... cuidar a mi hermano look after my brother hacer los deberes do my homework lavarme el pelo wash my hair ordenar mi dormitorio tidy my room pasear al perro walk the dog salir con mis padres go out with my parents No quiero. I don't want to. No tengo dinero. I don't have any money. No puede salir. He/She can't go out. 31

35 ¿Cómo te preparas? ¿Cómo te preparas cuando sales de fiesta? How do you get ready when you go to a party? Me baño. I have a bath. Me ducho. I have a shower. Me lavo la cara. I wash my face. Me lavo los dientes. I brush my teeth. Me visto. I get dressed. Me maquillo. I put on make-up. Me peino. I comb my hair. Me aliso el pelo. I straighten my hair. Me pongo gomina. I put gel on my hair. For details on reflexive verbs, see page 40 acostarse to go to bed afeitarse to shave arreglarse to get ready (e.g. to go out) bañarse to have a bath cepillarse to brush (hair, teeth..) convertirse en to become / turn into despertarse to wake up desvestirse to undress ducharse to shower enamorarse de to fall in love with lavarse to wash (any body part) levantarse to get up maquillarse to put makeup on parecerse a to look like peinarse to brush or comb one’s hair ponerse to put on (clothing), to get dressed quedarse to remain/ to stay quitarse to take off (clothing) sentirse to feel vestirse to get dressed ¡Ojo! In Spanish your body parts are not yours…! In English we say “I brush my teeth” but Spanish uses the definite article instead “me cepillo LOS dientes”, “me lavo LAS manos”. 32

36 ¿Qué se puede hacer en...? ¿Qué se puede hacer en...? What can you do in...? Se puede... You can... hacer senderismo go hiking ir a la bolera go bowling ir al cine go to the cinema ir de compras go shopping ir de paseo en bicicleta go on a bike ride ir a la playa go to the beach ir al restaurante go to the restaurant jugar al golf play golf jugar al voleibol play volleyball jugar al tenis play tennis ver la catedral see the cathedral visitar un castillo visit a castle Se pueden... You can... hacer actividades náuticas do water sports hacer artes marciales do martial arts En…hay un/a…donde se puede… In…there is a …where you can… 33

37 Grammar: Key terms 34 Noun Nombre, Sustantivo
A noun is a word which can be used after a determiner. They are words for a person, place, thing or idea. In Spanish they are classified as masculine or feminine, and singular or plural. Un gato, una hermana, unos perros, unas tías A cat, a sister, some dogs, some aunties Adjective Adjetivo An adjective is used to desctibe a noun, or after the verb “be”, to add detail. They are often called “descrbing” words. Alto, inteligente, enorme, Tall, intelligent, enormous Preposition Preposición A preposition links a following noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. A, con, de To, with, of Verb Verbo A verb is a word which can be described as having a tense (present/past/future) and an infinitive form. They are often called “doing words” Vivo, bebe, comen, pensamos I live, he/she drinks, they eat, we think Tense Tiempo verbal Tense is the choice between present, past and future verbs. Hablo, voy a hablar I speak, I am going to speak Infinitive Infinitivo The ‘dictionary form’ of the verb, equivalent to “…ing” or “to …” n English. There are 3 types of infinitive in Spanish: -AR, -ER, -IR. Hablar, comer, vivir To speak, to eat, to live Subject Sujeto The subject of a verb is the person or thing that is doing (or being) the verb. The form of the verb depends on its subject. Yo, tú, él, ella I, you, he, she Object Objeto An object is used with a verb, and shows what the verb is acting on. Como chocolate, lee un libro I eat chocolate, she reads a book Adverb Adverbio An adverb is used to modify (add detail to) a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Rápidamente, bien, fácilmente Quickly, well, easily Pronoun Pronombre A pronoun is a word which can be used instead of a noun. It is used like a noun. Lo/la, él, nos It, him, to us Conjunction Conjunción A conjunction links two words or phrases together. Y, pero, porque And, but, because 34

38 Stress Written accents 35
If the word ends in a consonant other than –n or –s, the stress falls on the last syllable: hablar, Madrid, natural. If the word ends in a vowel, -n, or –s, the stress falls on the penultimate (second to last) syllable: calle, hablan, Francia. If this is NOT the case, a written accent must be used to show where the stress falls: difícil, natación, cómodo. When nouns are pluralised and adjectives are agreed, this can add an extra syllable to words. The stress stays on the same syllable, which can mean that you need to add or remove an accent. Inglés  inglesa Imagen  imágenes Written accents The á é í ó ú accent marks are used in Spanish for two reasons: to indicate where the stress or emphasis falls on a word when it is pronounced, and to differentiate between identically spelled words. They can also be essential in accurately forming different tenses. Interrogatives (qué, cómo cuándo etc.) and exclamations (qué…!) carry a written accent. Be careful with the following words, which mean completely different things, depending on the accent. El – the / él – him Se – reflexive pronoun / sé – I know Si – if / sí – yes Sólo – only / solo – alone Te – reflexive pronoun / té – tea Tu – your / tú – you Mi – my / mí – me 35

39 Definite and indefinite articles THE masculine feminine
Saying “the”: The definite article introduces a noun, when the person you are talking or writing to already knows what you are talking about. THE masculine feminine singular el la plural los las Saying “a”, “some”: The indefinite article introduces a noun, when the person you are talking or writing to does not already know what you are talking about. A / SOME masculine feminine singular un una plural unos unas ¡Ojo! Spanish and English do not always use these words in the same place! Sometimes you need to include them in Spanish when you would not use them in English. Subject pronouns can be used with verbs, to show who or what is doing the action of the verb. Subject pronouns yo I tú you (singular familiar) él he ella she Usted you (singular formal) nosotros we vosotros you (plural familiar) ellos they (masculine) ellas they (feminine) Ustedes you (plural formal) ¡Ojo! There are four ways to say ‘you’ in Spanish: Familiar: Use ‘tú’ to one person you know well (singular) and ‘vosotros’ to more than one friend (plural). Formal: Use ‘Usted’ to one older person you don’t know, or with a person you are showing respect and being polite to (singular), and ‘Ustedes’ to more than one person (plural). ¡Ojo! You do not usually need to use these pronouns, as the ending of the verb also changes, depending on the subject of the verb. 36

40 Negatives – not (at all), don’t, nothing, never, nobody
Asking questions Preguntas Questions ¿Dónde? Where? ¿Quién(es)? Who? ¿Cuándo? When? ¿Qué? What? ¿Cómo? How? ¿Por qué? Why? ¿Cuánto? How much? ¿Cuántos? How many? ¿Cuál(es)? Which? NB in Spanish there is no equivalent of the auxiliary verbs ‘do’ and ‘be’ in questions. To ask yes / no questions (e.g. do you have… are you going…), simply use ¿? around the verb. In speaking, use intonation to signal that you are asking a question, by raising the tone of your voice. Tienes (you have)  ¿Tienes? (do you have?) Te gusta (you like)  ¿Te gusta? (do you like?) Juegas (you play)  ¿Juegas? (do you play) Va (he / she’s going)  ¿Va? (is he/she going?) ¡Ojo! When you are asked ‘¿te gusta…?’, it can be very tempting to answer, ‘sí, te gusta….’. Remember if you are asked a ‘do you…’ question, you need to change the verb to talk about yourself! (i.e. ¿te gusta…? Sí, me gusta…) Negatives – not (at all), don’t, nothing, never, nobody 1. Put ‘no’ before the verb to make a negative sentence. No vivo en Dublin. I don’t live in Dublin. 2. Put ‘nada’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘don’t …at all, anything, nothing’ No me gusta nada el tenis. I don’t like tennis at all. 3. Put ‘nunca’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘never’ No desayuno nunca. I never have breakfast. 4. Put ‘nadie’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘no-one or not anyone’ No conozco a nadie. I don’t know anyone. 37 25

41 Present tense: regular verbs
To talk about actions in the present (what happens/is happening), you need to change the infinitive verb by taking off the last 2 letters (either –AR, -ER, or –IR) and adding different endings. The endings tell you who is doing the action of the verb. E.g. hablo = I speak, bailan = they dance. In Spanish you usually leave out the subject pronoun (I, you, he, she…) because the endings show which person is referred to. Look at the table below to see which endings you need to add to the regular –AR, -ER and –IR verbs to make the present tense. NB: Use the tú and vosotros (familiar) forms of ‘you’ when talking to friends, relations or children. Use the Usted and Ustedes (formal) forms when talking to an adult who you would not call by their first name (e.g. if you would use Mr… or Ms…). Regular present tense verbs (AR) hablar – to speak (ER) aprender – to learn (IR) escribir – to write yo (I) hablo aprendo escribo tú (you, sing, fam) hablas aprendes escribes él/ella (he, she) habla aprende escribe Usted (you, sig, formal) nosotros (we) hablamos aprendemos escribimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) habláis aprendéis escribís ellos/ellas (they) hablan aprenden escriben Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 38

42 eie preferir – to prefer
Radical-changing verbs (‘boot’ verbs) eie preferir – to prefer ei repetir – to repeat oue dormir – to sleep prefiero repito duermo prefieres repites duermes prefiere repite duerme preferimos repetimos dormimos preferís repetís dormís prefieren repiten duermen pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensa piensan Remember, usually, to conjugate verbs in the present tense, you change the verb ending. Radical-changing verbs (also known as root-changing or stem-changing verbs) also have changes in the stem. These changes happen in all parts of the verb except nosotros and vosotros. Sometimes, these are also called ‘boot’ verbs, as the verbs which change in the stem fit inside the shape of a boot! E  IE Querer To want Entender To understand Empezar To start Pensar To think Preferir To prefer E  I Pedir To ask for Seguir to follow Corregir To correct O  UE Poder To be able to Soler To tend to Jugar To play Encontrar To find Acostarse To go to bed There are 3 types of change: e  ie e  i o  ue 39

43 Reflexive verbs Reflexive verbs include a reflexive pronoun because they are usually actions you do to yourself. So, when you find one in its infinitive form, it will have –se attached after the –AR, -ER or –IR (e.g. ducharse, sentirse, hacerse). Reflexive verbs require you to change the ending of the verb as normal, and to make sure that you are using the correct pronoun. To conjugate a reflexive verb: Remove the –se from the infinitive. What type of verb is it (-AR, -ER, -IR)? Who are you talking about? Change the verb ending as normal e.g. yo  o. Who are you talking about? Now make sure you have the right reflexive pronoun. The reflexive pronoun goes in front of the verb. Careful: The pronoun and the verb ending must both refer to the same person! NB if you need to use a reflexive verb in the infinitive form (e.g. after another verb) or the gerund (e.g. for the present continuous) , you do not change the verb ending, but you must still make sure the pronoun matches the person you are talking about. The pronoun stays at the end of the verb. e.g.¿puedo ducharme? (Can I have a shower?), estoy duchándome (I am having a shower). 4. To make a reflexive verb negative, use the “no” before the pronoun + verb e.g. no me levanto temprano (I don’t get up early). 40

44 Reflexive verbs Reflexive pronouns:
Remember, to conjugate reflexive verbs, change the verb as normal, and then put the reflexive pronoun in front. yo (I) me nosotros (we) nos tú (you, sing, fam) te vosotros (you, pl, fam) os él/ella (he, she) se ellos/ellas (they) Usted (you, sing, formal) Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Reflexive pronouns: Ducharse (to have a shower / to shower yourself) yo (I) me ducho tú (you, sing, fam) te duchas él/ella (he, she) se ducha Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) nos duchamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os ducháis ellos/ellas (they) se duchan Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Vestirse (e  i) (to get dressed / put clothes on yourself) yo (I) me visto tú (you, sing, fam) te vistes él/ella (he, she) se viste Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) nos vestimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os vestís ellos/ellas (they) se visten Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Llamarse (to be called/ to call yourself) yo (I) me llamo tú (you, sing, fam) te llamas él/ella (he, she) se llama Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) nos llamamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os llamáis ellos/ellas (they) se llaman Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Ponerse (to put on (oneself) ) yo (I) me pongo tú (you, sing, fam) te pones él/ella (he, she) se pone Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) nos ponemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os ponéis ellos/ellas (they) se ponen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 35 41

45 Gustar and gustar-type verbs
GUSTAR means ‘to be pleasing to’. So “me gusta” means “it is pleasing to me”, and “me gustan” means “they are pleasing to me”. We don’t use this construction in English, so we translate both “me gusta” and “me gustan” as “I like”. To say what you like to do / what you like doing, use “me gusta” followed by an infinitive. E.g. me gusta ver la tele (I like watching TV). To say you like a thing, use “me gusta(n)” followed by the definite article, and then the appropriate noun. Use ‘gusta’ with singular nouns and ‘gustan’ with plural nouns. A mí me (to me) gusta INFINITIVE A ti te (to you) el noun A él / ella A mi madre / A Juan le (to him/her) la A usted le (to you – formal,sing) A nosotros A María y a mí nos (to us) gustan los A vosotros A Leo y a ti os (to you – fam.pl) A ellos / ellas A Paula y Luís les (to them) las A ustedes A Sr Mora y a usted les (to you – formal, pl) These verbs work like GUSTAR, too: to love encantar to interest interesar to adore / love chiflar to fascinate fascinar to annoy / bother molestar to need hacer falta to hurt doler (oue) ¡Ojo! Remember to use the correct pronoun – you will need to change it if you are talking about what other people like. E.g. ¿Te gusta escuchar música? (Do you like listening to music?), a mi padre le gusta… (my dad likes…). 42

46 SOLER (radical-changing verb)
Two-verb structures When two verbs are used next to each other in Spanish, the first verb is conjugated as normal, but the second stays in the infinitive. Modal verbs To have to Tener que (I  ie) To ‘must’ Deber To be able to / to ‘can’ Poder (o  ue_ To want to Querer (e  ie) Modal verbs are ‘helping’ verbs, which express possibility or necessity. They give us additional information about a main verb. Soler – To tend to… SOLER (radical-changing verb) beber agua mineral desayunar a las siete ir al cine montar en bici hacer turismo yo (I) suelo tú (you, sing, fam) sueles él/ella (he, she) suele Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) solemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) soléis ellos/ellas (they) suelen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) To say what you usually do, or tend to do, use soler (o  ue) + an infinitive verb. Se puede / se pueden You can visit the art gallery. Se puede visitar la galería de arte. You can go sightseeing. Se puede hacer turismo. You can eat lots of typical dishes. Se pueden comer muchos platos típicos. You can do water sports. Se pueden hacer actividades náuticas. Use se puede and se pueden + infinitive to mean ‘you can’…. Use se puede with singular nouns, and se pueden with plural nouns: 43

47 Preterite tense: Regular verbs
The preterite is a past tense. It is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It is equivalent to the simple past in English: I went, I ate, I swam etc. Regular –AR verbs follow this pattern in the preterite. yo (I) visité tú (you, sing, fam) visitaste él/ella (he, she) visitó Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) visitamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) visitasteis ellos/ellas (they) visitaron Ustedes (you, pl, formal) ¡Ojo! Some verbs change spelling in the ‘I’ form: -car verbs  -qué –gar verbs  gué -zar verbs  cé (to maintain the pronunciation in the verb stem). Regular –ER and IR verbs have the same endings as each other in the preterite. (ER) comer – to eat (IR) salir – to go out yo (I) comí salí tú (you, sing, fam) comiste saliste él/ella (he, she) comió salió Usted (you, sing, formal) nosotros (we) comimos salimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) comisteis salisteis ellos/ellas (they) comieron salieron Ustedes (you, pl, formal) NB When speaking, always stress the accented letter. bailé, compró, salí, comió. 44

48 Preterite tense: IR (to go)
IR (to go) is irregular in the preterite. Learn it off by heart! (yo) fui I went (tú) fuiste you went (fam./sing.) (él/ella) fue he/she went (Usted) you went (polite/sing.) (nosotros) fuimos we went (vosotros) fuisteis you went (fam./plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) went (Ustedes) you went (polite/plural) Preterite tense: SER (to be) SER (to be) is also irregular, BUT SER and IR are identical in the preterite so you have already learnt it! E.g. Mi padre fue a España. ¡Fue estupendo! My father went to Spain. It was brilliant! (yo) fui I was (tú) fuiste you were (fam./sing.) (él/ella) fue he/she/it was (Usted) you were (polite/sing.) (nosotros) fuimos we were (vosotros) fuisteis you were (fam./plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) were (Ustedes) you were (polite/plural) 45

49 Preterite tense: Key irregular verbs
There are 4 key verbs in Spanish which are irregular in the preterite tense. These are some of the most common, and you will need to learn them by heart! See page XXX for SER and IR. NB Irregular verbs in the preterite DO NOT have accents. dar – to give ver to see yo di vi tú diste viste él / ella dio vio Usted nosotros dimos vimos vosotros disteis visteis ellos / ellas dieron vieron Ustedes ¡Ojo! There is another group of verbs which have IRREGULAR STEMS in the preterite, and use a DIFFERENT set of ENDINGS. You will need to learn these too  tener – to have hacer – to do decir – to say yo tuve hice dije tú tuviste hiciste dijiste él / ella tuvo hizo dijo Usted nosotros tuvimos hicimos dijimos vosotros tuvisteis hicisteis dijisteis ellos / ellas tuvieron hicieron dijeron Ustedes Other example are: estar (to be)  estuv-, haber (to have)  hub-, poder (to be able)  pud-, poner (to put)  pus-, querer (to want)  quis-, saber (to know)  sup-, venir (to come)  vin-. 46

50 The near future tense ¿Qué vas a hacer? What are you going to do?
The near future tense is used to say what you are going to do. In Spanish, it has 3 parts: the present tense of ir (pick the right bit for the person you are talking about!) a an infinitive yo voy a ver la tele ir al cine visitar a mis amigos jugar al tenis hacer mis deberes quedarme en casa tú vas él / ella / usted va nosotros vamos vosotros vais ellos / ellas / Ustedes van ¿Qué vas a hacer? What are you going to do? Voy a salir con mis amigos. I am going to go out with my friends. Vas a ver la televisión. You are going to watch TV. Va a ir de paseo. He/She is going to go for a walk. Vamos a jugar al voleibol. We are going to play volleyball. Vais a chatear. You are going to chat. Van a hacer los deberes. They are going to do their homework. 47

51 Exclamations – How…! What a…!
¡Qué! can be followed by an adjective, adverb, or noun + verb. ¡Qué alto eres! How tall you are! ¡Qué rojo es! How red it is! ¡Qué bien trabaja! How well he works! Exclamations – How…! What a…! Use exclamations to add interest to what you say and write. They are a great way of reacting to what someone is saying In Spanish, many exclamations are formed with ¡qué!, where it is equivalent to what...! what a...! or how...! It can be used with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. ¡Qué! can be followed directly by an adjective. ¡Qué bonito! How pretty! ¡Qué divertido! How funny! ¡Qué interesante! How interesting! ¡Qué guay! How cool! When ¡qué! is followed by a noun, you do not use the article. ¡Qué lástima! What a shame! ¡Qué rollo! What a drag! ¡Qué suerte! What luck! / How lucky! ¡Qué horror! How dreadful! Advanced: You can use an adjective and a noun in an exclamation. The noun may preceded by an adjective e.g. ¡Qué mala suerte! (what bad luck), ¡Qué buena persona! (what a good person). When the noun is followed by an adjective, the adjective must be preceded by tan or más ¡Qué día más espléndido! What a beautiful day! ¡Qué comida tan deliciosa! What delicious food! ¡Qué vestido tan elegante! What an elegant dress! ¡Qué clase más interesante! What an interesting class! 48

52 Adjectives 49 An adjective is used to describe a noun. Agreement
In Spanish, when you are describing something, the gender and number of the adjective must match the gender and number of the noun (it must agree). You have to look at the gender and number of the noun and check whether the adjective you are using needs to change. Sometimes the adjective does not have to change. The two rules for deciding are as follows: if the adjective ends in –o then the o changes to a if the noun it describes is feminine; if the adjective ends in any other letter do not change it — except: if the adjective describes nationality or regional origin, then it must be made feminine if the noun it describes is feminine; if the noun is plural, the adjective should be made plural too. For example: singular plural masculine feminine short bajo baja bajos bajas blue azul azules English inglés inglesa ingleses inglesas Position In sentences where the noun and the adjective come next to each other, in Spanish it is the noun which comes first, usually. In English it is the other way round. For example: We have a blue car Tenemos un coche azul A big garden Un jardín grande The tall girls Las chicas altas There are a very few cases where the word order is the same as in English. Watch out for them! 49

53 ¡Ojo! Some adjectives have IRREGULAR comparative/superlative forms:
Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives There are 3 types of comparatives. Comparatives of superiority: … is/are more… than... Comparatives of inferiority: … is/are less… than… Comparative of equailty: …is/are as…as… más + adjective + .que more…..than menos + adjective + que less…..than tan + adjective + .como as…….as (Remember that adjectives need to agree with the noun they describe.) Mi hermana es más alta que yo My sister is taller than me Cameron Diaz es menos famosa que Kylie Minogue Cameron Diaz is less famous than Kylie Minogue Los concursos son más divertidos que las telenovelas. Game shows are funnier than soaps. NB to say “as much…as” or “as many…as”, use tanto…como. ‘Tanto’ must agree for number and gender. The superlative Use the superlative to say ‘the smallest’, ‘the most comfortable’, etc. the + noun + más + adjective el parque más bonito the prettiest park la playa limpia the cleanest beach los cafés baratos the cheapest coffees las cuevas famosas the most famous caves ¡Ojo! Some adjectives have IRREGULAR comparative/superlative forms: Bueno  mejor, malo  peor, grande  mayor (older / greater), pequeño  menor (younger / lesser) 50

54 Possessive adjectives
my mi your tu his/her su our nuestro vuestro their NB: These are adjectives so all will agree with number (add an –s) and nuestro/vuestro agree with gender too  nuestro/nuestra/ nuestros/nuestras vuestro/vuestra/ vuestros/vuestras Possessive pronouns NB: These change depending on the gender and number of the object referred to. mine el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías yours el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas his/hers el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas ours el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras theirs 51

55 that one, those ones over there
Demonstrative adjectives These are like other adjectives and they agree with the noun they describe. m.sing f.sing m.pl f.pl this, these este esta estos estas that, those ese esa esos esas that, those over there aquel aquella aquellos aquellas NB: There are two words for ‘that’ in Spanish. Aquel and ese. Aquel describes something that is further away. Demonstrative pronouns – this one, that one m.sing f.sing m.pl f.pl this one, these ones éste ésta éstos éstas that one, those ones ése ésa ésos ésas that one, those ones over there aquél aquélla aquéllos aquéllas 52

56 Direct object pronouns
Direct object pronouns – it / them Direct object pronouns me te you (singular familiar) lo he / it (m) la she / it (f) lo/la you (singular formal) nos us os you (plural familiar) los them (masculine) las them (feminine) los/las you (plural formal) The direct object of a verb is the person or thing the verb is happening to / having and effect on. A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence (for ease or to avoid repetition). These are placed before the verb except after positive commands, infinitives and gerunds (present participles). For example: 1. No sé donde está mi libro. Lo dejé en la mesa. I don’t know where my book is. I left it on the table. 2. Tu hermana es muy deportista. La ví ayer en el partido de fútbol. Your sister is very sporty. I saw her yesterday in the football match. 53

57 Números cardinales y ordinales
1 un(o) / una 2 dos 3 tres 4 cuatro 5 cinco 6 seis 7 siete 8 ocho 9 nueve 10 diez 11 once 12 doce 13 trece 14 catorce 15 quince 16 dieciséis 17 diecisiete 18 dieciocho 19 diecinueve 20 veinte 21 veintiuno 22 veintidós 23 veintitrés 24 veinticuatro 25 veinticinco 26 veintiséis 27 veintisiete 28 veintiocho 29 veintinueve 30 treinta 31 treinta y uno 10 diez 100 cien 20 veinte 200 doscientos 30 treinta 300 trescientos 40 cuaranta 400 cuatrocientos 50 cincuenta 500 quinientos 60 sesenta 600 seiscientos 70 setenta 700 setecientos 80 ochenta 800 ochocientos 90 noventa 900 novecientos mil 1458 mil cuatrocientos cincuenta y ocho 2000 dos mil 1,000,000 un millón 2,000,000 dos millones primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth sexto sixth séptimo seventh octavo eigth noveno nineth décimo tenth

58 KS3 Speaking Step Levels
Understand and respond with some hesitation, sometimes with individual word answers. Teacher prompting needed Step 3 Answer most questions, although 2-3 may be phrases rather than sentences with a verb. Some hesitation when answering Step 4 All questions answered with secure Present Tense verbs Some answers contain links and or qualifiers Adapting simple phrases for a new purpose Step 5 Secure use of present tense, 3rd person verbs Unprepared questions responded to but with significant difficulty Opinions expressed Step 6 the more common verbs used in two frames, at least one example of each. Opinions and reasons expressed. Refers to other people (3rd person verbs in at least one tense) Unprepared questions responded to but with partial success Step 7 Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3-4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Unprepared questions responded to accurately Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Three time frames used well, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Vocabulary is varied. Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. Step 9 a range of different verbs across three time frames, some which go beyond the lesson material covered. (5+ examples in each time frame). Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed (3+ sentences) Step 10 As for S9, including some more unusual verbs across three time frames. Use of different persons of verbs confidently in three time frames Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. (5+ sentences)

59 KS3 Writing Step Levels Step 2 Spelling mistakes may be frequent
Can write simple words and several short phrases Step 3 Can write short simple sentences (sometimes the verb may be missing or incorrect) understandable spelling. Step 4 write a short, simple text – some bullets covered using simple sentences Most key verbs are accurate May occasionally include simple connectives (and, also, but) Mainly uses language taught this term A few spelling mistakes Step 5 Can write a paragraph made up of short sentences – all bullet points covered Taught structures are used accurately Wider range of verbs used than in Step 4 and errors do not impede communication; (possibly) including other forms of the verb (e.g. 3rd person) Give and explain more than one opinion Spelling may have some inaccuracy. Step 6 Can write short paragraphs, linking ideas together Good accuracy in spelling and key grammar – a few minor errors Accurate use of present tense: Refers to other people (3rd person verbs) More common verbs used in two time frames May include non-taught language from own research (e.g. from the vocab book) that may not necessarily be 100% accurate Step 7 Sentences and paragraphs follow on logically with appropriate links   Several extended sentences, including secure use of some subordination Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3-4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Consistent and accurate use of articles Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Several linked paragraphs Three time frames formed successfully, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Manipulation of structures, including new elements and own researched language. Step 9 Use of more complex structures, despite some errors Accuracy may vary when more ambitious structures are attempted Step 10 Use of more unusual verbs and other vocabulary Awareness of idiom Writing is fully coherent and interesting to read

60 Useful websites www.worderference.com
An online dictionary, thesaurus and verb conjugator. If you need to look up new words, use this! You have a personal username and password for this site. Quizlet is a free online flashcard site. You can sign up for an account and make and save your own flashcards very simply and easily. This site is called Languages Online – it has lots of language learning activities for Spanish, French, German & Italian. It is free. You have a school username and password for this site. This site is free after 4p.m. every day. This is an excellent site for you to revise the basics (especially if you are new to Spanish this year). The BBC website has a lot to offer. This site is excellent for listening practice. It has the transcripts, too and is free. Click on Spanish (there are lots of other languages too) and follow the links to different activities.