ESP SAFETY, INC. Fire Detection Introduction ESP SAFETY INC. USA ESP SAFETY Inc. 555 N. First Street, San Jose, CA Tel. (408) Fax. (408)

Presentación del tema: "ESP SAFETY, INC. Fire Detection Introduction ESP SAFETY INC. USA ESP SAFETY Inc. 555 N. First Street, San Jose, CA Tel. (408) Fax. (408)"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 ESP SAFETY, INC. Fire Detection Introduction ESP SAFETY INC. USA ESP SAFETY Inc. 555 N. First Street, San Jose, CA 95112 Tel. (408) 886-9746 Fax. (408) 886-9757 E-mail: info@espsafetyinc.cominfo@espsafetyinc.com www.espsafetyinc.com

2 Fire Detection Introduction Table of Contents

3 Fire Detection - Table of Contents 1.What is fire detection? 2.What classes of fire detectors are available in the market? – Smoke – Heat – Gas – Flame 3.Classes of flame detectors – Single UV detectors – IR/UV detectors – Multi-Spectrum IR detectors – Visual flame imaging detectors

4 Fire Detection - Table of Contents 4.Performance characteristics of flame detectors 5.Field of view 6.Potential “false alarm” sources 7.How to choose flame detector types and locations 8.Motivators to install fire/flame detectors 9.Competitive summary matrix

5 What is fire detection?

6 The objective of a fire detection for the petroleum industry is to rapidly detect a fire where personnel, high value, and critical equipment may be involved. Once detected, executive action is initiated to alert personnel for evacuation while simultaneously controlling and suppressing the fire incident. Hydrocarbon vapors immediately burn with flame temperatures that are considerably higher than that of ordinary combustibles. For this reason damage from a hydrocarbon fire is much more severe than from an ordinary combustible fire.

7 Main chemical reaction is HC + O 2 = CO 2 + H 2 O

8 Classes of Fire Detectors Offered in the Market Smoke Detectors Thermal or Heat Detectors Gas Detectors Flame Detectors

9 Smoke Detectors Smoke detectors are employed where the type of fire anticipated and equipment protection needs a faster response time than heat detectors. A smoke detector will detect the generation of the invisible and visible products of combustion before temperature changes are sufficient to activate heat detectors. The ability of a smoke detector to sense a fire is dependent on the rise, spread, rate-of- burn, coagulation and air movement of the smoke itself. Where the safety of personnel is a concern, it is crucial to detect a fire incident at its early stages because of the toxic gases, lack of oxygen that may develop, and obscuration of escape routes. Smoke detection systems should be considered when these factors are present.

10 Thermal or Heat Detectors Heat detectors are slower than other types of detection devices to respond to a fire, since they respond to the heat of a fire. There are two common types of heat detectors – fixed-temperature and rate-of-rise. Both rely on the heat of the fire incident to activate a signal device. Fixed-temperature detectors signal when the detection element is heated to a predetermined temperature point. Rate-of-rise detectors signal when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a pre-determined amount. Rate- of-rise devices can be set to operate rapidly, are effective across a wide range of ambient temperatures, usually recycle rapidly and can tolerate a slow increase in ambient temperatures without effecting an alarm, and recycle automatically on a drop in ambient temperature.

11 Types of Heat Detectors Fixed Temperature Signal device is activated by the heat of the fire when the detection element is heated to a predetermined temperature point. Rate of Rise Signal device is activated by the heat of the fire when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a pre-determined amount. Can be set to operate rapidly and usually recycles rapidly. Has a wide range of ambient temperature effectiveness Slow increases in ambient temperatures are tolerated without raising an alarm. A drop in ambient temperature causes an automatic recycle.

12 Thermal or Heat Detectors The higher reliability factor of heat detectors leads to fewer false alarms than with other types of fire detection. However, as they are slower to activate than other detection devices and do not send smoke and visible flame, they should be installed only where speed of activation is not considered critical, or installed as a backup for other fire detection systems. Heat detectors can be used as spot detectors, or strung as a line device to protect an extended path, and they are suitable for outdoor applications. Common issues after installation: The device tends to be painted over. The device is susceptible to damage. Long installation may cause the fusible element to suffer changes in activation temperature.

13 Gas Detectors Gas detectors recognize the conditions necessary for a fire or explosion to occur, rather than the actual fire. The device accomplishes this by tracking the amount of flammable vapors or gases in an area.

14 Flame Detectors Principles of Operation Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and visual flame imaging are the optical methods most flame detectors use to identify flames. Flame detectors, designed to sense the absorption of light at specific wavelengths, can discriminate between flames and false alarms. Example: Typically, the flames at a refinery are fueled by hydrocarbons that produce heat, carbon dioxide, and other combustion products in the presence of oxygen and an ignition source. This creates emissions of visible, IR, and UV radiation detectable by flame detectors.

15 Flame-Sensing Technologies The four primary optical flame-sensing technologies being used by flame detectors today are: Ultraviolet (UV) Infrared/Ultraviolet (IR/UV) Multi-spectrum infrared Visual flame imaging

16 Flame-Sensing Technologies All flame-sensing technologies are based on line-of-sight detection of radiation emitted by flames in the UV, visible, and IR spectral bands. Flame detectors offer a range of technologies to fit the requirements of monitoring applications. These include field of view (FOV), response time, detection range, and particular immunity to certain false alarm sources.

17 A continuous spectral description curve display from heated solids and liquids. Narrow distribution molecule-type characteristics displayed by flames and electrical discharges. Flame Displays

18 Flame Radiation Spectrum 2-35 Hz Characteristic Flickering

19 The visible red-yellow seen in a fire is caused by carbon. The invisible IR part of the fire is experienced as heat. Non-Hydrocarbons e.g. Hydrogen, burns light blue-transparent (no carbon in the flame). Also, it does not have the CO 2 peak at 4.4µ and can therefore be detected in a different way. The CO 2 peak in the fire represents less then 2% of the total fire energy. Flame Radiation Spectrum

20 Blackbody Radiation Infrared sensors are also affected by infrared radiation not originating from a fire. The fire may be masked by this blackbody radiation. Dual or Multi Infrared detectors suppress the effect of blackbody radiation by sensing energy just beside the CO 2 radiation peak e.g. on 4.1 µm. The principle is based on the fact that a real Hydrocarbon fire causes a difference between the sensors. There must be a larger difference in sensor output than the background radiation present. That is, the detector can be desensitized when blackbody radiation is present. Every object that has a temperature higher than 0o Kelvin (or -273 0C) radiates energy and, at room temperature, the energy is already detectable by the most sensitive Infrared sensors. Sometimes, a moving hand close to the sensor is enough to generate an alarm. At 700 K, a hot object already starts to send out visible energy (glowing).

21 How Optical Flame Detection Works Selects one or more spectral bands Analyzes flickering frequency (2-35 Hz) Determines radiation intensity thresholds Employs Detection Algorithm (including mathematical techniques such as ratios, AND-gate comparisons, correlations and autocorrelations).

22 Optical Flame Detection Advantages: Detection distance Sensitivity Speed of response Reliability

23 Comparison of Fire Detectors Type of Detection Detector TypeSpeedSpeedCostCost HumanHumanHumanModerateExpensive TelephoneModerate Portable RadiosModerateModerate to Expensive MPS/MACMPS/MACModerate SmokeIonizationIonizationFastModerate Photo-ElectricFastModerate VESDAVESDAVery FastHigh HeatHeatFusible LinkLow to ModerateModerate Plastic TubeLow to ModerateLow Fusible TubeLow to ModerateModerate Quartzoid BulbLow to ModerateModerate Optical FiberLow to ModerateModerate Bi-metallic WireLow to Moderate Heat Act / RORLow to ModerateModerate OpticalUVVery FastHigh IRIRIRIRVery FastHigh IR/UVIR/UVVery FastHigh Multi BandVery FastHigh Video CameraFastExpensive

24 Classes of Flame Detectors

25 UV Flame Detection Advantages: – Unaffected by solar radiation – Unaffected by hot objects Disadvantages: – Subject to false alarms from UV sources (arc welding, electrical sparks, halogen lamps) – Blinded by thick smoke vapors, grease and oil deposits on the detector’s window Reference Fire – 100 ft(30m)

26 UV Flame Detection UV flame detector radiation response in the spectral range is approximately 180-260 nanometers. Wavelength response to low energy levels outside the range of sunlight and normal human visibility is between 0.185 and 0.245 microns. Because they react to halogen lamps, electrical discharges such as lightning, and arc welding, UV flame detectors are generally used indoors, where their sensitivity and quick response time in comparatively short ranges (0- 50 feet) make them a good choice. Failures can be caused by thick sooty smoke.

27 Advantages: All-purpose general detector that responds at different rates to most burning materials. Extremely fast – less than a few mili-seconds for special applications (e.g., explosive handling). Deposits of ice on the lens do not greatly affect it. Not generally affected by hot blackbody sources. Blind to most forms of artificial light, including solar radiation. Generally indifferent to physical characteristics of flames – meets signal input functions without requiring a "flicker." Special modules available for use in high temperature applications up to 125°C (257°F). Can specify an automatic self-testing facility. For distances of more than 32.8 feet (10 meters) from the detector, a handheld source can be used for testing. Can field adjust most models for either time-delay function or flame sensitivity. Limitations: Smoke reduces the signal level seen during a fire. Reacts to electrical arcs from welding. May produce false alarm from lightning with long-duration strikes or other forms of radiation (such as NDT operations). May be affected by deposits of grease and oil on the lens. Signal attenuation may result from some vapors (typically vapors with unsaturated bonds). UV Flame Detection

28 IR/UV Flame Detectors The principle of IR/UV optical flame detectors is simple voting. This type incorporates a solar-blind UV sensor and an IR sensor selected from the following: – 4.3µm IR sensor (detects CO 2 radiation) Reference Fire – 100 ft (30m)

29 Detection of the simultaneous existence of characteristic infrared and ultraviolet radiation

30 IR/UV Flame Detectors Advantages: False alarm rate is very low. Detector is not affected by solar radiation. Disadvantages: The detector can be blinded by vapors, thick smoke, and oil and grease deposit on its window.

31 IR/UV Flame Detectors Integration of an IR sensor with the UV optical sensor produces a dual-band detector sensitive to the IR and UV radiation emitted by a flame, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. The detector responds with moderate speed and offers increased false-alarm immunity over the UV detector. However, heavy smoke may reduce the unit's detection range. The two types of detectors classified as IR/UV both respond to frequencies in the UV wavelength and IR in the CO 2 wavelength.To generate an alarm, both types require the simultaneous presence of IR and UV signals, and they must meet the ratio requirement between levels of IR and UV signals.

32 Advantages: Respond readily to wide range of hydrocarbon fires. Not susceptible to most forms of artificial light or to solar radiation. Ignore arc welding and electric arcs; minor issues with other forms of radiation. Not affected by blackbody sources. Can field-adjust simple voting detector for flame sensitivity. Respond to fire in the presence of a high- background IR source. Limitations: Smoke and some chemical vapors reduce the signal level during a fire. Ice particles on the lens can block the IR channel; oil and grease on the lens can block the UV channel. Initiation of an IR signal input depends on a flickering flame. IR/UV Flame Detectors

33 Multi-Spectrum IR Flame Detectors Advantages: Greatest immunity to false alarms Greatest sensitivity Longest detection range Reference Fire – 210 ft (64m)

34 Multi-Spectrum IR Flame Detectors Multi-spectrum IR flame detectors perform well in locations where combustion sources produce smoky fires. Multiple infrared spectral regions enhance distinction between flame sources and non-flame background radiation. These detectors are suitable for both indoors and outdoors, operating at a moderate speed with a range of up to 210 feet from the flame source. They provide relatively high immunity to hot objects, e.g., sunlight, infrared radiation from arc welding, and lightning. By means of photocells to monitor several wavelengths of predominant fire radiation frequencies, micro-processing is used to compare the measurements to normal ambient frequencies, alarming when the frequencies reach above certain levels. Advantages: Highly sensitive. Very stable. The microprocessor can be programmed to recognize certain fire types.

35 Detection of the flame’s characteristic CO 2 emission line by the use of three wavelength bands Multi-spectrum IR Flame Detectors

36 Visual Flame Imaging Flame Detectors Visual flame detectors establish the presence of a fire through flame-detection algorithms and standard charged couple device (CCD) image sensors. To differentiate between flame and non-flame sources, the live video image from the CCD array is processed by the imaging algorithms to analyze the shape and progress of apparent fires. For detection of fires, the devices do not depend on emissions from water, carbon dioxide, or other products of combustion. Therefore, where a flame detector is required to differentiate between a fire resulting from an accidental release of combustion material and a process fire, this detector is not commonly chosen. Limitations: Cannot detect flames that are unseen by the naked eye, e.g., hydrogen flames. The unit's ability to detect fire can be impaired by heavy smoke.

37 Performance Characteristics of Flame Detectors

38 Performance Characteristics of Flame Detectors When configuring a flame detection system for a plant and evaluating the various flame detection technology alternatives available today, it is useful to consider the following flame detector performance criteria: – False Alarm Immunity – Detection Range – Response Time – Field of View – Self Diagnostics

39 Performance Characteristics of Flame Detectors False Alarm Immunity The ability to discriminate between actual flames and false alarm sources is one of the most important considerations in selecting a flame detector. False alarms can be costly and interfere with productivity. It is therefore essential that flame detectors discriminate between actual flames and radiation from sunlight, lightning, arc welding, hot objects, and other non-flame sources. Detection Range and Response Time A flame detector’s most basic performance criteria are detection range and response time. Depending on a specific plant application environment, each of the alternative flame detection technologies recognizes a flame within a certain distance and a distribution of response times. Typically the greater the distance and the shorter the time that a given flame sensing technology requires to detect a flame, the more effective it is at supplying early warning against fires and detonations.

40 Performance Characteristics of Flame Detectors Field of View The greater the field of view, the broader the range of the detector, which may also reduce the number of flame detectors for certain applications. Fields of view of about 90° to 120° are common for most of today’s models. Self Diagnostics To maintain the reliability of the flame detectors, the optical devices are automatically self-tested for radiation transmission. Programmed to activate about once every minute, this self-check ensures that the detector is functioning, the optical path is clear, and the electronic circuitry is operational. If the self-check finds a fault, it alerts via the 0-20 mA output or by a digital communications protocol such as Modbus.

41 Fire Size and Maximum Detection Distances Depending on the type of fuel, the size of the fire is defined differently in standard tests. Liquid Fuel By steel pan fire size, e.g., 0.09m 2 (1ft 2 ) gasoline pan fire Gaseous Fuel By flame height, orifice size, pressure, e.g., 0.5m (20") CH 4 plume fire (3/8" OD orifice @ 3psi) Solid Fuel By weight, size and pre-ignition configuration, e.g., wood crib fire arranged in 20x20 cm square stack

42 Fire Size and Maximum Detection Distances The response time and maximum detection distance of the detector are related to the size of the fire. The performance of the detector is usually stated with respect to a standard fire, e.g., 1ft 2 gasoline pan fire. The detector can be further defined by the distance at which it will detect the standard fire size and by the specified response time.

43 ESP Safety Flame Detector Characteristics

44 IPES IR3 Flame response, false stimuli, field of view, hazardous location ratings and environmental ratings: Operating temperature rating: -40 o C to +85 o C (-40 o F to +185 o F) Explosion Electrical equipment verified per FM 3615 Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling Performance verified per FM 3260 (2000) Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling verified per ANSI/NFPA 72 (2002) Explosion-Proof for Class I, Div 1, Groups B, C, and D, T4 Ta= -40 o C to +85 o C (-40 o F to +185 o F), IP 66 Hazardous Locations per FM 3615 Explosion-Proof Enclosures for Use in Class I Hazardous Locations verified per CSA C22.2 No.30 1986 (Reaffirmed 2003)

45 IPES IR3 Response Characteristics (Confirmed by testing by FM Approvals) Very high sensitivity FuelPan SizeDistance, feet (m) Average response time (seconds) n-Heptane1x1 foot211 (64.3)9 JP41x1 foot201 (60)12 JP42x2 foot206 (62.8)8 Gasoline1x1 foot200 (60)14 Gasoline2x2 foot196 (60)4 Kerosene1x1 foot164 (50)11 Kerosene2x2 foot196 (60)6 Diesel1x1 foot151 (46)15 Diesel2x2 foot151 (46)10 MethanolMethanol1x1 foot151 (46)9 EthanolEthanol1x1 foot151 (46)11 MethaneMethanePlume Diameter 3/8 in, height 3 foot 151 (46)10 MethaneMethaneMethane sand burner 1x2 foot 151 (46)10

46 IPES IR3 Response Characteristics (Confirmed by testing by FM Approvals) High sensitivity Medium Sensitivity FuelPan SizeDistance, feet (m) Average response time (seconds) n-Heptanen-Heptane1x1 foot143 (43.5)5 Isopropyl Alcohol1x1 foot99 (30)6 JP42x2 foot115 (35)12 FuelPan SizeDistance, feet (m) Average response time (seconds) n-Heptanen-Heptane1x1 foot108 (32.9)5 Isopropyl Alcohol1x1 foot87 (26.5)5 JP41x1 foot60 (18.2)6 JP42x2 foot95 (29)7

47 IPES IR3 Response Characteristics in the Presence of False Alarm Sources Very high sensitivity Medium sensitivityMedium sensitivity False alarm sourceDistance Feet (m)Fire SourceDistance, feet (m)Average response time (seconds) unmodulatedmodulated 1.5 kW heater16 (5)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.02.02.02.0 100W incandescent light 16 (5)16 (5)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.12.12.22.2 500W halogen light16 (5)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.32.32.32.3 Arc welding (100 A, #7118, 3/16') 16 (5)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.02.02.12.1 Two 20W fluorescent lights 16 (5)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.02.02.12.1 Sunlight exposure (direct, reflect) -n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.02.02.22.2 False alarm sourceDistance Feet (m)Fire SourceDistance, feet (m)Average response time (seconds) unmodulatedmodulated 1.5 kW heater10 (3)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 108 (32.9)10.45.25.2 100W incandescent light 10 (3)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 108 (32.9)3.13.13.43.4 500W halogen light10 (3)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 108 (32.9)3.73.75.25.2 Arc welding (100 A, #7118, 3/16') 10 (3)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 108 (32.9)6.26.25.55.5 Two 20W fluorescent lights 10 (3)10 (3)n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 108 (32.9)6.06.05.95.9 Sunlight exposure (direct, reflect) -n-Heptane (1x1 foot) 82 (25)2.02.02.22.2

48 IPES IR3 False Alarm Immunity Very high sensitivity High sensitivity Medium sensitivity False alarm sourceDistance Feet (m)Modulated response Unmodulated response 1.5 kW heater3 (0.9)3 (0.9)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Arc welding (100 A, #7118, 3/16') 9 (2.7)9 (2.7)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm 100W incandescent light1 (0.3)1 (0.3)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm 500W halogen light3 (0.9)3 (0.9)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Two 20W fluorescent lights0 (0)0 (0)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Sunlight exposure (direct, reflect) -No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm False alarm sourceDistance Feet (m)Modulated response Unmodulated response 1.5 kW heater 3.2 (1)3.2 (1)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Arc welding (100 A, #7118, 3/16') 10 (3)10 (3)No alarm 100W incandescent light3.2 (1)3.2 (1)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm 500W halogen light 6.5 (2)6.5 (2)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Two 20W fluorescent lights0.25 (0.008)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Sunlight exposure (direct, reflect) -No alarm False alarm sourceDistance Feet (m)Modulated response Unmodulated response 1.5 kW heater 7.3 (2.2)7.3 (2.2)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Arc welding (100 A, #7118, 3/16') 10 (3)10 (3)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm 100W incandescent light3.2 (1)3.2 (1)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm 500W halogen light 6.5 (2)6.5 (2)No alarm Two 20W fluorescent lights0.25 (0.008)No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm Sunlight exposure (direct, reflect) -No alarmNo alarmNo alarmNo alarm

49 IPES IR3 Field of View Very high sensitivity FuelSizeSizeDistancefeet (m)Distancefeet (m) Horizontal (degrees) Avg. horiz. response time (seconds) Vertical (degrees) Avg. vert. response time (seconds) n-Heptane1x1 foot105 (32)45 -45 4.46.44.46.4 45 -45 5.98.55.98.5 JP41x1 foot98 (30)45 -45 4.2 13.5 45 -45 4.37.54.37.5 Gasoline1x1 foot98 (30)45 -45 5.7 10.4 45 -45 4.95.54.95.5 KeroseneKerosene1x1 foot98 (30)45 -45 6.3 18.9 45 -45 7.0 14.0 Diesel1x1 foot75 (23)45 -45 6.5 18.6 45 -45 5.28.95.28.9 MethanolMethanol1x1 foot75 (23)45 -45 2.74.22.74.2 45 -45 3.03.13.03.1 Ethanol1x1 foot75 (23)45 -45 3.03.73.03.7 45 -45 2.42.62.42.6 MethanePlume Diameter 3/8 in, height 3 foot 75 (23)45 -45 2.52.82.52.8 45 -45 2.62.82.62.8

50 IPES IR3 Field of View High sensitivity Medium sensitivity FuelSizeSizeDistancefeet (m)Distancefeet (m) Horizontal (degrees) Avg. horiz. response time (seconds) Vertical (degrees) Avg. vert. response time (seconds) n-Heptanen-Heptane1x1 foot71.5 (22)45 -45 6.8 13.6 45 -45 6.48.56.48.5 Isopropyl Alcohol 1x1 foot50 (15)45 -45 5.78.25.78.2 45 -45 4.24.24.24.2 FuelSizeSizeDistance feet (m) Horizontal (degrees) Avg. horiz. response time (seconds) Vertical (degrees) Avg. vert. response time (seconds) n-Heptanen-Heptane1x1 foot60 (18)45 -45 4.84.54.84.5 45 -45 17.4 3.8 Isopropyl Alcohol 1x1 foot44 (14)45 -45 19.5 7.3 45 -45 7.36.97.36.9 JP41x1 foot30 (9)45 -45 20.9 11.9 45 -45 20.8 12.8

51 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for n-Heptane at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for n-Heptane at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for JP4 at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for JP4 at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

52 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for gasoline at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for gasoline at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for kerosene at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for kerosene at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

53 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for diesel at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for diesel at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for methanol at Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for methanol at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

54 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for ethanol at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for ethanol at Very High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for Methane plume at Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for Methane plume at Very High Sensitivity (3/8 inch, 3 feet)

55 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for n-Heptane at High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for n-Heptane at High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for Isopropyl at Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for n-Heptane at High Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

56 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for n-Heptane at Medium Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for n-Heptane at Medium Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for JP4 at Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for JP4 at Medium Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

57 IPES IR3 Field of View at Indicated Distance in Feet for Isopropyl at Medium Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot) Field of View at Indicated Distance in Meters for Isopropyl at Medium Sensitivity (1 x 1 foot)

58 Cono de Visión

59 Los detectores ESP Safety tienen un cono de visión de 90 o. Cuando se coloca hacia abajo en un ángulo de aprox. 45 °, el detector puede ver tanto hacia delante como hacia abajo. Esta colocación atrapa la menor cantidad de suciedad o polvo del ambiente.

60 Cono de Visión Campo de visión típico para el detector IR3 Los puntos ciegos en el diseño pueden resultar en una sensibilidad reducida en los bordes del campo de visión. El detector necesitaría un campo de visión más grande para responder adecuadamente a un incendio. En una operación real, el campo de visión debe ser hasta 4 veces más grande que en el eje central.

61 Cono de Visión Horizontal – 90 o Cono de Visión Horizontal de Detector IR3 de ESP Safety

62 Cono de Visión Vertical – 90 o Cono de Visión Vertical de Detector IR3 de ESP Safety

63 Cono de Visión Tenga presente que el Cono de Visión es tridimensional

64 Cono de Visión El campo de visión de los detectores de flama oscila entre 70 ° y 120 °. La afirmación de que un área más grande puede ser cubierta por un campo de visión más amplio es, en el mejor de los casos, engañosa y, en muchos casos, incorrecta. Un detector IR3, con un campo de visión de 90°, puede detectar un incendio de 1 pie cuadrado a 65 metros. Cubrir esta misma área requeriría hasta 7 detectores UV/IR con un campo de visión de 120° y un alcance máximo de 15 m 15m 60m

65 Cono de Visión La diferencia entre 15m and 65m: Un detector IR3 de “65 metros, Cono de Visión de 90°” CONTRA Siete detectores UV/IR de “15 metros, Cono de Visión de 120°”

66 IR3 – Cono de Visión Colocar el detector de llama en la esquina de una estructura permite una cobertura máxima a lo largo de ambas paredes y dentro del área que se debe proteger. Sin embargo, en la segunda ilustración, se observa que al usar un detector con un cono de visión de 120°, de 20 a 30° de la capacidad de cobertura del mismo está fuera de las paredes del edificio y no estáría disponible para proporcionar cobertura, neutralizando así el área de protección adicional.

67 Ley del Cuadrado Inverso El tamaño del fuego determina la sensibilidad del detector y el rango de detección. Si el detector está ubicado más lejos (o más cerca) de la fuente del incendio, el tamaño de fuego detectable variará de acuerdo con la Ley del Cuadrado Inverso. Si la distancia de detección se duplica, solo el 25% de la energía radiante alcanzará al detector, es decir, el tamaño del fuego necesitaría ser 4 veces más grande para obtener el mismo tiempo de respuesta.

68 Ley del Cuadrado Inverso Ejemplo: Un detector UV/IR puede detectar un incendio de gasolina de 0.1m 2 a 15 m aprox. en 5 seg. Para proporcionar el mismo tiempo de respuesta a diferentes distancias: 30m – El tamaño mínimo del fuego necesitaría ser de 0.4m 2. 5m – El tamaño mínimo del fuego necesitaría ser solo de 0.01m 2.

69 Condiciones Ambientales Los detectores IPES de ESP Safety están diseñados para entornos hostiles con rangos de temperatura extremos de -40°F a + 185°F (-40°C a +85°C). Todos los detectores cumplen con IP 66/67 (NEMA 250 6P) para resistencia a la intemperie. Los detectores ESP Safety son rigurosamente probados en cuanto a golpes, vibraciones, temperatura y humedad. A pesar de este rango ambiental, es importante seleccionar un detector que se adapte a las condiciones ambientales.

70 Potential “False Alarm” Sources

71 The Sun – High Intensity – Unique Radiation Peaks Most of the tremendous energy generated by the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere. However, sunlight can still be a potential false alarm source. Infrared flame detectors using 4.4µ wavelengths are rendered solar-blind, since sunlight is filtered around 4.4µ and cold CO2 in the air absorbs 4.4µ energy.

72 Potential “False Alarm” Sources Heat Sources (e.g., radiators, electrical heaters) – No UV, weak visible, medium IR radiation – Stable radiation Arc (e.g., lightning, welding) – High-intensity UV radiation – Weak IR radiation – Unstable radiation (similar to flickering fire)

73 Potential “False Alarm” Sources Environment (e.g., warm objects such as people or objects in the surrounding area) Stable radiation IR radiation of medium intensity, e.g. a standard fire at 30 m. Negligible UV radiation, assuming the lack of high-voltage transformers nearby Light Sources (e.g., Mercury, tungsten, halogen) Stable radiation (except when the power is being turned on and off) High intensity visible light, weak IR, e.g., standard fire 1 – 10% UV radiation of a medium intensity (for unshielded halogen tams), e.g., a standard fire approximately 10%

74 Potential “False Alarm” Sources Friendly Fire (e.g., Acetylene welding, matches, flux burning in arc welding) Unstable radiation IR emission spectrum resembling fire Low-intensity IR radiation UV radiation (usually of higher intensity than fire)

75 Flame Spectral Analysis Three major spectral areas for Flame Detection

76 Determine whether interferents are present Knowing whether interferents are present or could possibly emerge from a fire is vital. Examples of inhibitors that can blind the detector are: UV Detectors Hydrocarbon vapors (e.g. Toluene, Xylene) Oil/grease on the lens Chloride vapors IR Detectors Any of the following on the lens: Water Fog Ice Salt Multi-IR Detectors Blackbody radiation from hot machinery

77 Radiation-Absorbing Materials Flame detector sensitivity is affected by a variety of materials: MaterialEffect IR & UV absorber IR & UV absorber UV absorber UV absorber Grease, dust, dirt Water, ice, steam Oil Standard window glass Plastic films

78 Nuisance Alarm Sources SourceSourceAffects Welding (arc & gas) Corona and arcing Electric motor armatures Combustion engine backfire Blackbody radiation X-ray, nuclear radiation Hot turbines, reactors, boilers Flare stacks IR & UV UV IR & UV IR UV IR IR & UV

79 How to Choose Flame Detector Types and Locations

80 Identify the Challenges The following should be carefully considered to help determine the type of detector needed: What materials/fuels are potential sources of fire/risk? What is the size of the fire to be detected? What detection/distance range is required? What response speed is required? What sources of false alarm radiation are present? What environmental conditions are present?

81 Fuel Types In determining the type of flame detector to use, the following should be considered: Which fuels/materials are present that could represent a potential fire hazard? Are the fuels hydrocarbon-based or non-organic? Are the fuels liquid, gaseous, or solid? Further considerations: Any potential sources of false alarms that could affect the detector. Any environmental factors present that could affect the detector, e.g., weather extremes, grease.

82 Make sure the detector can see the fire The way the detector is installed strongly influences the range of flame detection. The following should be considered: Determine what the detector can "see." Is the detector mounted so that the objects/area that need protection are covered? Are there any potential false alarm sources in the field of view (e.g., flares, engine, or turbine exhaust)?

83 Make sure the angle is correct!

84 Prevent Blind Spots One way to prevent blind spots while providing backup cover for the flame detector situation below is to locate another detector in the opposite corner. The Problem

85 A “fire” signal from a single flame detector will sound the audible and visual alarm; however, a “confirmed fire” signal shall only be sent when a combination of at least 2 flame detectors are triggered in order to prevent a single device causing executive actions and process and utility equipment shut down. Ideally, 3 flame detectors will be used, in a triangle configuration, to confirm a fire. System Response to Detection

86 Identify Any Possible False Alarm Sources In order for the detector to operate reliably and continue to merit the user's confidence, it's important to determine if any false alarm sources are present. The following are examples of false alarms sources: UV Detectors Arc welding radiation Halogen or high-pressure mercury lamps (without protective glass) Corona and static arcs IR Detectors Chopped blackbody radiation Direct chopped sunlight (in some cases) Multi-IR Detectors Less susceptible to chopped sunlight or blackbody radiation Can become insensitive

87 Motivators to Install Fire/Flame Detectors

88 Detector TypeApplicationsAdvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages Triple IR (IR3) Hydrocarbon fires Indoors / outdoors Moderate speed Highest sensitivity High immunity to false alarms Longer detection range Unaffected by solar radiation Affected by IR sources only at short range in certain rare fire scenarios Multi IR Hydrocarbon and Hydrogen fires Indoors / outdoors As with IR3, but with hydrocarbon and hydrogen fire detection As IR3 CCTV (IR3 + Video)Hydrocarbon fires Indoors / outdoors As with IR3 but with color video More information & record of the protected area before, during and after fire scenario As IR3 Single I (IR) Hydrocarbon fires Indoors Moderate speed Moderate sensitivity Unaffected by solar radiation Low cost Subject to false alarms (in the presence of flickering IR sources) Single Ultraviolet (UV)Hydrocarbon, Hydrogen, Silane, Ammonia, other hydrogen-based fuel fires and metal fires Indoors High speed Moderate sensitivity Unaffected by solar radiation Unaffected by hot objects Low cost False alarms from UV sources (arc welding, electrical sparks, halogen lamps) Blinded by thick smoke, grease and oil deposits on the detector window

89 Why Install Fire / Flame Detectors? Legal requirements Fire Department requirements Fear of actual loss Catastrophic loss Business interruption/loss of revenue Insurance premium benefit Recognition of risk Preventive measure

90 Application of Fixed Fire Detection Devices Location or FacilityHazardHazardFixed Detector Type Options Reference Office Ordinary Combustibles Electrical Fire MPS Heat Smoke NFPA 101, Section 26-3.4.1. Accommodation Ordinary Combustibles Electrical Fire MPS Smoke NFPA 101, Section 18-3.4.1 & Section 20-3.4.1. Kitchens and Cafeterias Cooking Electrical Fire MPS Heat NFPA 101, Section 8-3.4.1 NFPA 96, Section 7-3.1.4 Control RoomsElectrical FireMPS Smoke NFPA 75, Section 6.2 Switchgear RoomsElectrical FireMPS Smoke NFPA 850, Section Turbine Package Electrical Fire Hydrocarbon Fire Heat Optical NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. Process UnitsHydrocarbon FireMPS Heat Optical NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. Pump StationsHydrocarbon FireMPS Heat Optical NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. Loading FacilitiesHydrocarbon FireMPS Heat Optical NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. Tank or Vessel Storage Hydrocarbon FireMPS Heat Optical NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. Offshore Drilling or Production Facility Hydrocarbon FireMPS Smoke Heat Optical API RP 14 G NFPA 30, Section 5-5.5.1. LaboratoriesHydrocarbon FireMPS Heat NFPA 45, Section 4-1.1 & 4.5

91 What Does the Customer Expect? The customer wants a detector that: Detects fires Detects only fires, not false alarms Responds any time there is a fire anywhere Has a rapid response time Announces fault conditions

92 Competitive Summary Matrix

93 ESPDet-tronicsGeneral MonitorsSpectrex IPES IR3IPES IR3X-3301FL-400020/20ST 40/40I IPES IR/UVX-5200FL-310040/40L-LB 40/40L4-L4B 20/20L-LB

94 The End ESP SAFETY Inc. 555 N. First Street, San Jose, CA 95112 Tel. (408) 886-9746 Fax. (408) 886-9757 E-mail: info@esp-corporation.cominfo@esp-corporation.com www.esp-corporation.com