Contexto de la Política REDD

Presentación del tema: "Contexto de la Política REDD"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Contexto de la Política REDD

2 Contenido La historia de las negociaciones del cambio climático
Como los bosques han sido tratados en las negociaciones climáticas Los principales aspectos de política referente a REDD

3 Negociaciones Climáticas Internacionales

4 Actividad Cada grupo recibirá: Un cronograma
Tarjetas con hitos en las negociaciones climáticas Tarjetas con los principales resultados de esos eventos Cada grupo debe trabajar para colocar los hitos en orden cronológicos y asociar los resultados clave con cada hito

5 Negociaciones Climáticas Internacionales
COP-14 Poznan Protocolo de Kyoto negociado COP-15 Copenhague COP-13 Bali 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 Tratado de Río Acuerdos de Marrakesh 1er Período de Compromiso CMNUCC entra en vigor Protocolo de Kyoto entra en vigor Rio Treaty (1992) Created the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The goal of the UNFCCC: “to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent human-induced actions from leading to dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system.” The UNFCCC also states that “such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.” The Convention also seeks to “cover all relevant sources, sinks, and reservoirs of greenhouse gases.” The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) enters into force (1994) UNFCCC is ratified by 192 countries (including the U.S.) The UNFCCC did not create commitments for Parties, but laid out a process for negotiating specific commitments Parties to the UNFCCC must: Gather and share information on: Greenhouse gas emissions National policies Best practices Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change Convention bodies: Conference of the Parties (COP): is the "supreme body" of the Convention, that is, its highest decision-making authority. It is an association of all the countries that are Parties to the Convention. Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA): provides the COP with advice on scientific, technological and methodological matters Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI): gives advice to the COP on all matters concerning the implementation of the Convention The Kyoto Protocol is negotiated (1997) Key elements of the Kyoto Protocol: Principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ between Parties: Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations Parties: Annex I: Industrialized countries Non-Annex I: Developing countries Binding targets for Annex I countries for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: 5% below 1990 levels from All six major GHGs included Includes flexible incentive-based implementation mechanisms Flexible mechanisms: International Emissions Trading (IET): trading of carbon credits between Annex I countries Joint Implementation (JI): investing in emission reduction projects in Annex I countries Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Investing in emissions reductions projects in developing countries The Marrakesh Accords are negotiated (2001) Established the rules for how the mitigation targets laid out in the Kyoto Protocol will be achieved Including emissions from land use change in developing countries as an eligible mitigation strategy was controversial due to concerns about permanence, leakage, additionality, and the technical capacity to measure and monitor emission reductions Since the mitigation targets had already been set in the Kyoto Protocol, including new sources of emissions reductions (ie from land use change in developing countries) was seen as an “offset” rather than an additional reduction in emissions Emissions reductions from avoided deforestation in developing countries was not included as an eligible mitigation strategy Kyoto Protocol enters into force (2005) The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by 182 countries (not including the U.S.) First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol begins (2008) None First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol ends (2012) The 13th Conference of the Parties (COP-13) in Bali, Indonesia (December 2007) The Bali decision calls for the inclusion of REDD as part of a post-2012 mitigation strategy. The ‘Bali Road Map’ conclusively states that the technical capacity to accurately measure and monitor emissions reductions from reduced deforestation and degradation exists. The decision includes in its preamble a clear acknowledgement that degradation also leads to emissions and needs to be addressed when reducing emissions from deforestation. It also explicitly recognizes that the needs of local and indigenous communities have to be considered. Finally, it calls for demonstration activities and capacity-building for countries that may not be ready to engage in the mechanism by 2012. UNFCCC meetings in Bangkok to discuss post-2012 agreement (June 2008) A work program for negotiating a post-2012 agreement was established The UNFCCC bodies meet five times during the year to discuss post-2012 agreement (2008) The Ad-hoc Working Groups (AWG), Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA), and the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI) meet to discuss all of the methodological issues related to a post-2012 agreement) ) The 14th Conference of the Parties (COP-14) in Poznan, Poland (December 2004) A negotiating text for the post-2012 agreement will potentially be tabled for discussion amongst the Parties The 15th Conference of the Parties (COP-15) in Copenhagen (December 2009) Goal: to solidify a post-2012 global agreement on climate change

6 Entidades de la Convencion
COP: Conferencia de los Partidos MOP: Reunion de los Partidos SBSTA: Cuerpo Subsidiario de Consejos Cientificos y Tecnicos SBI: Cuerpo Subsidiario de la Implementacion AWG-KP: Grupo de Trabajo Ad-Hoc del Protocolo de Kyoto AWG-LCA: Grupo de Trabajo Ad-Hoc de Acciones Cooperativas de Largo Plazo who goes to/forms the SBSTA and SBI meetings? is there a formal membership? For those new to the UNFCCC process, each UN Convention has a “COP”, or Conference of the Parties. The COP is tasked with negotiating decisions related to the scope and responsibilities of the UNFCCC and its signatories. The UNFCCC, with the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, also has a “MOP”, or Meeting of the Parties. The MOP is tasked with negotiating decisions related to the scope and responsibilities of the Kyoto Protocol and its signatories, a subset of the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted to place binding commitments on Gov’ts to reduce GHG emissions, with penalties associated with non-compliance. The UNFCCC does not have such a provision. These two bodies are the final decision making venues for all issues brought before the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Throughout the year, and at COP/MOPs, the UNFCCC hosts science and technical meetings (SBSTA) and implementation meetings (SBI) and informal workshops. These formal and informal meetings debate and review complex climate issues, that eventually allow countries to come to a decision they are interested in adopting.

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8 Main negotiating blocs:
European Union (EU) Strong concern; desires collective, harmonized action Umbrella countries (led by U.S.) Somewhat more skeptical of international cooperation; prefers maximum flexibility to achieve goals U.S. – more internal division on climate change than other countries Group of 77 and China (developing countries) Smaller influential groups: AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States) OPEC Regional groups (eg, Africa; GRULAC in Latin America) Individual negotiators can wield large influence

9 Los Bosques en los Acuerdos Climáticos Internacionales

10 Los Bosques y los Acuerdos Climáticos Internacionales
La Convención Las Partes proveen inventarios de las emisiones antropógenas de las fuentes y de la absorción por los sumideros de todos los GEI, incluyendo los de LULUCF El Protocolo de Kyoto Reglas para LULUCF negociadas después de establecidos los compromisos de reducción de emisiones – las reducciones de emisiones LULUCF fueron vistas como reducciones de compensación del sector energético En el Anexo I: Las emisiones LULUCF están debajo del techo Fuera del Anexo I: sólo la aforestación y reforestación fueron incluidas en el MDL

11 Los Bosques en el MDL Incluye proyectos de aforestación y reforestación Sólo un proyecto forestal registrado hasta ahora. Los proyectos forestales generaron tCERs Los proyectos que reducen emisiones de la deforestación y degradación en países en desarrollo no están incluidos Preocupación sobre medición y monitoreo, fugas, permanencia y adicionalidad

12 REDD en el marco posterior a 2012
En 2005, la Coalition for Rainforest Nations propuso incluir REDD en un marco posterior a 2012 ¿Cual fue la diferencia? Mejoras en tecnología Enfoque nacional propuesto En COP-13 REDD fue incluido en el Plan de Acción

13 Plan de Accion de Bali REDD tiene que ser parte de un acuerdo internacional pos-2012 Existe data y capacidades tecnicas para medir y monitorear reducciones de emissiones Actividades pilotos deber ser incentivados SBSTA debe seguir con su programa de trabajo sobre los asuntos metodologicos

14 COP-14 in Poland 4. The SBSTA recommended methodological guidance provided in the annex, without prejudice to any future decision of the Conference of the Parties (COP), on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, as reflected in decision 2/CP.13, paragraph 11, which takes into account the methodological issues identified at its twenty-eighth session.

15 COP-14 in Poland 1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice noted the importance of the following elements in relation to its programme of work initiated under decision 2/CP.13: a) Promoting the readiness of developing countries in relation to decision 2/CP.13, taking into account paragraph 8 of these conclusions; b) Further mobilization of resources in relation to decision /CP.13, paragraphs 4 and 5 to expand related actions; c) Recognizing the need to promote the full and effective participation of indigenous people and local communities, taking into account national circumstances and noting relevant international agreements; d) Exploring co-benefits in the context of methodological development related to decision 2/CP.13; e) Sharing lessons learned and experiences when applying the guidance referred to in paragraph 2 below and the indicative guidance in the annex to decision 2/CP.13.

16 2009: Horario de las Negociaciones
Marzo: Reunion de expertos sobre alcance y lineas de base Marzo 28 - Abril 8: AWG-LCA y AWG-KP en Bonn Junio 1-12: AWG-LCA, AWG-KP, SBSTA, SBI en Bonn Agosto: ?? Septiembre 28 - Octubre 9: AWG-LCA and AWG-KP in Bangkok Octubre: ?? Deciembre 7 – 18: COP-15 en Copenhague

17 Aspectos Pendientes de Política REDD

18 Aspectos Claves Pendientes de Política
Escala: Nacional o Proyectos Financiamiento: Mercado o Fondos Alcance: ¿Incluir la degradación? ¿‘Conservación Continuada?’ ¿Regeneración? Asuntos sociales Co-beneficios Líneas de Base

19 Escala: Nacional, Sub-nacional, “Nested”
Source: Angelsen, A., C. Streck, L. Peskett, J. Brown, and C. Luttrell What is the right scale for REDD? In: Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications.

20 Escala Source: The Little REDD Book Source: Little REDD Book

21 Potencial para generar grandes cantidades de dinero Preocupaciones:
Comercio de créditos Potencial para generar grandes cantidades de dinero Preocupaciones: Reduce el enfoque sobre las reducciones de emisiones industriales Los créditos REDD podrían tener impactos adversos sobre el mercado de carbono Mercado Creados a través de donaciones voluntarias o algún tipo de impuesto o tarifa enlazada a los mercados de carbono Las reducciones de emisiones son adicionales Preocupaciones: ¿Logrará recaudar suficiente nivel de financiamiento? Fondos Financiamiento: Mercado o Fondos

22 Financing Source: The Little REDD Book Source: Little REDD Book

23 Conservación Continuada
Alcance REDD? Evitando fugas Conservación Continuada

24 Scope Source: The Little REDD Book Source: Little REDD Book

25 Asuntos Sociales El acuerdo REDD impactara Pueblos Indigenas y comunidades que dependen del bosque Como pueden participar en el diseno e implementacion del mecanismo para ayudar a minimizar potenciales riesgos? Como se puede asegurar sus derechos?

26 Co-Beneficios El acuerdo REDD tendrá impactos sobre el ecosistema
El acuerdo REDD necesitará cumplir con otros acuerdos internacionales ¿Necesita la política ir más allá de eso? ¿Cómo pueden ser abordados estos impactos a la vez que se garantiza un mecanismo eficiente?

27 Líneas de Base ¿Basadas en tasas históricas de emisiones de proyecciones modeladas para el futuro? ¿Cuál período histórico de tiempo se escoge? ¿Se acumulan los débitos? ¿Las líneas de base se recalculan en el tiempo? ¿Cómo se crean incentivos para los países con extensa cobertura forestal pero bajas tasas de deforestación?

28 Reference Levels Source: The Little REDD Book Source: Little REDD Book

29 Curso de Entrenamiento REDD
LOGO here ¡Gracias! Curso de Entrenamiento REDD

30 Referencias Antecedentes Esenciales de CMNUCC: Ministerio del Ambiente de Brasil Fondo de Defensa Ambiental: REDD: Implicaciones para el Mercado de Carbono Mayo 2008 Moutinho, Paulo. Reducing Emissions by Slowing Deforestation: Compensated Reductions in Brazil Coalition for Rainforest Nations

31 Contribuyentes Los contribuyentes a esta presentación incluyen a:
Rane Cortez (TNC) Steve Ruddell (WWF)