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0 DIÁLOGO INTERMINISTERIAL SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO
Lugar Ciudad, País Fecha, 2009

1 Insertar: Nombre del presentador
CONTEXTO DEL PROYECTO Insertar: Nombre del presentador This national interministerial dialogue is the first meeting with a broader participation from representatives of different line ministries within the UNDP global project: “Capacity development for policy makers to address climate change”. 1

2 Objetivos y resultados del proyecto
Desarrollo de opciones de política nacional para enfrentar el cambio climático en sectores clave. Aumento de la capacidad para coordinar las posiciones de negociación en el nivel nacional y participar en el proceso de negociación de la CMNUCC Resultados Aumento de la concientización nacional acerca de esta problemática a través del programa de desarrollo de capacidades Evaluación de los flujos de inversión y financiamiento (FI&FF) para hasta tres sectores clave Lanzamiento de una plataforma de conocimiento en la Web First of all, clarify the goals & outcomes of this project as outlined on this slide. One of the main activities wtihin the project will be the assessmet of investment & fiancial (I&F) flows, through this assessment the goals will be reached. A web-based knowledge platform will support all stages of the project as well as function as a meeting point to exchange experiences & to download/upload project materials & climate change documents in general. 2 2

3 Secuencia de las actividades nacionales
Evaluación de los flujos de I&F para abordar las opciones de mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático en un máximo de 3 sectores económicos clave (de 6 a 8 meses) Taller nacional sobre el Plan de Acción de Bali, problemas nacionales Taller nacional para presentar los resultados, opciones de política Preparación previa al taller (2 meses) Capacitación en FI&FF (3 días) Participación de los ministerios clave Identificación de sectores clave Elaboración de documentos sobre sectores nacionales Actualización sobre las negociaciones del Plan de acción de Bali Se presentan las evaluaciones de flujos I&F Preparación post 2012 Taller nacional sobre: Plan de acción de Bali Adaptación, mitigación, transferencia de tecnologías, financiamiento + LULUCF Sectores clave Capacitación sobre flujos de I&F comienza en esta fase Metodología del PNUD para evaluar los flujos de I&F Respaldo de los centros regionales de excelencia This slide gives an overview over hte activities within the project. As mentioned before, the project has different stages. This workshop/interministerial dialogue is part of the first phase. This is the preparation phase, key activities are: engaging key line ministries, identifying key sectors, preparing national issues papers. This workshop will provide information & discussions on the Bali Action Plan & its 4 building blocks: Adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer & financing as well as land-use, land-use change & forestry (LULUCF). The workshop will also give important information on the key sectors as already elaborated in the national issues papers. After this workshop, the next phase begins with the preparation of a workplan for the work ahead. Once the workplan is in a final or final draft stage, a training will be conducted (IFF training, 3 days) on the methodology to assess I&F flows to address climate change. The next activity will be the assessment itself, the national team will receive backstopping from their regional centre of excellence & be guided by the methodology provided by UNDP. After the assessment, a second national workshop will be held to present results & policy options. 3 3

4 VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA HOJA DE RUTA DE BALI
Insertar: Nombre del Presentador Now follows some key information on the before mentioned Bali Road Map. 4

5 Ciencia (PICC) Política (CMNUCC) 0.3 oC ↑ 1.1-6.4oC ↑
1990, 1992: FIE 0.3 oC ↑ 1995: SIE 2001: TIE oC ↑ 2007: IE4 oC ↑ 2014: IE5 1992: Convención Marco sobre CC 1994: La Convención entra en vigor 1997: Protocolo de Kyoto 2001: Acuerdos de Marrakesh * “reglas” del Protocolo de Kyoto * Adaptación en consideración 2005: Entra en vigor el Protocolo de Kyoto 2007: Hoja de Ruta de Bali 2009: CdP-15 Copenhague Visual overview of a few key elements of negotiations history. Key points: Science getting more accurate – & more dire. Climate change beginning to pick up speed again. The IPCC assesses our state of knowledge on climate change. AR4 stated that it is now unequivocal that human activity is contributing to climate change & the impacts are already being observed in all sectors. Also stated that to avoid the worst damages & keep concentrations at lowest levels (450ppm), what is required are absolute emission reductions by Annex I countries & relative emission reductions for developing countries.

6 Objetivo de la convención nivel lo suficientemente
La Convención sobre Cambio Climático se enfocó originalmente en la mitigación (1992) Objetivo de la convención Lograr la estabilización atmosférica de las concentraciones de los gases de efecto invernadero a un nivel lo suficientemente bajo como para impidir la “interferencia antropogénica peligrosa” con el sistema climático Permitir que los ecosistemas se adapten naturalmente al cambio climático Garantizar que la producción de alimentos no se vea amenazada Permitir que el desarrollo económico continúe de manera sostenible en un plazo suficiente para The Climate Change Convention focus on mitigation. Talks about reducing emissions but no hard targets. Adaptation is mentioned (reducing vulnerability). The definition of “dangerous” is not explicit. Lately, dangerous has been interpreted as an increase in mean temperature of 2 degrees Centigrade, or concentration of ppm (parts per million) CO2-equivalent. It also states that climate change is a development issue. Sin metas vinculantes: Firmaron la CMNUCC 191 Partes

7 Países industrializados
La Convención organiza los países en tres grupos "Responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas" Anexo I Países industrializados Proveer recursos financieros para que los países en desarrollo enfrenten los costos de la implementación de medidas Promover la transferencia de tecnologías hacia las EET y las Partes no incluidas en el Anexo I Anexo II Países en desarrollo Sin obligaciones cuantitativas Se les da una consideración especial a los países menos desarrollados No Anexo I Países industrializados y economías en transición (EET) Adoptar políticas y medidas con el objeto de reducir las emisiones de GEI a los niveles de 1990 Las EET tienen "flexibilidad“ en los compromisos The Convention clusters countries in 3 groups According to Convention’s provisions: Annex I Parties, Industrialised countries & Economies in Transition (EITs): Have concrete obligations concerning implementation of policies aimed at the reduction & limitation of GHG emissions as compared to 1990 levels, as well as protection & enhancement of GHG sinks. They are expected to take the lead in dealing with the impacts of climate change, & must report more often, & in greater detail, than non-Annex I Parties. 14 EITs are included in the Annex I of the UNFCCC & are thus eligible for international emissions trading & joint implementation (JI) under Kyoto Protocol. Their inclusion in Annex I roughly reflected their degree of industrialization & consequently the level of their GHG emissions. The EIT Parties have “flexibility” in implementing their commitments, i.e., to select a baseline year other than 1990 for their specific commitments. Annex II Parties, the OECD members within the Annex I group: Must provide financial & technical assistance to non-Annex I Parties to mitigate & to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change & promote the development & facilitate the transfer of environmentally-sound technologies to EITs & non-Annex I Parties. Non-Annex I Parties: Are mainly developing countries. Within this group, 48 Parties classified by the UN as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) & are recognized as especially vulnerable to climate change or to the economic impacts of climate change. LDCs are given special consideration under the UNFCCC due to their limited capacity to respond to climate change & adapt. Non-Annex I Parties have no quantitative targets for emission reduction under the UNFCCC. Funding is provided for the costs of their National Communications.

8 Adoptado en 1997; entró en vigor en 2005. 184 Partes
El Protocolo de Kyoto fijó metas vinculantes para las Partes del Anexo I Adoptado en 1997; entró en vigor en Partes Reducción de las emisiones: -5% (comparado con 1990) Plazo: Estableció el Fondo para la Adaptación financiado por las actividades del MDL Además de las medidas nacionales, tres mecanismos de Kyoto Comercio de emisiones Mecanismo para el Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) Implementación Conjunta (IC) El camino hacia delante Para fines de 2012, se deberá haber negociado y ratificado un nuevo marco internacional Regla de los 6 meses: las enmiendas al Protocolo deben ser comunicadas a las Partes con seis meses de anticipación (esto es: 17 de junio 2009) Key messages: Kyoto Protocol (KP) set binding targets for Annex I Parties for reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions - average of 5% against 1990 levels over the five-year period Required signatories to negotiate a new framework three years before the end of the five-year period, i.e. by 2009. 6-month rule: Any amendments to be agreed in Copenhagen must be communicated to Parties 6 months in advance. Needn’t be final, but major decisions on content needed. Under the KP, countries must meet targets primarily through national measures. However, the Protocol offers additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms. The mechanisms help stimulate green investment & help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way. The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects & programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The Fund is financed mainly with a share of proceeds from CDM project activities. A number of countries are undertaking substantial actions to limit their emissions, e.g. the European Union. Efforts to promote climate-friendly development in low-countries have delivered projected emissions reductions in excess of 1.75 billion tonnes of CO2 eq through the CDM (one of the mechanisms) but with the withdrawal of the United States (the largest GHG contributor), the lax commitment for Russia under the KP & the non participation of developing countries major emitters, the Kyoto Protocol has proven to be weak in the reduction of GHG emissions anticipated. The Kyoto Protocol has only served as the first step in addressing the risks posed by global climate change. The targets cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely: • Carbon dioxide (CO2); • Methane (CH4); • Nitrous oxide (N2O); • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); & • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 8

9 Hoja de Ruta de Bali – Resultados importantes
Establece como plazo la CdP-15 (Copenhague), 2009 Reconocimiento que las acciones para el tratamiento del cambio climático están íntimamente vinculadas con los objetivos y necesidades del crecimiento económico y el desarrollo sostenibles. Quiebre en la política internacional– visión compartida de los esfuerzos comunes tanto de los países desarrollados como en desarrollo (objetivo global a largo plazo para la reducción de emisiones en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali). Plan de Acción de Bali: Centrado en cuatro piedras fundamentales: adaptación, mitigación, tecnología y financiamiento. Cronograma para acordar nuevas metas de reducción de emisiones de las Partes del Anexo I en el marco del Protocolo de Kyoto en 2009 At COP13 in Bali in 2007, countries agreed to steep up their efforts to combat climate change & adopted the Bali Road Map which consist of a number of decisions representing the various tracks essential for a secure climate future. It include the Bali Action Plan which calls for a shared vision of common efforts by developed & developing countries for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention.

10 Hoja de Ruta de Bali– dos vías?
Plan de Acción de Bali lanzado en 2007 4 piedras fundamentales • REDD • visión compartida Acciones de mitigación de los países en desarrollo Compromisos de mitigación de los países desarrollados nuevo Órgano Subsidiario (GTE-ACLP) Vía del Protocolo de Kyoto lanzada en 2005 Nuevas metas de reducción de emisiones, rangos (450 ppm?) Medios para alcanzar las metas (MDL, IC, CE, otros?) nuevo Órgano Subsidiario (GTE-PK) The COP decided that a process under the BAP described in the previous slide would be conducted under a new subsidiary body, the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Long term cooperative action (AWG-LCA). In parallel with the Bali Action Plan negotiations under the Convention, negotiations are also underway under the Kyoto Protocol, which focus on further quantified emissions reduction commitments for industrialized countries. “long-term” vs “short-term” push & pull between each track. For example, developed countries want action from advanced developing countries, before they commit to bigger targets. But developing countries are pushing for bigger commitments from Annex I Parties under the KP first. REDD is being discussed under BAP, but LULUCF also being discussed under KP. One key issue is whether the Convention & KP continue forward on one track or two? Which countries will follow which track, or will they merge into single comprehensive treaty? Many conditions being spelled out. No definitive signals yet. Expect more discussions on legal form & whether there will be a single treaty or two treaties. Discussions on ranges The aim of 450 ppm of CO2-eq, which will imply GHG emissions reduction of 25 to 40% by 2020 compared to 1990, is a proposal from a range of countries including the G77 & China, based on IPCC data. Means to achieve targets: mechanisms (CDM, AIJ, ET), national policies, accounting issues, role of LULUCF, include other gases, etc. Parties are also working on an analysis of the different tools & rules for developed countries to achieve targets & ways to enhance the effectiveness of tools such as the market mechanisms. The mechanisms will be discussed in the mitigation presentation. The COP also decided that a process would be conducted under a new subsidiary body, the Ad-Hoc Working Group on further commitments for developed countries Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP).

11 Transition from UNFCCC………
Piedras fundamentales Visión compartida Mitigation Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible Financiamiento Mitigación (Países desarrollados y en desarrollo, REDD) Adaptación Adaptation Tecnología The four building blocks are all closely interlinked. Usually activities on climate change either focus on mitigating climate change or adapting to it. Within mitigation developed and developing countries take action according to their common, but differentiated responsibilities. How to consider the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in the international agreements, is a topic that is being discussed controversially. To realize mitigation and adaptation activities, effective finance mechanisms are needed and technology transfer is an important factor. Within both building blocks there is a range of issues under negotiation e.g. how to treat intellectual property rights regarding the transfer of technologies. Parties also agreed that the negotiations on a long-term agreement should address a shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions.

12 Visión compartida destaca muchas diferencias
Visto por muchos como mensaje de voluntad política renovada Acuerdo general para destacar las piedras fundamentales del PAB y vínculos Recuerda IE4; reconoce la importancia de la reducción de la pobreza y la cuestión de géneros El objetivo global a largo plazo es el aspecto más controversial Definirá niveles de reducciones para alcanzar en todo el mundo Las Partes no concuerdan con el año, la escala, el criterio o el carácter vinculante de tal objetivo Se esperan discusiones difíciles tanto en las metas de los países desarrollados como en desarrollo, que establecerá marcos para las acciones de mitigación y el apoyo técnico/ financiero In the negotiating text, proposals call for a goal of stabilizing of greenhouse gas concentrations at either 350, 400 or 450 ppm carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq), a goal of limiting temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level, & a goal of collectively reducing global emissions by at least 50 to 85% from 1990 levels by 2050. Some developing countries want to include references to concepts such as “historical responsibility”, “emissions debt”, “per capita accumulative emission convergence”, & “an equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources”. Also included are calls for “emission pathways” towards a peak in global emissions in either the next 5, 10 or 20 years. Difficult discussions should be expected on the proposed emission reduction targets for developed countries, which range from roughly 25-40% from 1990 levels by More difficult still will be debates on proposed developing country targets, such as reductions of 15-30% below 1990 by 2020, or for 25% from 2000 levels by 2050. 12 12

13 Rangos: 350 ppm (CO2-e), 400 ppm, 450 ppm
¿Cómo puede llegar a ser el objetivo global a largo plazo? Propuestas: Rangos: 350 ppm (CO2-e), 400 ppm, 450 ppm Debate para limitar entre 1.5 y 2 grados C por encima del nivel preindustrial Emisiones globales reducidas al menos 50-85% en relación con los niveles de 1990 o 2000 para 2050 Sendas de emisiones Las propuestas difieren en función de las referencias a distintas filosofías para definir y compartir responsabilidades: responsabilidad histórica, deuda de emisiones, per cápita, asignación equitativa, etc. Es importante para los países en desarrollo que haya un fuerte mensaje sobre incentivos financieros y tecnológicos para que ellos puedan tomar medidas In the negotiating text, proposals call for a goal of stabilizing of greenhouse gas concentrations at either 350, 400 or 450 ppm carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq), a goal of limiting temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level, & a goal of collectively reducing global emissions by at least 50 to 85% from 1990 levels by 2050. Some developing countries want to include references to concepts such as “historical responsibility”, “emissions debt”, “per capita accumulative emission convergence”, & “an equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources”. Also included are calls for “emission pathways” towards a peak in global emissions in either the next 5, 10 or 20 years. Difficult discussions should be expected on the proposed emission reduction targets for developed countries, which range from roughly 25-40% from 1990 levels by More difficult still will be debates on proposed developing country targets, such as reductions of 15-30% below 1990 by 2020, or for 25% from 2000 levels by 2050. 13 13

14 El camino hacia Copenhague: ¿estatus?
1ª sesión: 30 de marzo - 8 de abril, Bonn, Alemania 2ª sesión: 1-12 de junio, Bonn Consultas informales entre sesiones, de agosto, Bonn 3ª sesión: 1-9 de octubre, Bangkok, Tailandia Continuación de la sesión, 2-6 de noviembre 2009, Barcelona, España 4ª sesión: 30 de noviembre -11 de diciembre, Copenhague, Dinamarca Pocos avances en 2008 Texto de negociación listo recién después de sesiones de junio Se pueden haber establecido muchos acuerdos por fuera de las reuniones de la CMNUCC (EE.UU. y China, G8, SG NU, Foro de las Principales Economías) The slide shows the meetings and consultations in preparation for COP 15 in Copenhagen. 14 14

15 Estructura de la Convención
Conferencia de las Partes (COP) de la Convención Buró de la CdP GT Especial sobre Acción de cooperación a Largo Plazo (órgano temporario) Órgano Subsidiario de Implementación (SBI) Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Científicos y Tecnológico (SBSTA) Órganos subsidiarios permanentes The Conference of the Parties (so called COP) is the supreme body of the climate change Convention, comprise of member countries of the Convention. It meets once a year. There they take decisions that have to be implemented by YOUR national government (addressing the auditory of the workshop). The Convention has two Permanent Subsidiary Bodies, the SBI that deals with political issues & the SBSTA that deals with scientific & technological issues. A Temporary Body reporting directly to the COP was created to negotiate the future commitments on the KP to be agreed under the Bali Road Map (by end of 2009). It also have several Expert bodies such as the CGE, EGTT & LEG. The presenter points out that some of the people attending this workshop represent their country in some of these bodies. Grupo Consultivo de Expertos en Comunic. Nacionales (ECG) Grupo de Expertos en Transferencia de Tecnologías (EGTT) Grupo de Expertos en Países menos Desarrollados (EGL) Órganos de expertos

16 Estructura del Protocolo de Kyoto
Conferencia de las Partes (COP) / Conferencia de las Partes sirviendo como reunión de las Partes del Protocolo de Kyoto (CMP) Buró del CMP GT especial sobre el PK (órgano temporario) Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Científico y Tecnológico (SBSTA) The CMP is the supreme body of the Kyoto Protocol. It meets annually during the same period as the COP. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Protocol are able to participate in the CMP as observers, but without the right to take decisions.  The functions of the CMP relating to the Protocol are similar to those carried out by the COP for the Convention.  These two permanent subsidiary bodies (SBI & SBSTA) established under the Convention also serve the CMP. A Temporary Body reporting directly to the CMP was created to negotiate the future commitments on the KP to be agreed under the Bali Road Map (by end of 2009). The CDM Executive Board supervises the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol & prepares decisions for the CMP. It undertakes a variety of tasks relating to the day-to-day operation of the CDM, including the accreditation of operational entities. The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC), under the authority & guidance of the CMP, inter alia, supervises the verification of emission reduction units generated by Joint Implementation projects following the verification procedure under the JISC. A compliance Committee ensures that Parties are meeting their commitments. The Adaptation Board, subject to the guidance & under the authority of the CMP develop strategic priorities, policies & guidelines & decide on projects & develop rules of procedure. The Kyoto Protocol, like the Convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates the development & deployment of techniques that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects & programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The Fund is financed mainly with a share of proceeds from CDM project activities. The Adaptation Fund Board supervise the Adaptation Fund. Órgano Subsidiario de Implementación (SBI) Órganos subsidiarios permanentes Comité Supervisor de la Implementación Conjunta Comité de Observancia Junta del Fondo para la Adaptación Órganos especiales Juntas Ejecutivas del MDL (CDM)

17 Negociaciones formales e informales Amigos del Presidente
FORMAL BODIES Conference of the Parties (COP): the meeting of negotiators from countries that have ratified a Convention. It meets periodically (often once a year) to review Convention implementation and to take decisions on how to improve the implementation process. Meeting of the Parties (MOP): similar to a Conference of the Parties. The term ‘MOP’ is used to describe meetings of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and Biosafety Protocol, to distinguish these meetings from the Conference of the Parties to the framework conventions themselves (the UNFCCC and CBD respectively). A MOP will often be held in conjunction with a COP. Plenary: the main meeting of the Conference of the Parties. At plenary meetings, each delegation is represented and all delegations sit in a single large room. State representatives can have an opportunity to address the Convention. All votes take place in the plenary meeting. Bureau: a Bureau may oversee the running of a COP or MOP. Bureaus are usually made up of members from each of the different regional blocs. Secretariat: undertakes the day-to-day activities of coordinating the implementation and makes arrangements for the meetings of the COP. Subsidiary Bodies: may advise the COP about the latest developments in the scientific and technological area and provide policy recommendations. The UNFCCC has a Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), and a Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI). The CBD has a Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA). Ad-Hoc Groups: may be created to address specific issues of concern that require focused attention. For example, an Ad hoc Technical Expert Group on Biological Diversity and Climate Change was established (under CBD decision V/4) to consider ways to promote synergies at the national level between the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol and the CBD, when implementing climate change activities, as well as their relation to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. An Ad Hoc Working Group on Article 3.9 was created (under Kyoto Protocol decision 1/CMP.1) to consider future greenhouse gas reduction and limitation commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. INFORMAL BODIES: The President of the COP or the Chair of a subsidiary body may establish ‘informal consultations’ or other groups to help find consensus among the diverse interests of MEA Parties. The Chair may appoint individuals to preside over these informal sessions. Some of these informal groups include: Friends of the Chair/President: A few prominent negotiators invited to form a group to assist the Chair or President in informally developing consensus on issues. Working Group: A group convened by the COP or by one of the subsidiary bodies to work on large scale issues. The Chair or Co-chairs must be designated by the Chair of the body calling the Working Group, and membership is open to all Parties. Example might be a Working Group on Mechanisms, or a Working Group on Compliance. Joint Working Group: Two working groups, each convened by a different subsidiary body, brought together to work on cross cutting issues. For example, the Climate Convention’s Joint Working Group on Compliance. Contact Group: A group formed to resolve a specific issue on which there is disagreement. Membership is open to all Parties, but is usually limited to those Parties individually invited by the Chair to participate, due to their different viewpoints. Joint Contact Group: Two contact groups created separately and brought together to resolve differences between them. Informal Group: A group called into being by one or more of the Parties, for purposes of informal consultation. Non-group: If there is extreme reluctance to enter into negotiation, non-groups can be called into being by the Chair in order to encourage communication without the pressure of negotiations. Cómo hacer aportes Negociaciones formales e informales Amigos del Presidente Presentaciones Grupos de expertos Talleres y eventos paralelos Cómo ocurre el proceso Reuniones plenarias Grupos de contacto, consultas informales, Amigos del Presidente Grupos de negociación – G77 y China, PMD (LDCs), APEI (AOSIS), la UE, el Grupo “Paraguas”, etc. Grupos regionales y otros – Grupo Africano, GRULAC Medios para dar a conocer las posiciones antes de las sesiones: presentaciones formales, talleres, consultas entre sesiones

18 MITIGACIÓN PLAN DE ACCIÓN DE BALI PIEDRA FUNDAMENTAL
Insertar: Nombre del presentador Now we continue with one of the Bali Road Map building blocks - Mitigation 18 18

19 Qué sabemos Mitigación: En el contexto del cambio climático, la intervención humana para reducir las fuentes de gases de efecto invernadero o mejorar los sumideros La actividad humana contribuye al cambio climático y todos los sectores sufrirán su impacto TODOS los países deben reducir las emisiones para evitar daños mayores, países desarrollados y en desarrollo Se han hecho avances tecnológicos significativos, pero es necesaria una inversión anual de US$ mil millones para el año 2030 El uso que se le dé a los bosques y la tierra será parte de la solución Mitigation has been at the heart of the climate negotiations from the outset. Climate change is a global problem & human activity contributes to climate change, as it has been corroborated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to the Climate Change Convention, develop countries shall adopt Policies & Measures to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change & also shall provide financial resources to developing countries to comply with their commitments under the Convention. What are these commitments? Developing countries shall communicate (in their National Communications), besides the inventory of GHG emissions, those programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change. Of course, these actions are not enough to fulfil the objective of the Convention, but the document sets a framework for future action. 19 19

20 Hoja de Ruta de Bali – mitigación bajo la vía del PK
Objetivo: Acordar metas de reducción de emisiones cuantificadas individuales para los países desarrollados en 2009 Entre las cuestiones en juego se incluyen: Nivel de ambiciones: total agregado de reducciones de emisiones por parte de los países desarrollados Qué año base se tomará para la reducción de emisiones (opciones entre 1990, 2000, “flexible”) Criterios y métodos para definir metas individuales por países y sus promesas (cómo definir las responsabilidades individuales de los países, qué gases incluir, hasta dónde considerar los costos de las reducciones, etc.) Medios para lograr las metas: uso potencial de “mecanismos” (MDL, IC, CE), políticas nacionales, cuestiones de contabilidad, papel de UTCUTS, etc. QELROs = quantified emission limitation & reduction objectives through Policies & Measures (PAM) The Kyoto Protocol sets a specific time period – known as the first commitment period – for develop countries to achieve their emission reduction & limitation commitments, commencing in 2008 & ending in 2012. It also lays down specific rules concerning the reporting of information by developed countries that have to demonstrate that they are meeting their commitments, & the review of this information. Developing countries continued with qualitative mitigation measures without quantifying the outcome. Parties considered this appropriate, given that development would imply increasing emissions. Policy instruments used by developing countries for example to improve local air pollution & reducing poverty, also reduce GHG emissions. Some policy instruments used by developing countries include: Regulations & standards: e.g. mandates for the use of biofuel, renewable energy policies Financial incentives: e.g. subsidies for energy-efficient lighting Research & Development: e.g. improving energy-efficient stoves & promote dissemination Information instruments: e.g. energy efficiency labeling & consumer awareness programmes Kyoto Mechanisms: Emission trading: Under this mechanism, a develop country Party may transfer units of reduced emissions to or acquire these units from another develop country Party. CDM: The CDM is a project-based mechanism that allow industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction targets in a more cost-effective way, by investing in emission reduction efforts in the developing world, thus promoting sustainable projects in the host countries. This shifts the focus from where mitigation takes place to who pays for mitigation. Joint implementation (JI): Is a project-based mechanism by which one develop country Party can invest in a project that reduces emissions or enhances sequestration in another develop country Party, & receive credit for the emission reductions or removals achieved through that project.

21 Hoja de Ruta de Bali – mitigación bajo la vía del PK
El Plan de Acción de Bali pide que se identifiquen acciones de mitigación que sean: Mensurables Informables MIV Verificables Conserva el equilibrio Anexo I/no Anexo I en relación con los compromisos de mitigación Aumento del sentido de urgencia de ambos lados MIV implica apoyo tecnológico, financiero y de creación de capacidades para los países en desarrollo Los países desarrollados deben asumir compromisos y tomar medidas, incluyendo objetivos cuantificados de reducción y limitación de las emisiones (QELROs) y garantizar entre ellos la comparabilidad de los esfuerzos In order to obtain long-term global emission reductions, there is a need for all countries to do their part on reducing GHG emissions. Under the Bali Action Plan, what is common for both developed & developing countries is that they should implement “measurable, reportable & verifiable” mitigation actions. Agreeing to actions that are measurable, reportable & verifiable – known as MRV mitigation actions – is a key component in the Bali Action Plan & central to the negotiations about the future of the climate regime. Developed countries should take Quantified Emission Limitation & Reduction Objectives (QELROS), while ensuring comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances. In order for developing countries to implement the mitigation actions necessary to address climate change, developed countries will have to provide them support through technology, finance & capacity building. Various approaches, including opportunities for using markets, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of mitigation actions, bearing in mind different circumstances of developed & developing countries. 21 21

22 Desafíos clave en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali
La cuestión de la mitigación es muy controversial dentro de las negociaciones y corre el riesgo de seguir bloqueada En Bali, una de las prioridades de los países en desarrollo fuer que todos los países desarrollados, incluyendo EE.UU., asuman objetivos cuantificados de reducción y limitación de las emisiones (QELROs, por sus siglas en inglés) Comparabilidad: como unificar las vías de la Convención y el Protocolo “Responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas” Resultados varían en función de: qué GEI, fuentes, cronograma, escala (emisiones nacionales vs per capita) Cómo combinar las acciones de mitigación de los países en desarrollo con el apoyo de los países desarrollados Shift to full negotiating mode after last meeting in Bonn But – Need for developed country engagement on targets, technology & finance Key policy issues for Copenhagen: – Targets/Actions: • Comparability targets of developed countries • Nationally appropriate mitigation action by developing countries – Finance: Funding for developing countries – Carbon Markets: Linking + CDM reform At the June session held in Bonn on the Convention track, the negotiation paper prepared by the Chair FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/8, was discussed at length. Regarding mitigation issues: Comparability of efforts by developed countries is a central issue to be addressed, & countries called for emphasis on historical responsibility & capability. Some developed countries supported legally binding actions by major emitting countries (including developing countries). Need to find ways to internationally recognize actions implemented by developing countries using their own resources (unilateral “National appropriate mitigation actions” NAMAs). Some developed countries proposed that NAMAs should reflect countries’ evolving capabilities, saying action by the most advanced developing countries should result in measurable deviation from business-as-usual. Importance of national greenhouse gas inventories, proposing that they be prepared & submitted annually, & an expert review should be ensured. 22 22

23 Existen numerosas formas de calcular metas, objetivos globales
Principio de cálculo Países desarrollados Países en desarrollo Formas para calcular acciones/ metas/objetivos Primero la atmósfera X Primero la equidad Primero el desarrollo Primero la tecnología Metas arregladas al estilo de Kyoto – la atmósfera primero Per cápita – primero la equidad Propuesta brasilera – primero el desarrollo Intensidad de las emisiones – primero la tecnología Tríptico global – primero la equidad /tecnología Developed & developing countries do not necessarily have the same principles of these 4 Kyoto-style fixed targets Take the form of agreed percentage reduction against annual emissions in a base year, An absolute number of tons of CO2 to be reduced is calculated. By starting from the countries’ own emissions, the approach “grandfathers” existing differences between countries in emissions. This is the approach for industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol Per capita Takes as starting point the equal right of each person to use the atmosphere as a global commons. In a pure per capita approach, it’s simply a global budget allocated equally to countries based on population. Some developing countries favor per capita approaches. Brazilian proposal Bases on historical responsibility for change in temperature to individual countries. A key difference to most other approaches is the use of cumulative historical emissions rather than current annual emissions. – The approach requires significant data, & this may limit applicability. Emissions intensity Requires reductions of emissions relative to economic output (emissions compared to GDP) – allows for growth in emissions if there is economic growth. Commitments could be formulated as a percentage decrease from each country’ own emissions intensity. If successful, reduced intensities should assist in de-coupling emissions from economic growth. Global Triptych Focuses on 3 sectors: electicity generation, energy-intensive industries & “domestic sectors” (including residential & transportation). 23 23

24 Propuestas relevantes para los países en desarrollo
Evolución del Mecanismo para el Desarrollo Limpio Políticas y medidas de desarrollo sostenible (SD-PAMs) Enfoques sectoriales Evolution of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project-based mechanism that allows cooperative action between countries that have a cap on emissions & those that do not. This shifts the focus from where mitigation takes place to who pays for mitigation. Sustainable development policies & measures (SD-PAMs) Suggests that developing countries themselves identify more sustainable development paths & commit to implementing these with financial support. When registering SD-PAMs, the international community would have to agree. Sectoral approaches People can mean many different things with that, including: sectoral CDM, benchmarks across trans-national sectors, technology transfer in specific sectors… Contexto nacional No a las medidas solitarias, es necesaria una combinación de políticas que se encuadren en las circunstancias y objetivos nacionales 24 24

25 Propuestas en consideración en las negociaciones
Evolución del Mecanismo para el Desarrollo Limpio Evolución desde una estricta base de proyecto hacia un MDL programático Varias opciones: expansión del MDL “programático, MDL político, nuevas actividades elegibles en el marco del MDL, puntos de referencias sectoriales, etc. Posible expansión del uso del MDL Posible expansión del MDL para apoyar acciones sectoriales de mitigación mayores, sugiriendo el aumento de escala de ciertos sectores nacionales, por ejemplo el energético Depende de la demanda de créditos! Evolution of the CDM A major way in which developing countries are already engaging in mitigation is through the CDM. The CDM is a project-based mechanism, and particularly, the one which allows cooperative action between countries that have a cap on emissions and those that do not. As for other market mechanisms, this shifts the focus from where mitigation takes place to who pays for mitigation. The CDM is evolving beyond a strict project basis to programmatic CDM. CDM could also be extended to sectors. The sectoral CDM approach suggests a direct scaling up extended to particular economic sectors, or geographic sectors (e.g. cities). Finally, “policy CDM” is a possibility. In many respects, policy CDM would be similar to SD-PAMs – except that the former would be financed from the carbon market, while the latter relies on public funding and investments. 25 25

26 Propuestas en consideración en las negociaciones
Políticas y medidas de desarrollo sostenible (SD-PAMs) Establecimiento de objetivos de mitigación como parte de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (por ejemplo, para la electrificación áreas rurales del país para el año 2030 utilizando energías renovables) Los mecanismos de financiamiento para estos objetivos pueden variar (CDM, mecanismo financiero, etc.) Las opciones pueden ser implementadas en base a las disposiciones existentes en la Convención y el PK (Artículo 4.1 (b) de la Convención y Artículo 10 del PK) SD-PAMs SD-PAMs argue that sustainable development in developing countries, including its ecological and social dimensions, are indispensable for an equitable solution, given that developed countries went through their process of industrialization without carbon constraints. In earlier debates under the Convention, the Republic of South Africa (RSA) put forward the approach of sustainable development policies and measures. SD-PAMs suggest that developing countries themselves identify more sustainable development paths and commit to implementing these with financial support. The approach starts by considering a country’s own long-term development objectives. Next, policies and measures are identified that would make the development path more sustainable. These SD-PAMs aim to encompass large-scale policies and measures, not only projects as in the CDM. Each country would define what it means by making development more sustainable, but when registering SD-PAMs, the international community would have to accept that the policy constitutes sustainable development. 26 26

27 Propuestas en consideración en las negociaciones Enfoques sectoriales
Establecimiento de objetivos de mitigación para un sector económico específico dentro de un marco temporal Diferentes perspectivas: sectores nacionales, sectores globales – diferentes implicancias Diferentes opciones para los objetivos: objetivos vinculados con otros mecanismos (esto es: MDL programático, políticas y medidas para el DS), metas libres, metas corregidas) Diferentes opciones de financiamiento dependiendo de: créditos para el logro de metas (a través del MDL o nuevos mecanismos basados en el mercado o incentivos como el apoyo financiero y la transferencia de tecnologías) Sectoral approaches The Bali Action Plan includes as one option in the mitigation building block “cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions, in order to enhance implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1©, of the Convention”. People mean many different things by “sectoral approaches”, including sectoral CDM, benchmarks across trans-national sectors, technology transfer in specific sectors, the sector-based Triptych approach, and sectoral crediting mechanisms. 27 27

28 Ejemplos de opciones de mitigación
Las políticas comunes en los países en desarrollo incluyen: Regulaciones y estándares, por ej.: mandatos para los biocombustibles, políticas de energías renovables Incentivos financieros, por ejemplo.: subsidio para la iluminación eléctrica eficiente Investigación y desarrollo, por ej.: mejora de la eficiencia energética de las estufas en Senegal y promoción de su difusión Instrumentos de información, por ej.: programas de etiquetada de eficiencia energética y programas de concientización de consumidores There is a rich array of policy instruments being used by developing countries to achieve national objectives, such as improving local air pollution and reducing poverty. Most of these policies also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. These policies, measures and instruments include: regulations and standards, taxes and charges, tradable permits, voluntary agreements, informational instruments, subsidies and incentives, research and development, and trade and development assistance. Depending on the legal frameworks available to countries, these may be implemented nationally, regionally or locally. They may be supplemented with rules, guidelines and other administrative mechanisms to achieve different goals. They may be legally binding or voluntary and they may be fixed or changeable. Regulations & standards: Specify abatement technologies (technology standard) or minimum requirements for pollution output (performance standard) to reduce emissions. Financial incentives: Direct payments, tax reductions, price supports, or the equivalent from a government to an entity for implementing a practice or performing a specified action. Research & development: Direct government spending and investment to generate innovation on mitigation, or physical and social infrastructure to reduce emissions. Includes prizes and incentives for technological advances. Information instruments: Required public disclosure of environmentally related information, generally by industry to consumers. Includes labelling programs and rating and certification. 28 28

29 USO DE LA TIERRA, CAMBIO EN EL USO DE LA TIERRA Y SILVICULTURA
Insertar: Nombre del presentador Even though land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) is not one of the building blocks of the Bali Road Map, it is nevertheless an important topic in the negotiations. Some key information on LULUCF will be provided here. 29 29

30 Los bosques cumplen un papel central en el cambio climático
Los bosques son vulnerables Impactos sobre los ecosistemas, las personas y la cadena de la madera Los bosques pueden aumentar la resiliencia de las personas y los ecosistemas, mejorar y mantener el carbono. Segunda fuente más importante de emisiones de GEI The land use sector, including forestry and agriculture, is an important source of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Land use change, mainly deforestation, contributed to about 20% of the GHG emissions from anthropogenic sources between 1989 and When adding all emissions from the LULUCF sector the share is over 30%. In addition, the land use sector has great potential in mitigating climate change. The role of LULUCF activities in the mitigation of climate change has long been recognized. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognizes its importance in achieving the goal of stabilizing concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere and includes commitments relating to the sector. In addition, several articles of the Kyoto Protocol make provisions for the inclusion of LULUCF activities by Parties as part of their implementation efforts and contribute to the mitigation of climate change LULUCF will therefore play a key role in any post-2012 international climate change regime emerging from the current negotiating processes under the United Nations. The United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2007 culminated in the adoption of the Bali Road Map, which consists of a number of forward-looking decisions that represent the various tracks that are essential to reaching a secure climate future. LULUCF activities cut across a number of economic and development sectors. They are therefore not only important from a climate change perspective, but also in light of wider development policies, including food security, energy generation and wood production. Los bosques emiten GEI

31 20%-30% del total de emisiones
Qué sabemos El sector del uso de la tierra, que incluye la agricultura y la silvicultura, es una importante fuente de emisiones de GEI 20%-30% del total de emisiones Puede jugar un papel relevante en la mitigación del cambio climático Emerge como una cuestión importante en las discusiones del régimen post 2012 Controversial por sus altas incertidumbres y su naturaleza no permanente como opción de mitigación What we know: According to the IPCC, land use change, mainly deforestation, contributed to about 20% of the GHG emissions from anthropogenic sources between 1989 & 1998 (IPCC 2007c). When adding all emissions from the LULUCF sector, the share is around 30%. By reversing this trend, the land use sector has great potential to mitigate climate change; as such it has emerged as an important issue in the post-2012 regime discussions. However, it is highly contentious because of the high uncertainties related to its measurement & its permanence (the carbon stock in forests can be released back into the atmosphere at any time as a result of human activities or natural disturbances (fire, pests, etc.) Some fear it distracts attention & resources from more permanent measures. Has often deeply divided groups of countries as well as the environmental movement. 31 31

32 El papel del los bosques en la CMNUCC
Cambio climático y Variabilidad climática Impactos Respuestas (CMNUCC) Adaptación Mitigación Bosques: …mantenimiento e incremento de los fondos comunes de carbono de los ecosistemas y secuestro de carbono y reducción de las emisiones de la biósfera Bosques: …mantenimiento y aumento de la resiliencia de los ecosistemas – reducción de la vulnerabilidad

33 Evolución de las negociaciones internacionales
Sector clave para los países desarrollados por su potencial de mitigación Contencioso por las grandes incertidumbres Los países en desarrollo se centran fundamentalmente en los inventarios de GEI (cuestiones de datos, fuentes, capacidades) Principal paso en Marrakesh (2001) en el marco del Protocolo de Kyoto: Forestación y reforestación incluida en el MDL La reducción de las emisiones de la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques (REDD) se vuelve un tema de la Convención Afforestation/Reforestation (A/R) CDM Rules & procedures that govern A/R CDM for the first commitment period were only finally decided in 2004. It is only since the year 2005 that forest sector stakeholders in non-Annex I Parties can undertake A/R CDM projects according to defined rules. 33 33

34 Ordenación forestal sostenible
Opciones clave de mitigación identificadas para los países en desarrollo Reducción de emisiones de la deforestación [y degradación de la tierra] REDD (reducción de emisiones) Ordenación forestal sostenible Restauración forestal (secuestro de carbono) Forestación y reforestación (secuestro de carbono) In its Fourth Assessment Report, the IPCC concluded that forestry-related mitigation activities can considerably reduce emissions from sources and increase CO2 removals by sinks at a low cost, and can be designed to create synergies with adaptation and sustainable development. Forest mitigation options have to be considered as an immediate option to be applied over the next 20 to 30 years. Under the mitigation options of reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration, there are four forest management options to be considered, including: Reduced emissions of deforestation [& land degradation] REDD (reduction of emissions) Forest management (Sustainable use of existing forests) Forest restoration (restoring degraded forest areas to a sustainably used forest) Afforestation & reforestation (restoring lost carbon stocks to a sustainably used forest). 34 34

35 Cuestiones clave en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali
Alcance y tipo de apoyo financiero para la reducción de las emisiones de la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques (REDD) Consideración de la conservación, la ordenación forestal sostenible y la restauración de los bosques (REDD+) Ampliación del alcance de las actividades de forestación y reforestación (y otras?) (MDL) Los países en desarrollo quieren: Incentivos financieros (nuevos y adicionales) y apoyo a la creación de capacidades relacionadas con la REDD Algunos quieren un grupo más amplio de actividades elegibles en el marco del MDL y medios para convertir algunos créditos en créditos permanentes Under the Bali Action Plan, a decision is expected on REDD & on eligible activities under the CDM. REDD includes emissions from deforestation & forest degradation, but is also might include SFM, forest restoration (or enhancement of carbon stocks) & conservation under what is called REDD+. However, it’s still not clear if & how these activities will be included, & it is likely that they will have different treatment. There are also currently discussions on eligible activities under the CDM, which some parties want to expand –to include redd, restoration of wetlands, SFM (including HWP), cropland mgt, grazing land mgmt, etc. And means to address non-permanence, so that some credits under the CDM can be considered permanent instead of temporary. For REDD, developing countries want new & additional financial incentives & support to build capacity related to REDD. There are already numerous initiatives under REDD of various natures, including the UN-REDD initiative by FAO, UNDP & UNEP, & the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. They are focusing so far in what is called REDD-Readiness phase, sp. capacity building & methodological issues related to establishing reference scenarios, monitoring, etc. 35 35

36 ADAPTACIÓN PLAN DE ACCIÓN DE BALI PIEDRA FUNDAMENTAL
Insertar: Nombre del presentador 36 36

37 The graphic shows how the different livelihoods (water, ecosystems, food, coasts, health) for humans will be affected according to different levels of temperature rise (between 0 and 5 Degree Celsius).

38 Qué sabemos Adaptación: Iniciativas y medidas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas naturales y humanos ante los efectos actuales o esperados del cambio climático De una cercana vinculación con el desarrollo, la adaptación no es un proceso nuevo Las acciones de adaptación dependerán de las capacidades adaptativas de los países A medida que el cambio climático se hace más evidente, algunos sistemas (por ej.: ecosistemas) no tendrán tiempo suficiente para adaptarse Las Naciones Unidas reconoce la necesidad de que los países tomen medidas inmediatas (posiciones nacionales) Requerirá financiamiento sustancial (decenas de miles de millones de US$) Adaptation to climate change is a complex and multi-faceted topic that presents a number of challenges, particularly for the developing world. The approximate costs of adaptation are high by all estimates. In the UN climate negotiations, recognition of the need for all countries to take action on adaptation has grown over time, as the impacts of climate change have become increasingly evident. 38 38

39 Desafíos clave de la adaptación
Difícil de definir: muy amplia, de amplio alcance Requerirá ajustes en cada sector de la sociedad, el ambiente y la economía No es una cuestión solitaria: está vinculada al desarrollo económico, la reducción de la pobreza y el manejo de desastres Requiere capacidad para la planificación a corto y largo plazo Arreglos institucionales adecuados (planificación sistemática, cooperación y marcos regulatorios) Necesidad de converger con actividades de reducción de riesgos de desastres Evaluaciones de impactos dominadas por incertidumbres y complejas interacciones Given its far-reaching nature, it is a difficult topic to define, particularly in operational and financial terms. However, some key points may provide a helpful framework: Adaptation is not a “stand alone” issue. It has clear synergies with important issues such as economic development, poverty reduction and disaster management strategies. A sustainable development path is vital for an adaptation process to succeed. Adaptation will need to be integrated into all development planning. This includes the national and international levels. Successful adaptation measures will require long-term thinking and explicit consideration of climate change risks at the regional (cross-national), national, sub-national and local levels. Adaptation will also require the capacity for both short- and long-term planning. Strategies will be needed to address long-term climate change impacts, such as those predicted by the IPCC. At the same time, strategies for shorter-term adjustments may also necessary, such as those prepared for shorter-term climate variability. Adaptation will require substantial funding. All indicative estimates available suggest that the costs of adapting to climate change in the developing world are in the order of tens of billions. However, there are many difficulties and limitations in estimating the exact costs of adapting under various scenarios, as well as the ability of countries to self-finance adaptation. 39 39

40 Evolución de las negociaciones internacionales
El foco inicial de las negociaciones estuvo puesto desde 1995 en la mitigación La adaptación fue identificada como cuestión en la CdP 7 de 2001 (Acuerdos de Marrakesh) Se identificaron 14 actividades de adaptación que requerían apoyo Se creó el proceso de PNAA y el Grupo de Expertos en PMD (LEG) Se crearon el Fondo para los PMD, el Fondo Especial del Cambio Climático y el Fondo para la Adaptación CdP 10 a 12 (2004 a2006) Programa de Acción de Buenos Aires sobre Adaptación y medidas de Respuesta Programa de Trabajo de Nairobi Medidas de implementación sobre métodos, actividades, transferencia de tecnologías y financiamiento Developing country policy makers will need to reflect on their national positions on the key issue of adaptation, as important decisions will be taken in the run-up to COP 15. The Bali Action Plan identified the need for action on adaptation, particularly for enhanced action on the provision of financial resources, investmenta nd technoloyg to support action on adaptation. 40 40

41 Cuestiones clave en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali
Temas en debate identificados: Implementación de actividades concretas de adaptación Planificación nacional para la adaptación (a corto y largo plazo) Mejora de la puesta en común del conocimiento Marcos institucionales para la adaptación Desarrollo y aplicación de estrategias de manejo de riesgos y de reducción de riesgos Desarrollo y aplicación de estrategias de reducción de desastres Promoción de la diversificación económica Key challenges Successfully adapting to climate change at the national level will likely require a set of conditions and elements at the national level. Some possible elements for a strategy include: • Adequate institutional arrangements, including systematic planning capacity in a cooperative institutional setting consistent policies and measures and regulatory frameworks; • Strong coordination of ongoing activities on a subnational level, which could include activities that are driven by NGOs, research institutions, the private sector and by local and sub-national governments; • Scientific and technical capacities to understand the problem and its effects at the national and sub-national level, model its long-term impacts, and elaborate responses and adaptive strategies to the level of implementation; • Program and project preparation capacities; • Citizen awareness and participation that sustain and prioritize climate change actions. Los desafíos para los países en desarrollo incluyen: El actual nivel de financiamiento es bajo e inadecuado La experiencia de los países en desarrollo en el acceso a los fondos Necesidad de flujos financieros adicionales en el futuro 41 41

42 PLAN DE ACCIÓN DE BALI PIEDRA FUNDAMENTAL FINANCIAMIENTO XXXXXXX 42 42

43 Qué sabemos Las medidas de mitigación requerirán flujos adicionales de I&F de US$ miles de millones en 2030 Las medidas de adaptación requerirán flujos de I&F adicionales de varias decenas de miles de millones de US$ para 2030 Los montos son grandes en términos absolutos, pero relativamente pequeños en relación con PBI e inversiones El sector privado domina las inversiones: corporaciones (60%), hogares (24%), gobierno (14%) Los fondos existentes de cambio climático deberán ser mejorados a una mayor escala Finance has been identified as a key issue for the discussion on a post-2012 climate change agreement. The exact amount of investment & financial flows needed is not known, but it could amount to tens of billions of dollars per year. Addressing climate change will require significant shifts & an overall net increase in global investment & financial flows. Scaling up the funds could bring a significant amount of money, is your country ready to participate? What would you do to access funds? 43 43

44 Evolución de las negociaciones internacionales
Fuentes financieras bajo la Convención y el Protocolo de Kyoto Fondo Fiduciario del FMAM Mitigación, Adaptación Mitigación: $3.3 bil. ( ) Adaptación: $50 mil. (-2010) Fondo Especial para el Cambio Climático Mitigación, Adaptación, $74 mil. (- Marzo 2008) (FECC) Cooperación tecnológica Fondo de Países Menos Desarrollados Adaptación $173 mil. prometidos (FPMD) (-Marzo 2008) Fondo para Adaptación Adaptación ~ $ mil. p.a. (-2012) Mecanismo para el Mitigación Ingresos estimados Desarrollo Limpio (as per 2008): $7 bil. p.a The financial sources can be divided into those under the Convention and those under the Kyoto Protocol. Under the Convention GEF Trust Fund allocations and co-financing and allocation of GEF resources to climate change activities: A key feature of the GEF Trust Fund is the requirement that projects meet the agreed incremental costs for delivering global environmental benefits. Many mitigation actions are able to meet this requirement; limiting climate change is a global benefit and the incremental costs can be calculated by comparing the measure with the cost of the conventional alternative. In contrast, the benefits of adaptation measures – reduced damage due to the adverse impacts of cliamte change – tend to be local and the incremental costs can be difficult to estimate. Special funds: The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) finances activities, programs and measures relating to climate change that are complementary to those funded by the climate change focal area of the GEF and by bilateral and multilateral funding, in the following areas: a) Adaptation, b) Transfer of technologies, c) Energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management; and, d) Activities to assist developing countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products in diversifying their economies. The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) is designed to support projects addressing the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of the least developed countries (LDCs) as identified by their national adaptation plans of action (NAPAs). The LDCF contributes to the enhancement of adaptive capacity to address the adverse effects of climate change. The priority sectors that are expected to receive the most attention under the NAPA are water resources, food security and agriculture, health, disaster preparedness and risk management, infrastructure and natural resources management. Community-level adaptation may also be a crosscutting area of concern. As of March 2008, $173 million had been pledged and $92 million had been paid.32 At that time 46 of 49 eligible LDCs had been allocated funds to prepare their NAPAs, of which 29 had completed their NAPA.33 In addition, 10 NAPA implementation projects involving LDCF funding of $29.6 million had been approved. Under the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Joint Implementation (JI) Emissions Trading (IET) 44 44

45 Cuestiones clave en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali
Fuentes de financiamiento internacional para el cambio climático climáticoclimate change finance: Obligaciones de las Partes del Anexo I de brindar “financiamiento nuevo y adicional” Fuentes innovadoras (subastas, impuestos, etc.) Mercados de carbono Nivel de contribuciones/ metas específicas Gobernanza: Instituciones nuevas y existentes Representación a nivel de quienes toman decisiones Arreglos de desembolso y apoyo: Criterios e indicadores para la provisión de financiamiento/ contribuciones Temas con prioridad (mitigación, REDD, adaptación, tecnología) Grupos de países/ países con prioridad (más vulnerables, mayores emisores, etc.) Acceso al financiamiento (directo, a través de apoyos innovadores, etc.) Desarrollo de capacidades 45 45

46 Opciones de financiamiento
Aumento de la escala de los mecanismos existentes MDL y otros posibles mecanismos de crédito: $25 Fondo para la Adaptación: $0.5-2 Contribuciones de los países desarrollados1 Mecanismo de Compromisos Financieros en el marco de la Convención: $ Contribuciones de los países desarrollados y en desarrollo Fondo Mundial para el Cambio Climático: $10 Fondo Multilateral para la Adaptación: $18 Sources for finance: Increasing the scale of existing mechanisms, regarding The convention funds The CDM and other crediting mechanisms The Adaptation Fund Increased contributions by developed countries, through New bilateral and multilateral funds Proposals funded by defined contributions from developed countries Proposals funded by contributions from developed and developing countries More stringent commitments by developed countries Auction of Assigned Amount Units Nationally appropriate mitigation actions etc,. Compromisos más estrictos de los países desarrollados Subasta de Unidades de Montos Asignados : $5 (en millones de US$) Para mayor información, consultar el documento “Negociaciones sobre flujos de inversión y financiamiento adicionales para tratar el cambio climático en los países en desarrollo”, tabla 6 46 46

47 DESARROLLO Y TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGÍAS
PLAN DE ACCIÓN DE BALI PIEDRA FUNDAMENTAL DESARROLLO Y TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGÍAS XXXXXXXX 47 47

48 Qué sabemos Etapas de las opciones tecnológicas: Investigación, desarrollo y demostración/ despliegue/ transferencia Las inversiones en energías limpias están creciendo rápidamente, incluyendo nuevos productos y mercados financieros Existe una brecha financiera sustancial para el aumento de escala requerido Se deben reforzar los incentivos del sector privado Las tecnologías más favorecidas de los últimos años son: eólica, solar, biocombustibles (las renovables son crecientemente relevantes) Los mercados de carbono (incluyendo MDL) puede jugar un importante papel para los países en desarrollo Los países con ingresos menores o más bajos aún deben ver los beneficios The international debate on how to enhance and upscale the development and transfer of climate-friendly technology for mitigation and adaptation is gaining momentum in the framework of negotiations for a post-2012 climate agreement. Climate change confronts us with a major technology challenge. It is important to note that, for some technology-related issues, the ongoing international debate reflectsa growing international consensus; others remain highly controversial. 48 48

49 For presenter: It shows in increasing order the marginal mitigation costs per ton CO2 eq involved by different (mitigation technologies). On the left, the yellow bars show many mitigation options with negative costs. Negative costs mean that there are net benefits from adopting the technology (like insulation, more efficient lighting equipment & electric appliances, etc). So one relevant question may be:  why aren't these technolgies adopted if they are profitable? Because of lack of information, lack of adequate incentives, etc. Then on the right we have many technologies with high costs (reaching up to 80 € per ton of CO2 eq). In the middle we have many options of interest for developing countries: forestation, some renewables, biofuels, etc. Many of these options are interesting from the perspective of mechanisms such as CDM. 

50 Evolución de las negociaciones internacionales
Se exige a los países desarrollados que apoyen la transferencia de tecnologías a los países en desarrollo Tecnologías ambientalmente racionales Ajustadas a las condiciones locales Difusión de información sobre tecnologías y trabajo en red Fortalecimiento de la investigación y el desarrollo de capacidades Identificada como modalidad clave para la mitigación y la adaptación: crece su impulso en las negociaciones Protocolo de Kyoto: también hace hincapié en la necesidad de recursos financieros, MDL In general, it is believed that a mix of existing and new technologies and practices will be necessary to achieve the relevant mitigation levels predicted in the IPCC stabilization scenarios. While there is considerable economic potential for reducing GHG emissions, the costs of different mitigation options (technologies) vary considerably. 50 50

51 Cuestiones clave en el marco del Plan de Acción de Bali
Remoción de barreras para la promoción de la transferencia de tecnologías, incluyendo: Financiamiento Derechos de la propiedad intelectual Tarifas y no tarifas Capacidades Formas de acelerar el despliegue, la difusión y la transferencia de tecnologías Cooperación en investigación y desarrollo Efectividad de las herramientas y mecanismos de cooperación tecnológica There are important issues that remain controversial, for example: • How quickly we can change to a low carbon energy world. • The policy approach necessary to accelerate technology development and deployment. • Investments for sustainable technologies. • The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) for the development and deployment of climate-friendly technologies. • The form that international RDD&D co-operation should take. • The role and ultimate scope of carbon markets and the CDM for technology transfer. 51 51

52 Propuestas de las Partes
Arreglos institucionales para un nuevo mecanismo de IDD&D y transferencia de tecnologías, esto es: nuevo órgano con mandato para: Licencias compulsivas Adquisición de patentes Provisión de incentivos para la transferencia de tecnologías Financiamiento para actividades de cooperación tecnológica Desarrollo de indicadores, monitoreo, verificación, etc. Nuevas iniciativas políticas Enfoques tecnológicos específicos o basados en sectores Estándares tecnológicos y de eficiencia Identificación de tecnologías novedosas Creación de centros de excelencia para la promoción de tecnologías Mecanismos de difusión de la información (nacionales e internacionales) Current trends show that investment in clean energy technologies is growing gast and that new financial products and markets are being developed worldwide. In order to guarantee that the necessary scale of (climate friendly) technological change is achieved, government budgets for R&D need to double and private incentives should be reinforced. Nuevos mecanismos financieros Fondo multilateral iniciativas de capital de riesgo 52 52

53 This slide concerns examples of technologies pertaining to different sectors.
Here an important distinction can be made: some of them are currently available (middle column) & others are  in the process of development (column to the right). Many mitigation opportunities  may well depend on the availability of new technologies (R&D & D) as well as on the diffusion of existing technologies (demonstration, transfer & deployment).

54 Presented at the UNDP Workshop on Investment & Financial Flows
TRABAJO DE EVALUACIÓN DE FLUJOS DE INVERSIÓN Y FINANCIAMIENTO PARA EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Presented at the UNDP Workshop on Investment & Financial Flows 12-13 September, 2008 54 54

55 Objetivos y resultados del proyecto
Desarrollo de opciones de política nacional para enfrentar el cambio climático en sectores clave. Aumento de la capacidad para coordinar las posiciones de negociación a nivel nacional y participar en el proceso de la CMNUCC Resultados Aumento de la concientización nacional a través del programa de desarrollo de capacidades Evaluación de los flujos de inversión y financiamiento (FI&FF) para hasta tres sectores clave Lanzamiento de una plataforma de conocimiento en la Web Following the key information on the Bali Road Map building blocks, the goals and outcomes of the project will fit into the current climate change negotiations in several ways: For the national planning the I&F assessment builds a solid base for further internal planning within the key sectors, the inter-ministerial approach will facilitate the coordination among line ministries, enhances capacities and awareness. These outcomes will also bring benefits for the international negotiations, clarifying the main concepts and issues. 55 55

56 Secuencia de las actividades nacionales
As mentioned above, this slide gives an overview over hte activities within the project. As mentioned before, the project has different stages. This workshop/interministerial dialogue is part of the first phase. This is the preparation phase, key activities are: engaging key line ministries, identifying key sectors, preparing national issues papers. This workshop will provide information & discussions on the Bali Action Plan & its 4 building blocks: Adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer & financing as well as land-use, land-use change & forestry (LULUCF). The workshop will also give important information on the key sectors as already elaborated in the national issues papers. After this workshop, the next phase begins with the preparation of a workplan for the work ahead. Once the workplan is in a final or final draft stage, a training will be conducted (IFF training, 3 days) on the methodology to assess I&F flows to address climate change. The next activity will be the assessment itself, the national team will receive backstopping from their regional centre of excellence & be guided by the methodology provided by UNDP. After the assessment, a second national workshop will be held to present results & policy options. Secuencia de las actividades nacionales Evaluación de los flujos de I&F para abordar las opciones de mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático en un máximo de 3 sectores económicos clave (de 6 a 8 meses) Taller nacional para presentar los resultados, opciones de política Taller nacional sobre el Plan de Acción de Bali, problemas nacionales Preparación previa al taller (2 meses) Participación de los ministerios clave Identificación de sectores clave Elaboración de documentos sobre sectores nacionales Actualización sobre las negociaciones del Plan de acción de Bali Se presentan las evaluaciones de flujos I&F Preparación post 2012 Taller nacional sobre: Plan de acción de Bali Adaptación, mitigación, transferencia de tecnologías, financiamiento + LULUCF Sectores clave Metodología del PNUD para evaluar los flujos de I&F Respaldo de los centros regionales de excelencia 56

57 Orientación sobre la preparación del plan de trabajo
Trabajo con flujos I&F Evaluación de los flujos de I&F ¿Cuáles son las opciones de adaptación / mitigación para hasta 3 sectores seleccionados en los próximos 25 años? ¿Quién invierte en el sector / los actores principales y fuentes? ¿Cómo se estima que se producirán los flujos de I&F en los próximos 25 años? ¿Qué reasignaciones e incrementos en los flujos de I&F se necesitarán en el sector? ¿Cuáles serán las necesidades generales para flujos de I&F adicionales? 3 Guías principales Orientación sobre la preparación del plan de trabajo Orientación metodológica Orientación para el reporte This slide provides an overview over the questions the I&FF assessment will help to answer. The project support includes 3 main guides (Work Plan Guidance, Methodological Guidance, Reporting Guidance), as well as backstopping from the Regional Centres of Excellence and the website 57 57

58 Etapa preparatoria (1- 2 meses)
Definir los objetivos nacionales y las metas de la evaluación Identificar y acordar los sectores clave Establecer el equipo de trabajo Evaluar las capacidades metodológicas y las necesidades Evaluar la disponibilidad y las necesidades de información Lograr los acuerdos institucionales necesarios Elaborar el programa general de trabajo y el presupuesto Definir el alcance de los sectores Ajustar los escenarios disponibles y/o desarrollo de nuevos escenarios Elaborar un plan de trabajo detallado Elaborar el presupuesto definitivo This slide outlines the tasks to be completed within the first stage (preparation stage) of the project, as explained in the graphic above. 58 58

59 Equipo de trabajo para la evaluación del flujo de I&F
Equipo del sector 1; p. ej., mitigación en el sector de la energía Equipo del sector 2; p. ej., adaptación en la agricultura Equipo del sector 3; p. ej., adaptación en el sector de agua Punto focal del proyecto Líder del equipo sectorial Experto(s) en mitigación Experto(s) en energía Experto(s) en finanzas Experto(s) en economía/estadística Experto(s) de ONG/académicos Experto(s) del sector privado Experto(s) en adaptación Experto(s) en agricultura Experto(s) en agua Experto(s) en ONG/académicos This is the typical suggested coordination scheme for a national I&FF team (here example with 3 sectors, please adjust this to the national context regarding number and type of sectors!) 59 59

60 Capacitación en la evaluación de los flujos de I&F (3 días)
Respaldo del PNUD Recursos financieros Guías Capacitación en la evaluación de los flujos de I&F (3 días) Respaldo técnico de centros de excelencia (20 días) Plataforma de conocimiento: con "comunidades" para intercambiar información Talleres globales This slide summarizes the package of support that will be provided by UNDP. 60 60

61 Etapa de ejecución (5- 6 meses)
Realizar la evaluación de los flujos de I&F (según las directrices metodológicas y de reporte) Orientación y procedimientos para: Documentación Gestión del soporte de cálculo Procedimientos de control y garantía de calidad Archivo This slide outlines the tasks to be completed within the second stage (implementation stage) of the project, as explained in the graphic above. 61 61

62 Etapa de preparación de informes
Medidas de control de gestión de archivos; Procedimientos y cronogramas para compartir datos; Instrucciones editoriales (por ej.: uso de siglas, instrucciones sobre qué y cómo informar); Procedimientos de documentación y archivo; Estructura y contenido de reseñas (es decir, lineamientos o descripción de qué debe contener cada sección, ejemplos de los cuadros necesarios y directrices de estilo, etc.); Formato (por ej.: formato para cada nivel de encabezamiento, procedimientos de uso de siglas y unidades comunes, formato de referencia, formatos de cuadro). This slide outlines the tasks to be completed within the third stage (reporting stage) of the project, as explained in the graphic above. 62 62

63 The following graph will show the 9 steps of the methodology.
Selected sectors either have Adaptation or Mitigation focus Compile historical I&FF data and other input data for scenarios 63

64 Identify current circumstances, framework, activities of the sector & the current costs resulting
64

65 Project flows (future expenditures) under the current circumstances for the sector for the desired time horizon, at least 10 years & through 2030 (using or not using a model) Estimate total future costs for the baseline scenario from that projection 65

66 Identify adaptation/mitigation measures & their costs for the sector
66

67 Estimate total future adaptation/mitigation costs from that projection
Project flows (future expenditures) under the adaptation/mitigation scenario for the desired time horizon (using or not using a model) Estimate total future adaptation/mitigation costs from that projection 67

68 Subtract the costs of the reference projection from those of the adaptation/migitation projection for every year Resulting from that: the future additional costs or reduced cost for every year 68

69 Summarize proceeding & outcomes
What has to be done, how can that be achieved? Provide enabling environment for I&FF Suggest policy options for informed decision making 69