SUStANTIVOS (Nouns) ¡Recuerda!: Nouns (person, place, thing) in Spanish have GENDER Por ejemplo… la casa, la escuela, la biblioteca, la hamburguesa are FEMININE el libro, el cuaderno, el cuarto, el edificio are MASCULINE **Most nouns that end in –a are feminine, and most nouns that end in –o are masculine, but there are exceptions… el mapa, el tema, la mano, la radio Discuss patterns: -tud, -sion, -cion, -dad, -tad, -umbre are feminine; -ma is masculine Tip: learn the article along with the noun when you are practicing vocabulary

Some nouns can change gender without changing meaning: SUStANTIVOS (Nouns) Some nouns can change gender without changing meaning: And some can’t: FEMININO MASCULINO la profesora el profesor la gata el gato la doctora el doctor Discuss patterns: -tud, -sion, -cion, -dad, -tad, -umbre are feminine; -ma is masculine Tip: learn the article along with the noun when you are practicing vocabulary

SUStANTIVOS (Nouns) Nouns in Spanish also have NUMBER, meaning they can be SINGULAR or PLURAL Por ejemplo… el cuarto, la clase, la puerta, el país are SINGULAR los perros, las bebidas, los padres, las matemáticas are PLURAL **To make nouns plural** If the noun ends in a vowel, add –s el libro, los libros If it ends in a consonant, and –es el doctor, los doctores Discuss patterns: -tud, -sion, -cion, -dad, -tad, -umbre are feminine; -ma is masculine Tip: learn the article along with the noun when you are practicing vocabulary

Definite vs. Indefinite Articles definite articles = specific thing(s) indefinite articles = nonspecific thing(s) masculine feminine masculine feminine singular el la los las singular un una unos unas plural plural “a, an” “some, a few” “the” Tengo el libro de español. vs. Tengo unos libros.

Adjetivos (Adjectives) ¡Recuerda!: Adjectives are words that DESCRIBE or MODIFY nouns. In Spanish, adjectives generally come AFTER the noun they modify/describe. ex. la casa roja the red house article adjective noun article noun adjective Adjectives that end in –o or –a agree with the noun in GENDER and NUMBER: el chico alto (masculine, singular) la chaqueta morada (feminine, singular) los libros aburridos (masculine, plural) las papas fritas (singular, plural) Adjectives that end in –e or a consonant agree with the noun in NUMBER: el chico inteligente (singular) la chaqueta azul (singular) los libros interesantes (plural) las chanclas cafés (plural) Note: if a word ends in a vowel, add –s to make it plural. If it ends in a consonant, add –es.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS I yo we nosotros nosotras you tú (informal) usted (formal) y’all vosotros/as (España) ustedes he él she ella they ellos ellas The plural forms nosotros, vosotros, and ellos have a masculine and a feminine form (nosotras, vosotras, ellas). Use the masculine form for groups of boys Use the feminine form for groups of girls 3. Use the masculine form in a mixed group (boys and girls)