CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS RELACIONADOS CON LA TECNOLOGÍA DE LA INFORMACIÓN Prof. Nelliud D. Torres Chapter 1: An Introduction to Information Systems This chapter presents basic concepts necessary to understand systems and business information systems.

Contenido Conceptos de Hardware Conceptos de Software Conceptos de Administración de Base de Datos Conceptos de Redes y telecomunicaciones An information system is a collection of related things that work together to achieve a common goal. The components collect, process or transform, and distribute data and information. Common examples of information systems include: ATMs, point of sale (POS) systems used by grocery checkout clerks; information systems used by airlines to make reservations or schedule flights; and the system you use at your university to register for classes.

HARDWARE

¿QUÉ ES UNA COMPUTADORA? CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE ¿QUÉ ES UNA COMPUTADORA? La computadora es un aparato (device) que procesa datos usando unas instrucciones que tiene almacenadas en su memoria. También posee la capacidad de aceptar datos de entrada (Input), procesar esos datos (Processing) convirtiéndolos en información y producir un resultado o producto (Output). Usa operaciones aritméticas y lógicas para poder procesar los datos. Finalmente, posee la capacidad de almacenar los datos y los resultados producidos para un uso futuro. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

COMPUTADORA ANÁLOGA VS DIGITAL Computadora Análoga (equipo médico) CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE COMPUTADORA ANÁLOGA VS DIGITAL Existen dos tipos de computadoras: las análogas y las digitales. Las computadoras análogas usan generalmente de entrada (Input) señales análogas como por ejemplo, luz, sonido y movimiento. Las computadoras que monitorean en un hospital el corazón de un paciente son un ejemplo de una computadora análoga. Por otro lado, las computadoras digitales reciben su entrada (Input) del teclado, mouse, módem y otros periferales (devices) que transmiten señales digitales a la computadora. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Computadora Análoga (equipo médico)

CATEGORÍAS DE COMPUTADORAS CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE CATEGORÍAS DE COMPUTADORAS Las computadoras se clasifican de acuerdo a su tamaño, velocidad, precio y capacidad de ejecutar cálculos. Sin embargo, los cambios rápidos en tecnología hacen que estas clasificaciones cambien de parámetros y sean difíciles de aplicar. Aunque los parámetros puedan variar rápidamente, es importante entender estas clasificaciones. Las computadoras personales, también conocidas como microcomputadoras son las más usadas tanto en el ámbito personal como en el de pequeñas y medianas empresas. Existen varias clasificaciones, las cuales varían en cuanto a capacidad y precio se refiere. Aquí mencionaremos las más importantes y comunes de menor a mayor, las cuales son: Palmtop, Subnotebook, Notebook, Laptop, Desktop, Tower y Workstations. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE Palmtop The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Palmtop

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE Subnotebook Notebook Laptop The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Laptop

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE Desktop Tower The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Desktop Tower

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE Workstation Servidor The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Workstation Servidor

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE Mini computadora Mainframe Supercomputadora The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Mainframe Supercomputadora

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Cámara Digital Bocinas Cámara Web

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES LASER INK-JET Dot matrix The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Joystick (control) Disco Duro Impresora

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Micrófono Memoria RAM/ROM Memoria Flash

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES Externo The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Monitor Flat Modem Monitor

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Power Supply Mother board Mouse

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Tarjeta de LAN Procesador Scanner

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES Function keys Status lights Numeric keypad Cursor control keys Escape key Prt Scrn Scroll Lock Pause/Break The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. TECLADO

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Unidad de Floppy Unidad de CD Unidad de DVD

CONCEPTOS DE HARDWARE - COMPONENTES The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information. Jump Drive Unidad de Zip Drive

SOFTWARE

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE El software es el conjunto de instrucciones que las computadoras emplean para manipular datos. Sin el software la computadora no puede operar ni ejecutar ninguna tarea. El software es el que le dice cómo controlar sus periferales y cómo correr las aplicaciones del usuario. Se divide en cuatro áreas importantes, las cuales son: sistema operativo, aplicaciones, programas enlatados y lenguajes de programación. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

Se divide en cuatro partes: CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE Se divide en cuatro partes: System Software Application Software Software Packages Programming Languages Virus (aparte) The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -System Software El sistema operativo es el gestor y organizador de todas las actividades que realiza la computadora. Marca las pautas según las cuales se intercambia información entre la memoria principal y secundaria, y determina las operaciones elementales que puede realizar el procesador. Sus dos prioridades más importantes son: eficiencia y facilidad de uso, las cuales pueden variar dependiendo del sistema operativo. Ejemplos de sistemas operativos son: DOS, UNIX, LINUX, WINDOWS 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, XP, OS/2. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -Application Software Las aplicaciones son programas que realizan una tarea en específico. Por ejemplo, WORD es una aplicación que se usa para crear cartas y documentos similares. EXCEL es una aplicación que permite crear hojas de cálculo electrónicas, etc. El usuario usa mayormente estas aplicaciones y no el sistema operativo. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -SOFTWARE PACKAGES Los programas enlatados tienen dos vertientes: los que se crean in house y los que se compran a compañías externas. Los programas in house se crean con el personal de la misma compañía (programadores). Tienen la ventaja de que pueden ser fácilmente modificados y ajustados a las necesidades de la empresa. Por otro lado, el costo de producción puede ser en extremo alto, ya que hay que pagar un personal que lo crea y mantiene. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Cuando una compañía tiene un equipo de programadores para que le desarrolle sus sistemas, éstos necesitan un lenguaje de programación para poder desarrollar esos sistemas. El lenguaje de programación es una serie de instrucciones que el programador escribe. Este lenguaje se compone de palabras en inglés que son fáciles de entender por parte del programador, pero no así de la computadora. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -VIRUS Aunque no se consideran un componente del software, es importante mencionarlo y entender como trabaja. Son programas diseñados para multiplicarse y propagarse sin dar indicios de su existencia. Los virus electrónicos pueden producir una variedad de síntomas en las computadoras. Pueden producir ruidos extraños o presentar mensajes de mal gusto en la pantalla. En el peor de los casos pueden borrar archivos o el disco duro por completo. The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

CONCEPTOS DE SOFTWARE -Diagrama de las diferentes categorías The terms data & information are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction: information is value-added data. Data is processed, organized or transformed to become information. Data are raw facts. For example, if you write down your age & grade on an English test & hand it to me, I see 2 numbers – raw data. However, if you include the average age and average test score for your class, the data would have some meaning to me as a teacher… it would become information. Interestingly, your name and grade – data to me- could very well be information to you. In the context of your life or experiences, those 2 numbers alone would most likely have meaning. Similarly, a grocery store manager would most likely find a list of every item sold today to be of little use – it is data. However, the amount that the store’s total sales are over or under planned sales would be information.

BASE DE DATOS

DEFINICIÓN BASE DE DATOS Una Base de Datos consiste de una colección de datos interrelacionados y un conjunto de programas que permiten acceder esos datos.  Su objetivo primordial es proporcionar un medio ambiente que sea conveniente y eficiente tanto al extraer como al almacenar datos.  Su orientación es a nivel empresarial como la entidad central en donde todas sus operaciones se fusionan al utilizar esta herramienta. Es una colección organizada de datos lógicamente relacionados  

Definiciones - DBMS DBMS (database management system): Colección de programas que manejan la estructura de la base de datos y controla los accesos a los datos. Permite compartir datos entre diferentes aplicaciones o usuarios. Hace que el manejo de datos sea más eficiente y efectivo. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Definiciones - DBMS Los usuarios (End users) tiene mejor acceso a más y mejor datos organizados. Promueve la integración de las operaciones de la organización Se reduce considerablemente la probabilidad de la inconsistencia de los datos. Crea la posibilidad de producir respuestas de una forma rápida al usuario. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Definiciones - DBMS Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Componentes de un medio ambiente de Base de Datos CASE Tools – Computer-aided software engineering Repository – Donde se almacena la metadata Database Management System (DBMS) –Software que maneja la Base de Datos Database – Donde se almacena (storehouse) los datos Application Programs–Software que utiliza los datos User Interface – Display (texto y/o gráfico) que se le muestra a los usuarios Database Administrators – Personal responsable por mantener la Base de Datos System Developers – Personal responsable por diseñar la base de datos y el Software que lo accede End Users – Personas que utilizan las aplicaciones y la Base de Datos

Figure 1-5 Components of the Database Environment

Medioambiente de un Sistema de Base de Datos Se compone de cinco partes principales: Hardware Software Operating system software DBMS software Application programs and utility software People Procedures Data Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Medioambiente de un Sistema de Base de Datos (Diagrama) Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Comparación de una Base de Datos con los Sistemas Tradicionales de Archivos Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Tipos de Bases de Datos - 1 (Rangos) Single-user (Personal Database): Solo se puede utilizar con un solo usuario a la vez. Desktop: Una Base de Datos para un solo usuario que corre en una computadora personal. Multi-user: Trabaja con múltiples usuarios a la misma vez Pág. 19 Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Tipos de Bases de Datos - 2 Workgroup: Bases de Datos que manejan múltiples usuarios de un pequeño grupo (aprox. 25) Departmental/divisional: Base de Datos para un Departamento o División dentro de una compañía. Enterprise: Bases de Datos que manejan múltiples usuarios y da apoyo a un gran grupo de usuarios de una organización completa. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) La integración de todas las funciones de la empresa. (Ejemplo: manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing, inventory, accounting, human resources) Data Warehouse Sistema integrado de apoyo a toma de decisiones (Integrated decision support system) el cual se deriva de varios tipos de Bases de Datos operacionales Web-Enabled: El cambio que más a impactado el uso de las Bases de Datos es el Internet. Ahora se utiliza mucho para que el cliente o usuario pueda extraer datos e información utilizando un Browser. Pág. 20 - 24 Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Tipos de Bases de Datos - 3 Se pueden clasificar por localización: Centralized: Da apoyo a los datos localizados en un solo site Distributed: Da apoyo a los datos distribuidos a través de varios sites Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Tipos de Bases de Datos - 4 Se pueden clasificar por uso: Transactional (or production): Se utiliza para las operaciones críticas del día a día de una compañía. Data warehouse: Almacena datos que se utilizan para generar información requerida en decisiones estratégicas o tácticas. Con frecuencia se utiliza para almacenar data histórica. Su estructura puede ser muy diferente a la de una Base de Datos. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

Ventajas del uso de Base de Datos Independencia entre Programa y datos La redundancia es planificada y mínima Mejora la consistencia de los datos Mejora la capacidad de compartir datos Aumenta la productividad de desarrollo de aplicaciones Fuerza a que se sigan unos estándares Mejora la calidad de los datos Mejora la accesibilidad a los datos y el tiempo de respuesta para obtener información. El usuario puede tener acceso a los datos sin intervención del personal de IT. Reduce el tiempo de mantenimiento de programación Mejora la toma de decisiones ya que la calidad de los datos es superior Seguridad – La Base de datos permite diseñar distintos niveles de seguridad sin tener que programarlo. Aumenta la productividad de los programadores debido a que no se dedican a programar validación ni seguridad, ni se tienen que preocupar por el Diseño de los datos. Se pueden dedicar a la programación. Pág. 14 -15

Costos, Riesgos y Desventajas del Enfoque de las Bases de Datos Requiere de nuevo personal especializado en el campo Mayor costo en instalación y manejo de la Base de Datos Mayor complejidad Costos al convertir de otros sistemas de archivos Necesario realizar backup y recovery de transacciones Puede crear conflictos organizacionales Si un componente de la Base de Datos sufre un desperfecto, se detiene las operaciones del producto por completo.  En caso de un accidente que corrompa la Base de datos, el proceso de recuperación y de volver   la Base de Datos a su estado anterior al problema, es mucho mas complejo de ejecutar que en sistemas tradicionales. Al ser centralizado, en caso de falla, se paraliza la empresa. Pág. 16 - 17

Costos, Riesgos y Desventajas del Enfoque de las Bases de Datos - 2 Más costoso (Expensive) database management system more hardware resources higher operating costs specialized personnel Mayor complejidad (Complex) technological managerial Más vulnerable a fallas. Difícil la recuperación de datos. Problemas de seguridad y privacidad.

Evolución de las Bases de Datos Pág. 26

El administrador de la Base de Datos tiene las siguientes responsabilidades 1- Interactuar con el Database Management System (DBMS) 2- Implantar la integridad 3- Implantar la seguridad 4- Copia de seguridad y recuperación de los datos 5- Controlar la consistencia

1 - Interactuar con el Database Management System (DBMS) El administrador de la Base de Datos (Database Manager o DBM) utiliza una serie de programas, utilidades y herramientas que proporcionan el Database Manager System (DBMS) que le ayudan en sus diferentes funciones en la administración de la Base de Datos. El DBM es responsable del verdadero almacenamiento, la recuperación y actualización de los datos en la Base de Datos.

2 - Implementación de la integridad Los valores de los datos que se almacenan en el banco de datos deben satisfacer ciertos tipos de restricciones de consistencia. El DBM debe determinar si las actualizaciones dan como resultado una violación de restricción, de ser así, debe proveer la acción apropiada para evitar que esto ocurra.

3 - Implantación de seguridad Como no todos los usuarios deben tener el mismo acceso a todo el contenido de la Base de Datos, el DBM debe hacer que se cumplan esos requisitos de seguridad y que los datos no puedan ser accedidos por personas no autorizadas.

4 - Copia de seguridad y recuperación EL DBM debe detectar fallos y restaurar la Base de Datos al estado que existía antes de ocurrir el fallo. Este proceso es uno delicado y difícil de trabajar. El DBMS provee mecanismos para que el administrador pueda llevar a cabo copias y recuperación de los datos.

5 - Controlar la consistencia Cuando se controla la redundancia (repetición de los datos), la Base de Datos se mantiene consistente. Esto quiere decir que cualquier cambio de datos que se haga, se va a reflejar en todos los departamentos y usuarios que acceden esa Base de Datos. El DBM debe estar pendiente de que la redundancia sea la mínima aceptable.

Bases de Datos Orientados a Web Son más comunes cada día. Proveen una ventaja competitiva a la compañía y la expone a nivel global. Se utilizan en el comercio electrónico. Algunos ejemplos de compañías que trabajan electrónicamente por Internet son Ebay y Amazon. Las aplicaciones Web están tomando mucho auge.

EJEMPLOS BASES DE DATOS WEB http://www.1800flowers.com/Flowers/welcome.asp?section=1

EJEMPLOS BASES DE DATOS WEB http://www.mapquest.com/

TELECOMUNICACIONES

Telecomunicaciones El uso efectivo de las telecomunicaciones y redes (networks) puede convertir a una compañía en una organización ágil, poderosa y creativa dándole una ventaja competitiva a largo plazo. El Internet, como muchas otras tecnologías, provee varios servicios, algunos de ellos son efectivos y prácticos hoy día, otros están en evolucionando y otros están por desaparecer por su falta de uso. Originalmente el Word Wide Web se desarrolló como un sistema manejador de documentos. Es un sistema basado en menú fácil de utilizar para aplicaciones personales y de negocios.

Elementos de un Sistema de Telecomunicaciones

Tipos de medios (Media)

Tipos de cables más comunes Twisted-pair Coaxial Fibra óptica

Equipos Comunes de Telecomunicaciones

Costos, Ventajas y Desventajas de Varias Formas de Comunicaciones

Networks y Procesamiento Distribuido Computer network - Medios de comunicación, equipos y software que se necesita para poder conectar dos o más computadoras. Centralized processing - El procesamiento ocurre en una sola localización o facilidad. Decentralized processing - El procesamiento ocurre en diferentes localizaciones. Distributed processing - Las computadoras están localizadas en lugares remotos, pero están conectadas unas a las otras a través de equipos de comunicaciones.

Terminal-to-Host Connection

File Server Connection

Client/Server Connection

A Typical LAN

A Wide Area Network

Connecting Computing Devices Using a Home Network

Programas de Comunicaciones y Protocolos Communications software - Provee una serie de funciones importantes en la red (network). Network operating system - Controla el sistema de computadora y los equipos en una red y permite que se comuniquen unos a los otros. Network management software - Permite monitorear el uso de las computadoras en la red y de equipos compartidos (Ej. impresoras) Communications protocol - Reglas y estándares que permiten que la comunicación se realice.

Protocolos de Comunicaciones más Comunes

Uso y Funcionamiento del Internet

Uso del Internet en los Estados Unidos por Edad, Género, Región e Ingreso

Routing Messages Over the Internet

Como Trabaja el Internet Internet Protocol (IP) Transport Control Protocol Uniform Resource Locator

U.S. Top-Level Domain Affiliations

Tres Formas de Acceder el Internet

Ejemplos de Proveedores de Servicio de Internet

Internet y Servicios de Telecomunicaciones

Resumen de Servicios del Internet

Ejemplos de Emoticones y Abreviaciones usados en Chats y Correo Electrónico (E-Mail)

El World Wide Web

World Wide Web Un servicio del Internet que incluye millones de computadoras independientes que trabajan juntas como si fuera una. Home page Hypermedia Hypertext markup language (HTML)

Varios Web Sites Interesantes

Ejemplo del Código HTML

Search Engine

Intranets y Extranets

Intranets and Extranets Intranet – Una red interna corporativa que utiliza la tecnología del Internet y estándares del WWW. Restringe el uso fuera de la organización y no permite conexiones remotas. Extranet - Una red que permite seleccionar recursos del Intranet de una compañía con sus clientes, suplidores u otros socios de negocios. Virtual private network - Una conexión segura entre dos puntos a través del Internet. Firewall - Un equipo o software localizado entre la red interna y el Internet exterior.

Resumen de Usuarios de Internet, Intranet y Extranet

Privacy and Security Cookie Cryptography Encryption Digital Signature

Cryptography

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