Ciclos de los bioelementos primordiales C, N, S y P.

Presentación del tema: "Ciclos de los bioelementos primordiales C, N, S y P."— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Ciclos de los bioelementos primordiales C, N, S y P

2 Ciclo básico del carbono en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

3 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

4 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

5 Primera formulación de una reacción bioquímica Lavoisier, 1789 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

6 Ciclo básico del nitrógeno en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

7 Ciclo básico del azufre en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

8 PO ~ H PO HO H H H O O H O H 2 2 2 2 2 2 ba 2 3 4 - -- + + + 2- Ciclo básico del fósforo en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

9 Biosfera y medio ambiente

10 Problemas globales

11 The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth The first factor lies in the shape of the Earth’s orbit, measured by a parameter called “eccentricity”, which varies between near circularity and slight ellipticity over a period of ca. 100 000 years.

12 The second factor is the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation, called “obliquity” (the origin of seasons), which varies between 22 and 25 degrees over a period of ca. 41 000 years. The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth

13 The third factor is called “climatic precession”: a measure of the position of summer and winter solstices relatives to the shortest (perihelion) or longest (aphelion) distances from the Earth to the Sun. The Milankovitch Model The orbital hypothesis of climatic change Three astronomical factors have a major influence on the long-term climate on Earth

14 The present models show that according to the astronomical data, we are at the beginning of an unusually long interglacial period, which started about 6 000 years ago and should last for about 50 000 years. Such a length is really exceptional over the recent geological past, and there is also a probability that the magnitude of warming could be greater if the build-up of high CO2 levels in the atmosphere continues due to man’s uncontrolled activities. The present CO2 concentration (370 ppm) is already well above the values characterising the last 40 000 years, during which CO2 varied between 200 ppm (during glacial) and 280 ppm (during interglacial). Long-term climatic change ESF Communications (2002), No 44

15 Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels

16 The carbon record. Past and present NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

17 luz visible superficie terrestre atmósfera EFECTO INVERNADERO radiación infrarroja Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

18 DOE Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration

19 The MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment The Sleipner CO2 Injection Project

20 DOE Center for Research on Ocean Carbon Sequestration

21 The color of life. The colors of the world NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

22 The relatively clear, pigment-poor waters of the Mediterranean contrast sharply with the plankton-rich Atlantic waters of northwest Spain (upper left) Ocean Color From Space

23 Dramatic changes in the Sun's atmosphere from solar minimum in 1996 to solar maximum in 1999 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

24 Thirty-one hours after the initial flare and Coronal Mass Ejection (an eruption of electrified gas, called plasma, from the Sun), the Earth was at the height of an intense geomagnetic storm NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

25 Methane is second only to carbon dioxide in contributing to global warming. It comes from ordinary sources, like cattle herds and garbage dumps. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Metano.mov

26 Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone in the troposphere, black carbon soot, aerosols, nitrous oxide, and several types of halocarbons all contribute to climate change.

27 While carbon dioxide is may be the biggest single factor in overall global warming, reduction of the other contributing gasses may have the potential of greater climate change mitigation.

28 Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416, 389 - 395 Spatial variability of annual trends in temperature since 1976 relative to 1961 to 1990 normals

29 Spatial variability of annual trends in precipitation since 1976 relative to 1961 to 1990 normals Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416, 389 - 395

30 Anomalies of different phenological phases in Germany correlate well with anomalies of mean spring air temperature (T) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416, 389 - 395

31 Vegetation shift from indigenous deciduous to exotic evergreen broad-leaved vegetation in southern Switzerland Walther et al. (2002) Nature 416, 389 - 395

32 Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA Efecto invernadero W.A. Nirenberg (La Jolla, California): La incertidumbre presente es tal que un retraso en la toma de decisiones es la política correcta

33 O 2 <200 nm + O O luz O 2 + O O 3 O 2 200-290 nm + O luz O 3 1 2 3 Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA The ozone hole

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36 ozone_oct_99.mov

37 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Ozone in the northern and southern hemisphere as measured by Earth Probe TOMS on April 1, 2001

38 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Ozone in the northern and southern hemisphere as measured by Earth Probe TOMS on October 1, 2001

39 Agujero de ozono Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias (acta de concesión del Premio Nobel, 1995): Los tres investigadores (Molina, Sherwood y Roland) han contribuido a que nos salvemos de un problema ambiental que podría haber tenido consecuencias catastróficas Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

40 Producción de compuestos halogenados

41 Contaminación atmosférica (local y regional)

42 Contaminación acuática

43 Contaminación de los suelos

44 Biografía del planeta Tierra James Lovelock (Las edades de Gaia, 1993): La Tierra es capaz de superar su estado actual enfermizo de la única manera posible: la quirúrgica, esto es, eliminando la causa que ocasiona su enfermedad Las Fronteras del Conocimiento Miguel A. de la Rosa (1996) Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

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46 CO, H O 22 CO + H O 2 2 (CH O) 2 2 ~PO 3 - 4H, + 2O - 2 - 2 + O 2 H PO 24 - 2 4 e 2 4H + O + H O 2 2 H PO 2 4 - 2 ~PO, 3 - 4H + 2 8 4 4 h h h I II 2 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

47 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

48 Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid

49 Ciclo básico del fósforo en biología Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9) Editorial Rueda, Madrid