Anthropogenic and natural CO 2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar Aida F. Ríos Susana Rodríguez-Gálvez Javier Ruiz Fiz F. Pérez Ahmed Makaoui Abdellatif Orbi Jesús García-Lafuente Antonio Sánchez-Román I. Emma Huertas

SPAIN MOROCCO MEDITERRANEAN SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN 2.51 millons of km² 14 km

1)Seguimiento conjunto hispano-marroquí de una Serie Temporal en el Estrecho de Gibraltar (2005MA MA0056) CSIC-CNRST 2) Acción Complementaria: Campañas Oceanográficas Asociadas al Proyecto Integrado Europeo CARBOOCEAN (CTM E/MAR) 3) Producción Pelágica en la Plataforma Atlántico-Andaluza (CTM E/MAR) 4)SESAME IP: Southern European Seas: Assessing and Modeling Ecosystem Changes (FP GOCE)

Atlantic-Mediterranean Interface (AMI) Surface Atlantic Water (SAW) Inflow Mediterranean Water (MOW) Outflow

Campaign IDDate CARBOGIB May, 2005 CARBOGIB Sept, 2005 CARBOGIB Dec, 2005 CARBOGIB March, 2006 CARBOGIB May, 2006 GIFT Nov, 2006 CARBOGIB Dec, 2006 CARBOGIB May, 2007 CARBOGIB July, 2007 DATA ANALYSED 10 m 20 m AI AMI MOW Campaign IDDate CARBOGIB97-9 Sept, 2007 GIFT47-14 April, 2008 GIFT July, 2008 GIFT Sept, 2008 GIFT74-22 Oct, 2008 ONGOING ANALYSIS

 (ºC) S DO (  molkg -1 ) pH T  (ºC) S SS A T (  molkg -1 ) TIC (  molkg -1 )

A T = 92.98*S-993 n=298 r 2 =0.989

CONCENTRATION OF C ANT IN THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: DIFFERENT APPROACHES TrOCAC*C* C bio CaCO 3diss

G3 ESPARTEL G1 CAMARINAL G2 INTERFACE 1 Sv 0.8 Sv 1 Sv ATLANTIC INFLOW MEDITERRANEAN OUTFLOW

García-Lafuente et al. (2002a). Subinertial variability in the flow through the Strait of Gibraltar JGR (DOI: /2001JC ). García-Lafuente et al. (2002b). Inflow interruption by meteorological forcing in the Strait of Gibraltar. GRL (DOI /2002GL015446). García Lafuente et al. (2002c). Low frequency variability of the exchanged flows through the Strait of Gibraltar during CANIGO. DSR Vargas et al. (2006) Fortnightly and monthly variability of the exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar, PiO.

TIME SERIES OF MOW AT ESPARTELL SILL García-Lafuente et al. (2007) JGR (prior data set )

NET FLUXES OF CARBON THROUGH THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR FN=FM-FA=(  M *Q M *C T M )-(  A *Q A *C T A ) Station ID Water Mass Signature Density (kgm ) Q (Sv) A T (  molkg -1 ) C T (  molkg -1 )  CaCO 3diss (  molkg -1 )  C bio (  molkg -1 ) C ANT(newTrOCA) (  molkg -1 ) C ANT(C*) (  molkg -1 ) DOC 1 (  molkg -1 ) 6NASW MOW NASW MOW F N (kmols -1 ) Uncertainty (kmols -1 ) Data taken from Dafner et al. (2001) st 6st 8 Atlantic OceanMediterranean Sea Mixing 0.13 Sv 0.85 Sv0.89 Sv S=36.30 S= Sv Entrainment Sv S= Sv S= Gibraltar Units in kmol s -1 CaCO 3 16 CO 2 outgassing 19 O2O2 49 F N C bio =-35 F N A T =-44 F N C T =-67 F N DOC=14 F N C ANT(C*) =11 Rivers Black Sea Espartel Sill Camarinal Sill st 7 Schneider et al., 2007

A net export of inorganic carbon equivalent to Pg C yr -1 takes place from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean An annual flux of 4.2 Tg C ANT towards the Mediterranean basin can be detected Conclusions C ANT CTCT I.E.Huertas, A. F. Ríos, J. García-Lafuente, A. Makaoui, S. Rodríguez-Gálvez, A.Sánchez-Román, A. Orbi, J. Ruíz and F. F. Pérez. Anthropogenic and natural CO 2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Biogeosciences (submitted) THE ATLANTIC IS FEEDING THE MEDITERRANEAN WITH C ANT !!

TO BE CONTINUED….. THANK YOU SO MUCH