INTRODUCCIÓN AL DISEÑO CURRICULAR 6º AÑO ESCUELA SECUNDARIA Inglés INTRODUCCIÓN AL DISEÑO CURRICULAR 6º AÑO ESCUELA SECUNDARIA Inglés Dirección de Capacitación Provincia de Buenos Aires Capacitador ETR Oscar Marino 2012

ENCUENTRO 1 PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT Bibliography for this meeting: -Diseño Curricular de 6º año Escuela Secundaria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. -Fulcher, G. (2010) Chapter 1 “Testing and assessment in context” (section 1- Test purpose – and section 4 – Unintended consequences) in Practical Language Testing. London: Hodder Education. -Fulcher, G. (2010) Chapter 3 “Classroom assessment” in Practical Language Testing. London: Hodder Education. Coyle, D.; Hood, P.; Marsh, D. (2010) Appendix “Creating a tool kit” in CLIL –Content and Language Integrated Learning. Cambridge: C.U.P. Coyle, D.; Hood, P.; Marsh, D. (2010) Chapter 4 “The CLIL tool kit: Transforming theory into practice” in CLIL –Content and Language Integrated Learning. Cambridge: C.U.P.

Initial Task Complete the first two columns of the KWL chart for “evaluación” What I KnowWhat I Want to knowWhat I Learned To be checked

TASK 1 Bearing in mind one of your secondary school classes from last year (it could be a 5th year class), write CAN DO descriptors for this particular class, in the areas of reading, writing, speaking, listening, critical thinking. First work individually and then form groups with your colleagues to compare your descriptors. Now, write the descriptors for the 6 th Year based on the Curriculum Design guidelines and your expectations for the course. Then read the “Objetivos de aprendizaje para 6º año” in the Currículum Design and compare the descriptors you wrote.

CURRICULUM DESIGN

Objetivos de aprendizaje para 6to año De acuerdo con el presente diseño curricular se espera que los alumnos logren: Comprender textos orales y escritos con los contenidos propuestos para el año utilizando estrategias específicas en función de las necesidades de información y comunicación Producir textos escritos y orales con propósitos comunicativos aplicados a una situación relacionada con el contenido propio de materias relacionadas con su especialidad y propuestos para el año. Reconocer y producir el vocabulario propio de las materias especificas de los distintos tipos de escuela y modalidad. Desarrollar estrategias de la lengua extranjera que faciliten el acceso al conocimiento, desarrollo personal y de comunicación en el mundo actual. Ganar autoestima y confianza en sí mismos y aprendan a trabajar con independencia debido a la naturaleza interactiva y cooperativa del trabajo que AICLE supone.

Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains Adapted from Anderson and Krathwohl (2000). A Taxonomy of Learning

PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT (for learning, as learning, of learning)

TASK 2: Why do you test? It is traditional to talk about tests being used for one of five different purposes: Achievement Aptitude Diagnosis Placement Proficiency However, there are many other reasons for testing, including motivating learners to study. Reflect upon the reasons why you give tests in to your own students. Make a list of the reasons.

TASK 3: Identifying unintended consequences. Think about your own teaching and learning context. Make a list of those things that you do because a test is going to be given. Or if it makes the task easier, make a list of the things you wouldn’t do if the test was not there. Once you have your list, go through and put a √ against each item that you think is a positive effect induced by the act of testing, and a X against each item that you think is a negative effect.

Assessment for learning Assessment for learning is designed to give teachers information to modify and differentiate teaching and learning activities. It acknowledges that individual students learn in idiosyncratic ways, but it also recognizes that there are predictable patterns and pathways that many students follow. It requires careful design on the part of teachers so that they use the resulting information to determine not only what students know, but also to gain insights into how, when, and whether students apply what they know. Teachers can also use this information to streamline and target instruction and resources, and to provide feedback to students to help them advance their learning.

What Is Assessment for Learning? Assessment for learning occurs throughout the learning process. It is designed to make each student’s understanding visible, so that teachers can decide what they can do to help students progress. Students learn in individual and idiosyncratic ways, yet, at the same time, there are predictable patterns of connections and preconceptions that some students may experience as they move along the continuum from emergent to proficient. In assessment for learning, teachers use assessment as an investigative tool to find out as much as they can about what their students know and can do, and what confusions, preconceptions, or gaps they might have. The wide variety of information that teachers collect about their students’ learning processes provides the basis for determining what they need to do next to move student learning forward. It provides the basis for providing descriptive feedback for students and deciding on groupings, instructional strategies, and resources.

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING Reflection task Think about an example of assessment for learning in your own teaching and discuss it with your colleagues. To be checked

Assessment as learning Assessment as learning is a process of developing and supporting metacognition for students. Assessment as learning focusses on the role of the student as the critical connector between assessment and learning. When students are active, engaged, and critical assessors, they make sense of information, relate it to prior knowledge, and use it for new learning. This is the regulatory process in metacognition. It occurs when students monitor their own learning and use the feedback from this monitoring to make adjustments, adaptations, and even major changes in what they understand. It requires that teachers help students develop, practise, and become comfortable with reflection, and with a critical analysis of their own learning.

What Is Assessment as Learning? Assessment as learning focusses on students and emphasizes assessment as a process of metacognition (knowledge of one’s own thought processes) for students. Assessment as learning emerges from the idea that learning is not just a matter of transferring ideas from someone who is knowledgeable to someone who is not, but is an active process of cognitive restructuring that occurs when individuals interact with new ideas. Within this view of learning, students are the critical connectors between assessment and learning. For students to be actively engaged in creating their own understanding, they must learn to be critical assessors who make sense of information, relate it to prior knowledge, and use it for new learning. This is the regulatory process in metacognition; that is, students become adept at personally monitoring what they are learning, and use what they discover from the monitoring to make adjustments, adaptations, and even major changes in their thinking. Assessment as learning is based in research about how learning happens, and is characterized by students reflecting on their own learning and making adjustments so that they achieve deeper understanding. P. Afflerbach (2002) notes (in the context of reading assessment):

Dimensions of Metacognition Knowledge of Cognition knowledge about ourselves as learners and what influences our performance knowledge about learning strategies knowledge about when and why to use a strategy Regulation of Cognition planning: setting goals and activating relevant background knowledge regulation: monitoring and self-testing evaluation: appraising the products and regulatory processes of learning (Adapted from Brown, “Metacognition, Executive Control, Self-Regulation, and Other More Mysterious Mechanisms”) Monitoring Metacognition What is the purpose of learning these concepts and skills? What do I know about this topic? What strategies do I know that will help me learn this? Am I understanding these concepts? What are the criteria for improving my work? Have I accomplished the goals I set for myself? (Adapted from Schraw, “Promoting General Metacognitive Awareness”)

ASSESSMENT AS LEARNING Reflection task Think about an example of assessment as learning in your own teaching and how it has influenced your teaching and students´ learning. To be checked

Assessment of learning Assessment of learning is summative in nature and is used to confirm what students know and can do, to demonstrate whether they have achieved the curriculum outcomes, and, occasionally, to show how they are placed in relation to others. Teachers concentrate on ensuring that they have used assessment to provide accurate and sound statements of students’ proficiency, so that the recipients of the information can use the information to make reasonable and defensible decisions.

What Is Assessment of Learning? Assessment of learning refers to strategies designed to confirm what students know, demonstrate whether or not they have met curriculum outcomes or the goals of their individualized programs, or to certify proficiency and make decisions about students’ future programs or placements. It is designed to provide evidence of achievement to parents, other educators, the students themselves, and sometimes to outside groups (e.g., employers, other educational institutions). Assessment of learning is the assessment that becomes public and results in statements or symbols about how well students are learning. It often contributes to pivotal decisions that will affect students’ futures. It is important, then, that the underlying logic and measurement of assessment of learning be credible and defensible.

ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING TASK 4 Read the following example of assessment of learning (the questions the teacher asked and answer himself to help him plan the assessment. To be checked

Then in a small group, analyse the assessment task in Appendix 1 (“Take a last look” pp in Text) and answer the same questions presented in the example/ in the grid below. See handout ”Take a last look” To be checked

TASK 5 A) Read the following summary of assessment principles in CLIL from Coyle, Hood and Marsh (2010). Highlight key words. See handout. Clear learning objectives are needed before an assessment focus can be chosen. Learning objectives/ outcomes should use a format which acknowledges the different areas of learning in the classroom (such as the 4Cs approach) –this usually include content/skills first, then language in some form. In a CLIL classroom there are likely to be more possible angles of assessment at any one point because of the integrative nature of content and language. Therefore, even more than in first-language lessons, we cannot always assess everything. We should use a mixture of formal and informal assessment which is both task-based and assignment-based, and a mix of specific test times and classwork sampling. We should familiarize the learners with the assessment measures and success criteria, expressed in a student-friendly format. Content knowledge should be assessed using the simplest form of language which is appropriate for that purpose. Language should be assessed for a real purpose in a real context –sometimes this will be for form/accuracy, sometimes for communicative competence and/or fluency. If the assessment is orally based, “wait time” is crucial, as in CLIL contexts we should be asking students to think, and thinking takes time and the expression of that thinking takes longer. Scaffolding is not “cheating” –we need to assess what students can do with support before we assess what they can do without it. Students need to be able to take some responsibility for their own assessment, both in terms of self- and peer-assessment. This will enhance their longer-term learning potential. To be checked

CURRICULUM DESIGN “Evaluación”

B) Now, analyze the projects/ units designed by three teachers teaching in the Province of Buenos Aires bearing in mind the three types of assessment and the summary of assessment principles discussed in this meeting. What and how would you assess students in these projects? (The plans were the outcome of the course “Estrategias didácticas en la clase de inglés en el ciclo superior de la escuela secundaria”) See handouts about plans

PLANNING A CLIL UNIT As we have previously read, one of the principles for assessment in CLIL is that “clear learning objectives are needed before an assessment focus can be chosen. Learning objectives/ outcomes should use a format which acknowledges the different areas of learning in the classroom (such as the 4Cs approach) PLANNING TASK Analyze the unit plan format for planning a CLIL unit. (Appendix 2) See handout In small groups, agree on a learning unit to plan using the CLIL approach. Groups can be formed by teachers of the same specialism (orientación) Draft you first project for 6 th year in secondary school. Plan a CLIL unit for the project following the 4Cs approach. Consider the bibliography for this and the information in the Curriculum Design (section “Objetivos de la enseñanza”

Algunos de los principios básicos de enseñanza de la puesta en marcha del enfoque de AICLE que proponemos en el presente diseño curricular son los siguientes: La enseñanza deberá combinar los siguientes elementos: Contenido: que permita progresar en el conocimiento, las destrezas y la comprensión de los temas específicos de una o varias materias determinadas Comunicación: el uso de la lengua para aprender mientras se aprende a usar la lengua misma Cognición: que implica el desarrollo de las destrezas cognitivas que enlazan la formación de conceptos (abstractos y concretos), los conocimientos y la lengua Cultura: que permite la exposición a perspectivas variadas y a conocimientos compartidos que nos hagan más conscientes de el otro y de uno mismo. La enseñanza centrada en el alumno deberá promover su compromiso con la tarea de aprender en cooperación con el docente negociando los temas y tareas, utilizando ejemplos y situaciones reales, realizando trabajo por proyectos, etc. La enseñanza deberá ser flexible atendiendo a los distintos estilos de aprendizaje y facilitadora de la comprensión y producción del contenido que sirve como contexto de aprendizaje. La enseñanza estará orientada a promover el aprendizaje interactivo y autónomo a través del trabajo en pares y grupal, actividades que involucren la negociación de significados y desarrollen el trabajo de investigación.

The CLIL tool kit

Planning a unit Content Communication Cognition Culture

Show and tell

ENCUENTRO 2 ASSESSING AND TEACHING Bibliography for the 2 nd meeting: -Diseño Curricular de 6º año Escuela Secundaria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. -Fulcher, G. (2010) Chapter 10 “Testing and teaching” in Practical Language Testing. London: Hodder Education.

ENCUENTRO 2 TASK 1 Read the following excerpt by Glenn Fulcher (2010) and discuss to what extent tests influence your teaching and your students´ learning: “Teachers… have to respond to the demands made by testing regimes and students´ desire to pass tests. It is therefore about evaluating the impact that test use may have on teaching and learning, in the broadest sense. The effects of the use of language tests are measure of the meaning of the test in practice. If the test has been well designed, with its purpose and effect in mind, we might expect to see many positive effects …”

ENCUENTRO 2 TASK 2 In the section on washback, Fulcher (2010) quotes Messick (1996) who says that “washback refers to the extent to which the introduction and use of a test influences language teachers and learners to do things that they would not otherwise do that promote or inhibit language learning”. Alderson and Wall (1993) set out a number of questions that they referred to as “washback hypotheses”. The most important of these are listed below. A test will influence: What teachers teach How teachers teach What learners learn How learners learn The rate and sequence of teaching The rate and sequence of learning Attitudes to the content, method, etc. of teaching and learning Discuss how washback links the assessment you use and your teaching. What type of washback would you expect your tests/ assessment to have? Refer to Fulcher (2010), section on washback (pp )

ENCUENTRO 2 PLANNING TASK 2 Unit planning has already started, now continues with writing the assessment section of the CLIL unit. To do this task, re-read the can-do descriptors you wrote in the first meeting and refer to the sections “Objetivos de aprendizaje para 6º año” y “Evaluación” in the Curriculum Design)

Objetivos de aprendizaje para 6to año De acuerdo con el presente diseño curricular se espera que los alumnos logren: Comprender textos orales y escritos con los contenidos propuestos para el año utilizando estrategias específicas en función de las necesidades de información y comunicación Producir textos escritos y orales con propósitos comunicativos aplicados a una situación relacionada con el contenido propio de materias relacionadas con su especialidad y propuestos para el año. Reconocer y producir el vocabulario propio de las materias especificas de los distintos tipos de escuela y modalidad. Desarrollar estrategias de la lengua extranjera que faciliten el acceso al conocimiento, desarrollo personal y de comunicación en el mundo actual. Ganar autoestima y confianza en sí mismos y aprendan a trabajar con independencia debido a la naturaleza interactiva y cooperativa del trabajo que AICLE supone.

Analyse your plan and think about possible positive and/or negative effects

ENCUENTRO 3 TASKS AND ASSESSMENT Bibliography for this meeting: -Diseño Curricular de 6º año Escuela Secundaria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. -Fulcher, G. (2010) Chapter 4 “Deciding what to test” in Practical Language Testing. London: Hodder Education. -Skehan, P (2001) Chapter 8 “Tasks and language performance assessment” in Bygate, M; Skehan, P and M. Swain (eds.) Researching Pedagogic Tasks –Second Language Learning, Teaching and Testing. England: Pearson Education Limited. -Chalhoub-Deville, M. (2001) Chapter 10 “Task-based assessments: Characteristics and validity evidence” in Bygate, M; Skehan, P and M. Swain (eds.) Researching Pedagogic Tasks –Second language Learning, Teaching and Testing. England: Pearson Education Limited -Candlin, C. (2001) “Afterword: Taking the Curriculum to Task” in Bygate, M; Skehan, P and M. Swain (eds.) Researching Pedagogic Tasks –Second Language Learning, Teaching and Testing. England: Pearson Education Limited

TASK 1 Discuss the definition of construct and what constructs imply, and the examples given (Fulcher, 2010, pp ) Check your notes and the “Guidelines for Practice” by the International Language Testing Association Watch the next slide

International Language Testing Association Guidelines for Practice ILTA is an international group of language testing and assessment scholars and practitioners whose dedication and work are respected both within and outside the profession, and who together define what it means to be a language tester. ILTA's annual international conference is the Language Testing Research Colloquium, LTRC. Part1 A. Basic Considerations for good testing practice in all situations 1. The test developer’s understanding of just what the test, and each sub-part of it, is supposed to measure (its construct) must be clearly stated. 2. All tests, regardless of their purpose or use, must provide information which allows valid inferences to be made. Validity refers to the accuracy of the inferences and uses that are made on the basis of the test’s scores. If, for example, the test purports to be measuring the ability to use English in business communication, the inferences based on the test score are valid to the degree that the test does in fact measure that ability. However, since “the ability to use English in business communication” is a construct, the test developer must spell out just what that construct is or what it consists of. The test score inference or interpretation can be valid only if the test construct offers as accurate as possible a picture of the skill or ability it is supposed to measure. (Adopted at the annual meeting of ILTA, held in Barcelona, June 2007)

Objetivos de aprendizaje para 6to año De acuerdo con el presente diseño curricular se espera que los alumnos logren: Comprender textos orales y escritos con los contenidos propuestos para el año utilizando estrategias específicas en función de las necesidades de información y comunicación Producir textos escritos y orales con propósitos comunicativos aplicados a una situación relacionada con el contenido propio de materias relacionadas con su especialidad y propuestos para el año. Reconocer y producir el vocabulario propio de las materias especificas de los distintos tipos de escuela y modalidad. Desarrollar estrategias de la lengua extranjera que faciliten el acceso al conocimiento, desarrollo personal y de comunicación en el mundo actual. Ganar autoestima y confianza en sí mismos y aprendan a trabajar con independencia debido a la naturaleza interactiva y cooperativa del trabajo que AICLE supone.

Objetivos de aprendizaje del proyecto ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES sugerido por el DC Comprender textos orales y escritos referidos a los estudios superiores, utilizando estrategias específicas en función de las necesidades de información y comunicación requeridas para su comprensión. Producir textos escritos y orales con propósitos comunicativos para expresar sus ideas acerca de los posibles estudios superiores a seguir según su formación y preferencias. Reconocer y producir el vocabulario propio de las materias específicas relacionadas con su orientación y modalidad. Desarrollar estrategias de la lengua extranjera que faciliten el acceso al conocimiento, desarrollo personal y de comunicación en la búsqueda de información y recolección de datos. Ganar autoestima y confianza en sí mismos y aprender a trabajar con independencia, debido a la naturaleza interactiva y cooperativa del proyecto propuesto

Planning task Describe the purpose and means of communication, participants, the kinds of texts your students may have to understand or create and the modalities of communication. Use the Curriculum Design to analyze this aspect (this may differ according to the specialism) If possible, collect some sample texts (spoken or written) that illustrate what the students have to produce or comprehend. List and define the constructs of interest. Select one text and design some tasks for it. Write the construct(s) for this material as if it would be used as an assessment task. Then, write specifications for the construct(s).

HOME ASSIGNMENT FOR ENCUENTRO 4 Go to your favourite internet search engine and type “digital portfolio” or “e- portfolio”. Look through a number of websites first. Then select one site and take notes on aspects/ concepts related to the content discussed in the meetings in this training course. Take your notes to the following meeting (Encuentro 4) and download (part of) the website you have chosen in a pendrive / netbook harddisk. If you have not been given the netbook yet, you can the main pages of the website. Take this to Encuentro 4 too.

Autonomous learning Autonomous learning is considered to be a lifelong learning Skill. Holec (1981) defines autonomous learning as the “ability to take charge of one´s own learning.” Little (1991) describes learner autonomy as the learner´s acceptance of their own learning and “a capacity for detachment, critical reflection, decision making, and independent action.” Learner autonomy is also defined as the ability to take personal or “self-regulated” responsibility for learning (Benson & Voller, 1997). It is the presence of initiative in learning, of sharing in monitoring progress, and of evaluating the extent to which learning is achieved (Schunk, 2005). Typically, learners who exercise autonomous learning understand the purpose of learning, accept responsibility for their learning, share in the setting of learning goals, take the initiative in planning and executing learning tasks, and regularly review their learning to evaluate its effectiveness (Little, 2003)

Portfolios in Education Portfolios in education have been around for a long time, long before the digital age. There is a vast variety of definitions of the portfolio in education, a field that has developed and that demonstrates the increase and the multiplicity of the portfolio´s use (Barrett, 2000; Bird, 1990; Gibson & Barrett, 2003; Lorenzo & Ittelson, 2005; Paulson & Paulson, 1994; Paulson, Paulson & Meyer, 1991). A portfolio is a container of documents that provide evidence of somenone´s knowledge, skills, and/or dispositions (Barton & Collins, 1993). It also constitutes a collection (or archive) of reflective writing and associated evidence, which documents learning and that a learner may draw upon to present his or her learning and achievements (Richardson & Ward, 2005). Portfolios appear to represent a move toward learner- centered, self-directed, peer-to-peer, and autonomous learning. As Georgi and Crowe (1998) explained, “Portfolios can motivate students to learn because they have the power to make connections between theory and practice and to select items for the portfolio that express their purpose and design”.

Digital or E-Portfolios Student e-portfolio were born out of print-based portfolios (from the mid- 1980s) in mainly art, English, and communication studies … Digital portfolios are selective and purposeful collections of student work, records of learning, growth over time (Barrett, 2000), and they change on the part of the student. They are multimedia representations of learning achievements. They may include: text photographs illustrations diagrams spreadsheets Publisher and Powerpoint presentations digital images videos music and sounds voice recordings links to useful and interesting websites

They are student-centered, promote active learning and student responsibility, and constitute a showcase of work and reflection. Portfolios provide information to students, parents, teachers, and members of the community about what students have learned or are able to do. Portfolios can be student, teaching, and institutional documents (Lorenzo & Ittelson, 2005)

… digital portfolios give students the opportunity to create digitized presentations of their work and skills, and evidence of their competencies. Portfolios bring together curriculum, instruction, and assessment. (pp )

Students in 6 th Year in secondary school have been learning English at school for 8/9 years. As they are about to leave school when they have completed the 6 th Year, it is now a good opportunity to assess what they can do in English. To what extent is portfolio assessment a good tool to help your own students take responsibility of their learning and become autonomous learners for life? What is the purpose of the “conference” as part of the portfolio? Include in your planning portfolio assessment.

Portafolio de Oscar Marino.htm Portfolio

SUMMATIVE TASK Go through what you wrote down in the first two columns of the KWL organizer in the first meeting. Complete the “What I learned” column, and compare your previous knowledge before attending this course to the knowledge you have acquired. List the main concepts discussed during this course and define them.