Español Year 9 Language Guide norte noreste centro sur este sureste suroeste oeste noroeste Mi nombre: ………………………………… Mi clase: …………………………………… © Rha

Contents Page ¿Qué cosas te gustan? (What things do you like?) 1 GUSTAR: expressing likes and dislikes 2 ¿Qué haces en tu tiempo libre? (What things do you do?) 3 Present tense: regular verbs 4 Present tense: irregular SER / ESTAR / IR / HACER / TENER 5 Tipos de película (Types of film) 6 Near future tense ¿Qué películas te gustan? (What types of film do you like?) 7 ¿Cómo vas a celebrar? (How are you going to celebrate?) 8 ¿Cómo fue tu cumpleaños? (How was your birthday?) 9 Preterite tense: regular verbs 10 Preterite tense: IR (to go) & SER (to be) 11 Preterite tense: irregular verbs 12 ¿Qué tienes que hacer? (What do you have to do?) 13 Verbs + infinitives: useful structures 14-16 ¿Qué tipo de persona eres? (What type of person are you?) 17 Adjectives 18 ¿En qué te gustaría trabajar? (What job would you like to do?) 19 ¿Cómo va a ser tu futuro? (What is your future going to be like?) 20 Describe tu trabajo (Describe your job) 21 ¿Qué hiciste ayer? (What did you do yesterday?) 22 ¿Llevas una dieta sana? (Do you have a healthy diet?) 23 Direct object pronouns 24 Negatives 25 ¿Qué haces para estar en forma? (What do you do to keep fit?) 26

Present tense: Radical-changing verbs 27 ¿Cuál es tu rutina diaria? (What is your daily routine?) 28 Present tense: Reflexive verbs ¿Qué tal estás? (How are you?) 29 Expresiones con TENER (to have) 30 Las partes del cuerpo (Parts of the body) 31 Se debe + infinitive 32 Nacionalidades (nationalities) 33 Mis derechos (my rights) 34 QUERER (to want) & PODER (to be able to) 35 ¿Cómo vas al instituto? (How do you get to school?) 36 El comercio justo (fairtrade) 37 ¡Reciclamos! (Let’s recycle) 38 ¿Cómo era tu ciudad antes? (What was your town like before? 39 Imperfecto 40 Números cardinales y ordinales (Cardinal & ordinal numbers) 41 Assessment Steps 42,43 Websites 44

¿Qué cosas te encantan / te chiflan / te flipan / te molan? Opiniones ¿Qué cosas te gustan? What things do you like? ¿Qué cosas te encantan / te chiflan / te flipan / te molan? What things do you love? Me gusta(n)… I like… Me encanta(n) Me chifla(n) Me flipa(n) Me mola(n)… I love… No me gusta(n) (nada)… I don’t like… (at all). el baile / el cine dance / cinema el deporte / el dibujo sport / drawing el racismo / el teatro racism / theatre la moda / la música fashion / music la naturaleza / la pesca nature / fishing la violencia violence los cómics comics los insectos insects los lunes Mondays las artes marciales martial arts las injusticias injustice las tareas domésticas household chores 1

INTERESAR – to interest GUSTAR and expressing likes and dislikes Gustar really means ‘to be pleasing to’. Use ‘gusta’ with singular nouns and ‘gustan’ with plural nouns. You need to use the correct indirect pronoun too to show who likes what. Expressing likes and dislikes – 3 impersonal verbs indirect pronouns GUSTAR – to like ENCANTAR – to love INTERESAR – to interest me (to me) gusta(n) encanta(n) interesa(n) te (to you) le (to him/her) le (to you – formal,1 pers) nos (to us) os (to you – fam.pl) les (to them) les (to you – formal, pl) There are other verbs that work in this way too. The most important ones are: encantar to love interesar to interest chiflar to adore / love molar flipar hacer falta to need doler (o  ue) to hurt 2

En mi tiempo libre 3 Hago judo / natación. In my free time Hago judo / natación. I do judo / go swimming. Voy al parque / polideportivo. I go to the park / sports centre. Voy de pesca. I go fishing. Soy miembro de un equipo. I am a member of a team. Expresiones de frecuencia Expressions of frequency a veces sometimes dos veces a la semana twice a week muy a menudo very often casi todos los días almost every day todo el tiempo all the time siempre always ¿Cómo organizas tu semana? How do you organise your week? Bailo Zumba®. I dance Zumba. Cocino para mi familia. I cook for my family. Escribo canciones. I write songs. Juego en mi consola. I play on my games console. Leo revistas / libros. I read magazines / books. Monto en bici. I ride a bike. Navego por Internet. I surf the internet. Preparo la cena. I prepare dinner. Saco fotos. I take photos. Toco el teclado. I play the keyboard. Veo un partido de fútbol. I watch a football game. ¿Cuándo? When? después del insti after school este fin de semana this weekend los fines de semana at weekends los lunes / martes on Mondays / Tuesdays los jueves por la tarde on Thursday afternoons mañana por la tarde tomorrow afternoon 3

Regular present tense verbs To talk about actions in the present, you need to change the infinitive verb by taking off the last 2 letters (either –AR, -ER, or –IR) and adding different endings. The endings tell you who is doing the action of the verb. E.g. hablo = I speak, bailan = they dance. In Spanish you usually leave out the subject pronoun (I, you, he, she…) because the endings show which person is referred to. Look at the table below to see which endings you need to add to the regular –AR, -ER and –IR verbs to make the present tense. NB: Use the tú and vosotros forms of ‘you’ when talking to friends, relations or children. Use the Usted and Ustedes forms when talking to an adult who you would not call by their first name. Regular present tense verbs (AR) hablar – to speak (ER) aprender – to learn (IR) escribir – to write yo (I) hablo aprendo escribo tú (you, 1 pers fam) hablas aprendes escribes él/ella (he, she) habla aprende escribe Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) hablamos aprendemos escribimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) habláis aprendéis escribís ellos/ellas (they) hablan aprenden escriben Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 4

Irregular present tense verbs Some verbs do not follow the regular pattern and you need to learn these by heart. You know them already from Y7 and Y8, but make sure you know them really well! The 2 verbs ‘to be’ SER – to be ESTAR – to be SER is for describing permanent or unchanging characteristics e.g. nationality, professions, physical appearances, time ESTAR is for locations and temporary conditions e.g. mood, state of health, weather, location and position, states that might change yo (I) soy estoy tú (you, 1 pers fam) eres estás él/ella (he, she) es está Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) somos estamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) sois estáis ellos/ellas (they) son están Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 3 more Irregular present tense verbs HACER – to make/do IR – to go TENER – to have yo (I) hago voy tengo tú (you, 1 pers fam) haces vas tienes él/ella (he, she) hace va tiene Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) hacemos vamos tenemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) hacéis vais tenéis ellos/ellas (they) hacen van tienen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) NB: Hay = there is / there are 5

IR – to go (irregular verb) Cartelera de cine What’s on at the cinema Voy a ver… I am going to see… una comedia a comedy una película de acción an action film una película de animación an animated film una película de aventuras an adventure film una película de ciencia ficción a science-fiction film una película de fantasía a fantasy film una película de superhéroes a superhero film una película de terror a horror film ¿Vas a venir? Are you going to come? ¿Vamos a ver ? Are we going to see…? Near future tense Saying what you are going to do The present tense of IR (to go) + an infinitive verb IR – to go (irregular verb) a yo (I) voy tú (you, 1 pers, fam) vas él/ella (he, she) va Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) vamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) vais ellos/ellas (they) van Ustedes (you, pl, formal) ver la tele ir al cine visitar a mis amigos jugar al tenis hacer mis deberes quedarme en casa 6

¿Qué tipo de películas te gustan? What type of films do you like? Me encantan las comedias. I love comedies. No me gustan las películas de terror. I don’t like horror films. Mi película favorita es… My favourite film is… Mi actor favorito es… My favourite actor is… Mi actriz favorita es… My favourite actress is… ¿Qué tipo de película es? What type of film is it? Es una comedia. It is a comedy. En mi opinión… In my opinion… Creo / Pienso que… I think (that)… Reacciones Reactions Claro que sí. Of course. De acuerdo. All right. (No) voy a ir. I am (not) going to go. No, gracias. No thanks. ¿Estás loco/a? Are you crazy? ¡Ni en sueños! Not a chance! ¡Qué rollo! How boring! 7

¿Cuándo vas a celebrar tu cumpleaños? When are you going to celebrate your birthday? mañana tomorrow la semana que viene next week el fin de semana que viene next weekend el mes que viene next month el nueve de febrero on the ninth of February ¿Cómo vas a celebrar? How are you going to celebrate? Voy a hacer karting. I am going to do go-karting. Voy a ir a la bolera. I am going to go bowling. Voy a ir a un parque de atracciones. I am going to go to a theme park. Voy a jugar al paintball. I am going to play paintball. Voy a pasar la noche en casa con mis amigos / amigas. I am going to have a sleepover at home with my friends. Voy a sacar muchas fotos. I am going to take lots of photos. Vamos a montar en una montaña rusa. We are going to ride a roller coaster. Vamos a ver películas de terror. We are going to watch horror films. ¡Va a ser genial! It’s going to be great! 8

¿Cómo fue tu cumpleaños? How was your birthday? Celebré mi cumpleaños con mi familia / mis amigos. I celebrated my birthday with my family / friends. ¿Qué hiciste? What did you do? Fui / Fuimos al parque de atracciones. I / We went to the theme park. Invité a mis amigos a pasar la noche en mi casa. I invited my friends to sleep over at my house. Bebí / Bebimos refrescos. I / We drank soft drinks. Comí / Comimos tarta de cumpleaños. I / We ate birthday cake. Recibí muchos regalos. I received lots of presents. Fue alucinante / increíble. It was amazing / incredible. Palabras muy frecuentes High-frequency words así que so, therefore casi nearly, almost primero first luego then después afterwards más tarde later o or por supuesto of course quizás maybe también also 9

ER & IR have the same endings! The preterite – regular verbs We use the preterite to describe events and actions in the past that are finished. Use the patterns below to form it. { ER & IR have the same endings! Regular preterite tense verbs (AR) comprar– to buy (ER) comer – to eat (IR) vivir – to live yo (I) compré comí viví tú (you, 1 pers fam) compraste comiste viviste él/ella (he, she) compró comió vivió Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) compramos comimos vivimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) comprasteis comisteis vivisteis ellos/ellas (they) compraron comieron vivieron Ustedes (you, pl, formal) alojarse (to stay) ayudar (to help) bailar (to dance) bañarse (to bathe) cantar (to sing) cenar (to have dinner) empezar* (to begin) jugar* (to play) pasar (to spend time) pensar (to think) tomar (to take) visitar (to visit) beber (to drink) volver (to return) deber (to have to) salir (to go out) NB: some verbs change spelling spelling in the ‘yo’ form empezar  empecé jugar  jugué sacar  saqué 10

Preterite tense: IR (to go) and SER (to be) SER (to be) and IR (to go) are irregular, BUT they are identical in the preterite so you get two verbs in one! E.g. Mi padre fue a España. ¡Fue estupendo! My father went to Spain. It was brilliant! (yo) fui I went (tú) fuiste you went (fam./sing.) (él/ella) fue he/she went (Usted) you went (polite/sing.) (nosotros) fuimos we went (vosotros) fuisteis you went (fam./plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) went (Ustedes) you went (polite/plural) (yo) fui I was (tú) fuiste you were (fam./sing.) (él/ella) fue he/she/it was (Usted) you were (polite/sing.) (nosotros) fuimos we were (vosotros) fuisteis you were (fam./plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) were (Ustedes) you were (polite/plural) 11

The preterite – irregular Some verbs are not regular in the preterite and need to be learnt! Here are the 4 most important: IR – to go SER – to be HACER – to do, to make TENER – to have ESTAR – to be fui hice tuve estuve fuiste hiciste tuviste estuviste fue hizo tuvo estuvo fuimos hicimos tuvimos estuvimos fuisteis hicisteis tuvisteis estuvisteis fueron hicieron tuvieron estuvieron Here are some other important irregular verbs – the ‘yo’ form is given and the endings are usually predictable. E.g. decir  dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. dar (to give) di decir (to say, tell) dije poder (to be able, can) pude poner (to put) puse querer (to want, wish) quise ver (to see, watch) vi traer (to bring) traje saber (to know) supe venir (to come) vine producir (to produce) produje 12

Los trabajos en el hotel Hotel jobs Soy… I am… camarero/a a waiter cocinero/a a cook dependiente/a a shop assistant esteticista a beautician jardinero/a a gardener limpiador(a) a cleaner peluquero/a a hairdresser recepcionista a receptionist ¿En qué consiste tu trabajo? What does your job involve? ¿Qué tienes que hacer? What do you have to do? Tengo que… I have to… contestar al teléfono y ayudar a los clientes answer the phone and help customers cortar el pelo a los clientes cut customers’ hair cuidar las plantas look after the plants hacer manicuras do manicures limpiar habitaciones clean rooms preparar comida prepare food servir la comida en el restaurante serve food in the restaurant vender productos en la tienda sell products in the shop 13

SOLER (radical-changing verb) Verbs plus infinitives: useful structures 1. Use ‘sirve para’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘it’s used for / you use it for’ doing something Ejemplo: El agua sirve para lavar la ropa. You use water for washing clothes. 2. Use ‘gustar’ (or other similar verbs) followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to like doing something’ Ejemplo: Me gusta mucho montar a caballo I like horse-riding a lot. 3. Use ‘se puede’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘you/one can do something’ Ejemplo: En Cambridge se puede hacer ‘punting’ You(one) can do punting in Cambridge 4. Use ‘soler’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to usually do something’ SOLER (radical-changing verb) beber agua mineral tomar el desayuno a las siete comer muchas legumbres cenar a las ocho comer muchos pasteles yo (I) suelo tú (you, 1 pers fam) sueles él/ella (he, she) suele Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) solemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) soléis ellos/ellas (they) suelen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 14

QUERER (radical-changing verb) 5. Use any of the verbs below followed by an infinitive to give advice to someone. hay que.. you (one) must… se tiene que… you (one) must…. se debe… you (one) should.. se recomienda it is recommended.. 6. Use ‘’querer” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to want to do something QUERER (radical-changing verb) ir a España tomar el desayuno a las siete visitar Barcelona cenar a las ocho ver una película yo (I) quiero tú (you, 1 pers fam) quieres él/ella (he, she) quiere Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) queremos vosotros (you, pl, fam) queréis ellos/ellas (they) quieren Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 7. Use ‘’tener que” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to have to do something Ejemplo: Tengo que lavar los platos todos los días I have to wash the dishes every day 15

Ejemplo: Necesito llamar a mi madre. 8. Use ‘’hay que” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to have to do something in a more impersonal way, about people in general Ejemplo: Para sacar buenas notas, hay que estudiar mucho. To get good marks, you have to study a lot 9. Use ‘’necesitar” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to need to do something” Ejemplo: Necesito llamar a mi madre. I need to phone my mum. 10. Use ‘hace falta” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to need to do something and gustaría followed by an infinitive to express the meaning “would like to do something” hace falta gustaría comprar un boli nuevo descansar estudiar más me te le nos os les 16

17 ¿Te gusta tu trabajo? Do you like your job? (No) Me gusta (nada) I (don’t) like my job (at all) mi trabajo porque es… because it is… difícil difficult duro hard estimulante stimulating estresante stressful interesante interesting monótono monotonous repetitivo repetitive ¿Cómo es tu jefe? What is your boss like? Mi jefe/a (no) es muy educado/a. My boss is (not) very polite. ¿Cómo son los clientes? What are the customers like? Los clientes son exigentes / maleducados. The customers are demanding / rude. Mis compañeros son simpáticos. My colleagues are nice. ¿Qué tipo de persona eres? What type of person are you? ¿Cómo eres? What are you like? En mi opinión, soy… In my opinion, I am… Creo / Pienso que soy… I think I am… Soy muy / bastante… I am very / quite… ambicioso/a ambitious creativo/a creative independiente independent inteligente intelligent organizado/a organised paciente patient práctico/a practical responsable responsible serio/a serious sociable 17

Adjectives Position Agreement short bajo baja bajos bajas blue azul An adjective is always describing something, and that word is a noun. In Spanish you have to look at the noun’s gender and number and then decide whether the adjective you are using needs to change. Agreement The adjective should have the same number and gender as the noun it describes. Sometimes the adjective does not have to change. The two rules for deciding are as follows: if the adjective ends in –o then the o must change to a if the noun it describes is feminine; if the adjective ends in any other letter do not change it — except: if the adjective describes the nationality or regional origin of the noun, then it must be made feminine if the noun it describes is feminine; if the noun is plural, the adjective should be made plural too. For example: singular plural masculine feminine short bajo baja bajos bajas blue azul azules English inglés inglesa ingleses inglesas Position In sentences where the noun and the adjective come next to each other, in Spanish it is the noun which comes first, usually. In English it is the other way round. For example: We have a blue car Tenemos un coche azul A big garden Un jardín grande The tall girls Las chicas altas Some difficult lessons Unas clases difíciles There are very few cases where the word order is the same as in English. 18

¿En qué te gustaría trabajar? What job would you like to do? Me gustaría ser… I would like to be… Quiero ser… I want to be… abogado/a a lawyer cantante a singer diseñador(a) a designer enfermero/a a nurse mecánico/a a mechanic periodista a journalist policía a police officer taxista a taxi driver Me gustaría… I would like… No me gustaría (nada)… I wouldn’t like… (at all) trabajar al aire libre to work in the open air trabajar con animales to work with animals trabajar con niños to work with children trabajar en equipo to work in a team trabajar en una oficina to work in an office trabajar solo/a to work alone hacer un trabajo creativo to do a creative job hacer un trabajo manual to do a manual job 19

What is your future going to be like? ¿Cómo va a ser tu futuro? What is your future going to be like? En el futuro… In the future… Voy a… I am going to… ganar mucho dinero earn lots of money hacer un trabajo interesante do an interesting job ir a la universidad go to university ser famoso/a be famous ser voluntario/a be a volunteer tener hijos have children viajar (mucho) travel (a lot) vivir en el extranjero live abroad Va a ser (muy) interesante. It is going to be (very) interesting. mi/mis my tu/tus your además what’s more más more a veces at times también also a ver/ bueno / pues well por eso so / therefore así que primero first luego then 20

Describe tu trabajo Describe your job ¿En qué trabajas? What do you do for a living? ¿Por qué decidiste ser…? Why did you decide to be a…? Me gusta mucho… y por eso decidí ser… I really like… and so I decided to be a… Estudié… y me encantó. I studied… and I loved it. ¿Cómo es un día de trabajo típico? What is a typical working day like? Hablo con clientes. I talk to customers. Leo mi agenda. I read my diary. Preparo mis cosas. I prepare my things. Trabajo con mi equipo. I work with my team. Voy a la oficina. I go to the office. ¿Qué cualidades tienes que tener? What qualities do you need to have? Tienes que ser… You need to be… En mi trabajo, los idiomas son muy importantes. In my job, languages are very important. Hablo español, alemán e inglés. I speak Spanish, German and English. ¿Cuáles son tus ambiciones para el futuro? What are your future ambitions? Voy a estudiar / trabajar en… I am going to study / work in… ¡Va a ser guay / fenomenal / flipante! It is going to be cool / fantastic / awesome! 21

¿Qué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday? Ayer… Yesterday Conocí a… I met… Fui a… I went to Hablé con… I spoke to… Hablé por Skype I talked on Skype Organicé una visita para… I organised a visit for Preparé un programa especial I prepared a special programme Viajé en helicóptero I travelled by helicopter Bebí … I drank… Comí… I ate… Dormí un poco I slept for a bit Escuché música I listened to music Escribí SMS a mis amigos I write texts to my friends Jugué a un videojuego I played a video game Llegué tarde al trabajo I arrived late for work Perdí mi trabajo I lost my job 22

Me gusta (bastante / mucho) el pan. I (quite / really) like bread. ¿Llevas una dieta sana? Do you have a healthy diet? Llevo una dieta sana. I have a healthy diet. Me gusta (bastante / mucho) el pan. I (quite / really) like bread. Me gustan las galletas. I like biscuits. No me gusta(n) (nada)… I (really) don’t like… (at all). el arroz / el pan rice / bread el pollo / el pescado chicken / fish la carne / la ensalada meat / salad la pasta / la pizza pasta / pizza los caramelos sweets los huevos eggs los pasteles cakes las galletas biscuits las verduras vegetables Como / Comí verduras. I eat / ate vegetables. Bebo / Bebí agua. I drink / drank water. ¿Con qué frecuencia comes pescado? How often do you eat fish? Lo / La / Los / Las como… I eat it / them… tres veces al día three times a day cada día / todos los días every day dos veces a la semana twice a week los fines de semana at weekends una vez al mes once a month muy a menudo very often a veces sometimes de vez en cuando from time to time (Casi) nunca lo / la / los / las como. I (almost) never eat it / them. 23

Direct object pronouns Subject pronouns Direct object pronouns yo I tú you (singular familiar) él he ella she Usted you (singular formal) nosotros we vosotros you (plural familiar) ellos they (masculine) ellas they (feminine) Ustedes you (plural formal) me te you (singular familiar) lo (le)* he la she lo/la(le)* you (singular formal) nos us os you (plural familiar) los them (masculine) las them (feminine) los/las you (plural formal) * ‘le’ is sometimes used more often than ‘lo’ for male people These are placed before the verb except after positive commands, infinitives and gerunds (present participles). For example: 1. No sé donde está mi libro. Lo dejé en la mesa. I don’t know where my book is. I left it on the table. 2. Tu hermana es muy deportista. La ví ayer en el partido de fútbol. Your sister is very sporty. I saw her yesterday in the football match. 24

Negatives No vivo en Dublin. 1. Put ‘no’ before the verb to make a negative sentence. No vivo en Dublin. I don’t live in Dublin. 2. Put ‘nada’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘don’t …at all, anything, nothing’ No me gusta nada el tenis. I don’t like tennis at all. No sé nada del fútbol. I don’t know anything about football. 3. Put ‘nunca’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘never’ No desayuno nunca. I never have breakfast. 4. Put ‘nadie’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘no-one or not anyone’ No conozco a nadie. I don’t know anyone/I know nobody.. NB: You can also put the negative expression before the verb for emphasis - in this case don’t use the ‘no’. For example: Nunca bebo té. – I never drink tea. Nadie me habla – Nobody talks to me 25

What do you do to keep fit? ¿Qué haces para estar en forma? What do you do to keep fit? Me gusta mucho hacer deporte. I really like doing sport. Hago artes marciales. I do martial arts. Hago atletismo. I do athletics. Hago footing. I go jogging. Hago gimnasia. I do gymnastics. Hago natación. I go swimming. Juego al baloncesto. I play basketball. Juego al ping-pong. I play table tennis. Juego al tenis. I play tennis. Juego al voleibol. I play volleyball. Juego a la pelota vasca. I play pelota (Basque ball game). …en el parque / gimnasio …in the park / gym Voy al polideportivo. I go to the sports centre. Soy miembro de un club. I belong to a club. Voy a clases de baile. I go to dance classes. Prefiero jugar al fútbol. I prefer playing football. Es mi deporte preferido. It is my favourite sport. Empecé (a jugar) I started (playing)… a los (diez) años at the age of (ten) Voy a empezar a (hacer)… I am going to start (doing)… 26

Radical-changing verbs These verbs change their vowel in the root or stem of the verb, except in the nosotros and vosotros parts of the verb. These verbs are also called ‘boot’ verbs - you can see why below! There are 3 types of change: e  ie e  i o  ue pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensa piensan Radical-changing verbs eie preferir – to prefer ei decir – to say oue dormir – to sleep prefiero digo (also irregular) duermo prefieres dices duermes prefiere dice duerme preferimos decimos dormimos preferís decís dormís prefieren dicen duermen also:pensar (to think), cerrar (to close) despertarse (to wake up) encender (to switch on) empezar (to begin) entender (to understand) comenzar (to begin) divertirse (to enjoy oneself) querer (to want) also:pedir (to ask for), repetir (to repeat) seguir (to follow) vestirse (to get dressed) acostarse (to go to bed) contar (to tell) costar (to cost) encontrar (to find) mostrar (to show) jugar (to play) morir (to die) poder (to be able to) recordar (to remember) soler (to usually do) volver (to return) 27

Reflexive verbs me ducho te duchas se ducha os ducháis se duchan ¿Cuál es tu rutina diaria? What is your daily routine? me despierto (muy temprano / a las siete) I wake up (very early / at 7 o’clock) me levanto (enseguida) I get up (straight away) me lavo los dientes I brush my teeth me ducho I shower me visto I get dressed me acuesto I go to bed desayuno I have breakfast meriendo I have an afternoon snack ceno (…) I have (… for) dinner salgo (a correr) I go out (running) corro (veinte kilómetros) I run (twenty kilometres) entreno I exercise / train voy al insti / trabajo I go to school / work termino (a las dos) I finish (at two o’clock) duermo (ocho horas) I sleep (for eight hours) (AR) ducharse yo (I) me ducho tú (you, 1 pers fam) te duchas él/ella (he, she) se ducha Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) nos duchamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os ducháis ellos/ellas (they) se duchan Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Reflexive verbs Reflexive verbs include a reflexive pronoun because they are usually actions you do to yourself. 28

la espalda / la garganta. My head / back / throat hurts. ¿Qué tal estás? How are you? ¿Qué te duele? What hurts? ¿Te duele el estómago? Does your stomach hurt? Me duele el brazo / el estómago / el pie. My arm / stomach / foot hurts. Me duele la cabeza / la espalda / la garganta. My head / back / throat hurts. Me duele la mano / la pierna. My hand / leg hurts. Me duelen los dientes. My teeth hurt. Me duelen los oídos. My ears hurt / I have earache. Me duelen los ojos. My eyes hurt. Estoy cansado/a. I’m tired. Estoy enfermo/a. I’m ill. Estoy resfriado I have a cold Estoy constipado Estoy mareado I feel dizzy No me encuentro bien. I don’t feel well. ESTAR – to be yo (I) estoy tú (you, 1 pers fam) estás él/ella (he, she) está Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) estamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) estáis ellos/ellas (they) están Ustedes (you, pl, formal) ESTAR is for locations and temporary conditions e.g. mood, state of health, weather, location and position, states that might change 29

Expresiones con TENER (to have) Tengo catarro. I have a cold. Tengo fiebre I have a temperature. Tengo gripe. I have flu Tengo náuseas. I feel sick / nauseous. Tengo quemaduras del sol. I have sunburn. Tengo tos. I have a cough. Tengouna ampolla I have a blister. Tengo una picadura. I have a bite. Tengo calor. I feel hot. Tengo frío. I feel cold. Tengo sueño I’m tired Tengo hambre. I am hungry. Tengo sed. I am thirsty. Tengo miedo. I’m scared. TENER – to have yo (I) tengo tú (you, 1 pers fam) tienes él/ella (he, she) tiene Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) tenemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) tenéis ellos/ellas (they) tienen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 30

31 las partes del cuerpo Parts of the body la cabeza head los ojos eyes las orejas / Los oídos ears (outer) / ears (inner) la nariz nose la boca mouth las mejillas cheeks los dientes teeth las muelas el cuello neck la garganta throat los hombros shoulders el pecho chest el estómago stomach las caderas hips la espalda back los brazos arms el codo elbow la muñeca wrist el dedo finger el pulgar thumb las piernas legs la rodilla knee el tobillo ankle los pies feet 31

Consejos para estar en forma Advice for keeping fit To keep fit / in shape… Se debe… You / One must… beber agua frecuentemente drink water frequently comer más fruta y verduras eat more fruit and vegetables comer menos chocolate / caramelos eat less chocolate / fewer sweets dormir ocho horas al día sleep for eight hours a day entrenar una hora al día train for one hour a day No se debe… You / One must not… beber alcohol drink alcohol beber muchos refrescos drink lots of soft drinks comer comida basura eat junk food fumar smoke Soy adicto/a al / a la / a los / a las… I am addicted to… A partir de ahora, voy a… From now on, I am going to… Se debe means ‘you / one must’. It is followed by the infinitive. Se debe comer más fruta y verduras. No se debe fumar. 32

Las nacionalidades Nationalities Soy… I am… boliviano/a Bolivian colombiano/a Colombian mexicano/a Mexican norteamericano/a North American inglés/inglesa English español(a) Spanish paquistaní Pakistani Adjectives of nationality start with a small letter in Spanish. Most change their ending to agree with the person or noun they describe, including those ending in –s or another consonant. ending: m f -o colombiano colombiana -és inglés inglesa other consonants español española -e / -ú / -í pakistaní It is important to talk about other people in your writing and speaking. Use the 3rd person as shown: infinitive 3rd person he / she / it 3rd person pl. they -AR verbs trabajar trabaja trabajan -ER verbs comer come comen -IR verbs vivir vive viven irregular verbs hacer ir ser tener hace va es tiene hacen van son tienen 33

a la libertad de expresión to freedom of expression Mis derechos My rights Tengo derecho… I have the right… al amor y a la familia to love and to family al juego to play a la educación to education a la libertad de expresión to freedom of expression a un medio ambiente sano to a healthy environment a vivir en armonía to live in harmony No puedo… I cannot… dar mi opinión give my opinion jugar con mis hermanos play with my brothers and sisters salir solo/a go out alone dormir sleep ir al insti(tuto) go to school respirar breathe porque… because… soy chico/a I am a boy/girl tengo que ganar dinero I have to earn money hay mucha violencia there is a lot of violence en mi ciudad in my city mi padre grita mucho my dad shouts a lot tengo que trabajar I have to work el aire está contaminado the air is polluted No es justo porque… It isn’t fair because… Es inaceptable porque… It is unacceptable because… 34

QUERER (to want) PODER (to be able to) QUERER (to want) and PODER (to be able to) are stem-changing or ‘boot’ verbs. You often use them followed by an infinitive. E.g. Quiero ir al cine pero no puedo salir hoy. I want to go to the cinema but I can’t go out today. QUERER (to want) quiero I want queremos we want quieres you want queréis quiere he/she wants quieren they want PODER (to be able to) puedo I can podemos we can puedes you can podéis puede he/she can pueden they can 35

¿Cómo vas al instituto? How do you get to school? ¿A qué hora llegas al instituto? What time do you get to school Llego pronto / a tiempo / tarde I arrive early /on time / late Voy … I go …. a pie on foot a caballo on horseback en autobús by bus en metro by underground en coche by car en bici by bike en moto by motorbike en tren by train en barco by boat ¿Por qué? Why? Porque es… Because it is… más rápido que ir a pie quicker than walking más verde que ir en autobús greener than going by bus más barato que ir en taxi cheaper than going by taxi más práctico que ir en coche more practical than going by car más seguro que nadir safer than swimming la única opción the only option 36

El comercio justo Fair trade Tiene (diez) años. He/She is (ten) years old. Vive / Viven… He/She lives / They live… con su familia with his/her family en una plantación on a plantation Trabaja / Trabajan… He/She works / They work… (catorce) horas al día (fourteen) hours a day (seis) días a la semana (six) days a week para un patrón for an employer para una cooperativa for a cooperative Gana / Ganan (treinta) euros al mes. He/She earns / They earn (thirty) euros a month. Palabras muy frecuentes High-frequency words mi/mis my su/sus his/her nuestro/a/os/as our más… (que) more… (than) menos… (que) less… (than) para in order to / for hay there is/are había there was / were / used to be a partir de ahora from now on además in addition, what’s more 37

¿Qué se debería hacer para proteger el medio ambiente? ¡Reciclamos! Let’s recycle! ¿Qué se debería hacer para proteger el medio ambiente? What should you/we do to protect the environment? Para proteger el medio ambiente, In order to protect the environment, Se debería… You/We should… ahorrar energía en casa save energy at home apagar la luz turn off the light cerrar el grifo turn off the tap conservar el agua save water desenchufar los aparatos eléctricos unplug electrical devices ducharse en vez de bañarse have a shower instead of a bath ir en bici(cleta) go by bike reciclar el papel / el plástico / el vidrio recycle paper / plastic / glass usar transporte público use public transport No se debería… You/We shouldn’t… malgastar el agua waste water tirar la basura al suelo throw rubbish on the ground usar bolsas de plástico use plastic bags Se debería + infinitive means ‘you/we should’. It is the conditional form of se debe. Se debería ahorrar energía. You/we should save energy. No se debería tirar basura al suelo. You/we shouldn’t throw rubbish on the ground. 38

39 Mi ciudad ¿Cómo era tu ciudad antes? Antes… era (bastante) aburrida My town / city ¿Cómo era tu ciudad antes? What was your town / city like before? Antes… Before… era (bastante) aburrida it used to be (quite) boring era (muy) peligrosa it used to be (very) dangerous estaba sucia it used to be dirty había mucha basura there used to be a lot of rubbish había mucha contaminación there used to be a lot of pollution había mucha violencia there used to be a lot of violence no había medios de transporte público there didn’t use to be means of public transport no había nada para los jóvenes there didn’t use to be anything for young people ¿Cómo es ahora? What is it like now? Ahora… Now… está limpia it is clean hay menos basura there is less rubbish hay menos contaminación there is less pollution hay parques y espacios públicos muy bonitos there are very nice parks and public spaces hay una red de transporte muy buena there is a very good transport network hay muchas cosas para los jóvenes there are lots of things for young people no tiene barrios peligrosos it doesn’t have dangerous neighbourhoods The imperfect tense describes what something used to be like. hay (there is / are) había (there used to be) tiene (it has) tenía (it used to have) está (it is) estaba (it used to be) es (it is) era (it used to be) 39

The imperfect tense The imperfect is also used to describe things we did regularly in the past and where we do not know the beginning and end of the action. It sets the scene in a narrative, describing places, objects, people, time and the weather in the past. The imperfect is formed by removing the infinitive endings (-AR, -ER, -IR) and adding the following endings: { ER & IR have the same endings! Regular imperfect tense endings (AR) comprar– to buy (ER) comer – to eat (IR) vivir – to live yo (I) compraba comía vivía tú (you, 1 pers fam) comprabas comías vivías él/ella (he, she) Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) comprábamos comíamos vivíamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) comprábais comíais vivíais ellos/ellas (they) compraban comían vivían Ustedes (you, pl, formal) Most verbs are regular (SER and IR are not). Here are the most common verbs to use in the imperfect tense. SER – to be (irregular) IR – to go (Irregular) HACER – to do/make (reg) ESTAR – to be (reg) HABER – there is/are yo (I) era iba hacía estaba tú (you, 1 pers fam) eras ibas hacías estabas él/ella (he, she) había Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) nosotros (we) eramos íbamos hacíamos estábamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) eráis íbais hacíais estabais ellos/ellas (they) eran iban hacían estaban Ustedes (you, pl, formal) 40

Números cardinales y ordinales 1 un(o) / una 2 dos 3 tres 4 cuatro 5 cinco 6 seis 7 siete 8 ocho 9 nueve 10 diez 11 once 12 doce 13 trece 14 catorce 15 quince 16 dieciséis 17 diecisiete 18 dieciocho 19 diecinueve 20 veinte 21 veintiuno 22 veintidós 23 veintitrés 24 veinticuatro 25 veinticinco 26 veintiséis 27 veintisiete 28 veintiocho 29 veintinueve 30 treinta 31 treinta y uno 10 diez 100 cien 20 veinte 200 doscientos 30 treinta 300 trescientos 40 cuaranta 400 cuatrocientos 50 cincuenta 500 quinientos 60 sesenta 600 seiscientos 70 setenta 700 setecientos 80 ochenta 800 ochocientos 90 noventa 900 novecientos 1000 - mil 1458 mil cuatrocientos cincuenta y ocho 2000 dos mil 1,000,000 un millón 2,000,000 dos millones primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth sexto sixth séptimo seventh octavo eigth noveno nineth décimo tenth 41

KS3 Speaking Step Levels Understand and respond with some hesitation, sometimes with individual word answers. Teacher prompting needed Step 3 Answer most questions, although 2-3 may be phrases rather than sentences with a verb. Some hesitation when answering Step 4 All questions answered with secure Present Tense verbs Some answers contain links and or qualifiers Adapting simple phrases for a new purpose Step 5 Secure use of present tense, 3rd person verbs Unprepared questions responded to but with significant difficulty Opinions expressed Step 6 the more common verbs used in two frames, at least one example of each. Opinions and reasons expressed. Refers to other people (3rd person verbs in at least one tense) Unprepared questions responded to but with partial success Step 7 Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3-4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Unprepared questions responded to accurately Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Three time frames used well, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Vocabulary is varied. Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. Step 9 a range of different verbs across three time frames, some which go beyond the lesson material covered. (5+ examples in each time frame). Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed (3+ sentences) Step 10 As for S9, including some more unusual verbs across three time frames. Use of different persons of verbs confidently in three time frames Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. (5+ sentences) 42

KS3 Writing Step Levels 43 Step 2 Spelling mistakes may be frequent Can write simple words and several short phrases Step 3 Can write short simple sentences (sometimes the verb may be missing or incorrect) understandable spelling. Step 4 write a short, simple text – some bullets covered using simple sentences Most key verbs are accurate May occasionally include simple connectives (and, also, but) Mainly uses language taught this term A few spelling mistakes Step 5 Can write a paragraph made up of short sentences – all bullet points covered Taught structures are used accurately Wider range of verbs used than in Step 4 and errors do not impede communication; (possibly) including other forms of the verb (e.g. 3rd person) Give and explain more than one opinion Spelling may have some inaccuracy. Step 6 Can write short paragraphs, linking ideas together Good accuracy in spelling and key grammar – a few minor errors Accurate use of present tense: Refers to other people (3rd person verbs) More common verbs used in two time frames May include non-taught language from own research (e.g. from the vocab book) that may not necessarily be 100% accurate Step 7 Sentences and paragraphs follow on logically with appropriate links   Several extended sentences, including secure use of some subordination Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3-4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Consistent and accurate use of articles Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Several linked paragraphs Three time frames formed successfully, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Manipulation of structures, including new elements and own researched language. Step 9 Use of more complex structures, despite some errors Accuracy may vary when more ambitious structures are attempted Step 10 Use of more unusual verbs and other vocabulary Awareness of idiom Writing is fully coherent and interesting to read 43

Websites 44 www.vocabexpress.com You have a personal username and password for this site. https://www.pearsonactivelearn.com/ www.quizlet.com Quizlet is a free online flashcard site. You can sign up for an account and make and save your own flashcards very simply and easily. http://www.languagesonline.org.uk/Hotpotatoes/Index.htm This site is called Languages Online – it has lots of language learning activities for Spanish, French, German & Italian. It is free. http://www.linguascope.com You have a school username and password for this site. This site is free after 4p.m. every day. This is an excellent site for you to revise the basics (especially if you are new to Spanish this year). http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/ The BBC website has a lot to offer. This site is excellent for listening practice. It has the transcripts, too and is free. http://www.digitaldialects.com/Spanish.htm Click on Spanish (there are lots of other languages too) and follow the links to different activities. http://oye.languageskills.co.uk/index.html http://www.education.vic.gov.au/languagesonline/spanish/spanish.htm http://www.spanishlistening.org/ 44