THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN WORLD HUMANISM RENAISSANCE

INTRODUCTION The 15th and 16th centuries were characterised by great change in Europe, NEW: Humanism introduced a new way of thinking New Religion was born The Renaissance created new artistic standards. New geographical routes were discovered Monarchy had new power

Why did it start in the 15th century?

1.HUMANISM: A CULTURAL REVOLUTION What ideals did the Humanism promote? They wanted to unite clasical heritage, interest in scientifical discoveries and the Christian values of the Bible:

New man Freedom and reason Human progress Education Scientific interest Rediscovery of Antiquity The proportions of the human body Interest in nature

Importan Humanists Erasmus Rotterdam Maqiavelli Copernicus Thomas More Luis Vives (in Spain) Nebrija (in Spain, first Spanish Grammar)

Erasmus of Rotterdam

M Thomas More Copernicus Luis Vives Maquiavelli

Gutenberg invented the printing press Gutengerg invented the Printing press which made it possible for the works o humanist and classical writers to be more widely distributed

2. The Protestan Reformation At the end of the Middle Ages people started to question the actitudes of the Church: - luxury lifestile - lack of culture and weakening of moral standards - buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions - selling of papal bulls and indulgences (pardoning sins and access to Heaven

Lutheran Reformation Martin Luther

Luther’s new religion. Salvation through faith. Authoriy of the Bible. Universal priesthood -No Pope’s authority -Only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist -Remove of the religios orders and worship of images

Other protestan Churches Despite their differences all denied Pope’s authority and give importance to individual reading of the Bible CALVINISM CHURCH (John Calvin): based on the predestination (they were also named as Puritans, Presbyterian and Huguenots ANGLICAN CHURCH (King Henry VIII): based on the supremacy of the king over the church, that meant a national church but some of the catholic rites and dogmes were retained

John Calvin HENRY VIII

The Catholic Counter- Reformation To stop the spead of Protestantism the Catholic authorities began a change of their own Church known as COUNTER- REFORMATION. They convened the COUNCIL OF TRENT to correct the errors of the Church and established the dogmas and rites required by the catholic:

Council of Trent ( )

Counter-Reformation agreements A) To avoid Protestan spread: - Roman Inquisition (Auto da fe, public trial) - Index librorum prohibitorum B) Dogmas of the Catholic Church - Salvation through faith and good actions - Seven sacraments - Bible Vulgate, the only valid interpretation of the Bible (All the catholic dogmas were published on the Catechism, a summary of them)

C) A new ecclesiastical discipline -Prohibition of sell indulgences -Moral lifestyle for the clergy (including celibate) -Seminaries to form a proper clergy -D) Spread of the principles of the Counter- Reformation: Creation of a new order: Society of Jesus –Jesuites-(created by Saint Ignatius of Loyola) which played a very importat role

Auto da fe placed in Plaza Mayor de Madrid

Jesuites:They were only under Pope’s authority