UNIDAD 5 La narración y la descripción en el futuro

El futuro The future is formed with the infinitive and the endings: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -án escuchar escucharéescucharemos escucharásescucharán escuchará

Irregular Stems caber: cabr-querer: querr- decir: dir-saber: sabr- haber: habr-salir: saldr- hacer: har-tener: tendr- poder: podr-valer: valdr- poner: pondr-venir: vendr-

El futuro perfecto The future perfect is made of the future forms of haber plus the past participle habré habrás habrá+ past participle habremos habrán Habremos terminado el trabajo para entonces. We will have finished the work by then.

Uses of future tense 1.To indicate an event that will take place in the near future. -Ejemplo: Iremos a la playa el verano próximo. ( We will go to the beach next summer.) 2.To express specualtion, assumption, or probability. -Ejemplo: Serán las tres de la tarde. ( It is probably three o’clock in the afternoon.) 3. To express the result of suppositions regarding the future. (si clauses-- si + presente +futuro) -Ejemplo: Si estudias mucho, ganarás buenas notas. ( If you study a lot, you will earn good grades.)

Talking about the “not too distant” future 1.To indicate an event happening in the immediate future, use: **Ir + a + infinitivo** -Ejemplo: Voy a hacer ejercicios para estar en buena forma. ( I’m going to exercise in order to be in good shape.) 2.When talking about the future using expressions such as esta tarde, mañana, el lunes próximo, etc., use the present indicative. -Ejemplo: Volvemos de la Florida el lunes próximo. ( We return from Florida next Monday.)

Other ways to express plans and desires for the future 1.Pensar + infinitive -Ejemplo: Pienso ir al supermecado esta tarde. ( I am planning to go to the supermarket this afternoon.) 2.Esperar + infinitve - Ejemplo: Espero llegar antes de las dos. (I hope to arrive before two.) 3.Tener ganas de + infinitve -Ejemplo: Tenemos ganas de salir temprano hoy. ( We feel like leaving early today.)

Other ways to express plans and desires for the future 4. Querer + infinitve - Ejemplo: Quieren venir con nosotros al partido de fútbol. (They want to come with us to the soccer game.) 5. Quisiera ( quisieras, etc.) + infinitve -Ejemplo: Quisiera tener una habitación en la planta baja. (I would like to have a room on the ground floor.)

Uses of the future perfect Use the future perfect tense when you are describing what will have happened by a certain date or time. **Haber ( in el futuro perfecto) + past participle** -Ejemplo: El próxima semana yo habré leído la cuenta. ( Next week I will have finished the story.) It can also be used to express probability regarding the past. -Ejemplo: ¿Ya habrán salido? ( I wonder if they have already left.) -Ejemplo: Habrás leído la lista equivocada. ( You probably read the wrong list.)

Uses Of The Subjunctive Used after expressions of emotion, feeling, and judgment This includes: 1.Verbs and verbal expressions of emotion, feeling, and judgment like: alegrarse de que, esperar que, puede ser que, tener miedo de que, etc. 2.Impersonal expressions which express emotion, feeling, and judgment like: es absurdo que, es justo que, es imposible que, es triste que, etc. Remember that if the subject of both verbs is identical or the subject of both verbs is understood but not expressed, the infinitive is used Ex: Espero dormir bien esta noche

Uses Of The Subjunctive Used after expressions of doubt, denial, and uncertainty This includes: 1.Verbs and verbal expressions of doubt, denial, uncertainty, and negation like: dudar que, negar que, no creer que, no pensar que, etc. Remember that expressions that indicate certainty require the indicative: es cierto que, no hay duda de que, es verdad que, estar seguro(a) de que, etc.

El Subjuntivo Después Conjunciones A condición que: provided that A fin de que: so that, in order that A menos que: unless A no ser que: unless Antes de que: before Con tal (de) que: provided that En caso de que: in case that Para que: so that, in order that Sin que: without Conjunctions that ALWAYS Require the Subjunctive

Importante Antes de, para, and sin are followed by the infinitive when there isn’t a change in subject. Example: Antes de salir, comeré el desayuno.

Examples 1.Te lo prestaré con tal que me lo devuelvas en buena condición. I will lend it to you provided that you return it to me in good condition. 2.Jorge va a la fiesta a menos que la profesora asigne un proyecto. Jorge is going to the party unless the teacher assigns a project.

Conjunctions that can be used with either the Indicative or the Subjunctive De manera que: so, so that De modo que: so, so that Mientras que: while En cuanto: as soon as Tan pronto como: as soon as Así que: as soon as Después de que: after Luego que: as soon as Hasta que: until Cuando: when Una vez que: once Cada vez que: each time that

Requirements/Examples 1.The subjunctive if the subsequent action or event has not yet occurred. 2.The indicative if the action or event has already occurred or is customary. Cuando llega, le doy el dinero. When he arrives, I give him the money. Cuando lleguen, les pagaré el dinero. When they arrive, I will pay them the money.

Aunque Definition: even if, even though, although Subjunctive: When the subsequent clause refers to a hypothetical event or situation, unknown or unclear to the speaker. Indicative: When it refers to a factual event or situation. 1.Aunque sea caro, me gusta. Even if it is expensive, I like it. 2.Aunque es caro, me gusta. Although it is expensive, I like it.

The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses 1. The subjunctive is used after a relative pronoun (usually que) when the clause the clause the pronoun introduces: Refers to a person, place, or thing which may not exist or may not be found. Necesitas un libro que lo explique. Busco una chica que conzca este programa para la computadora. You need a book that explains it. I am looking for a girl who knows this computer program. Note that the personal a is omitted. However, when the pronouns alguen, nadie, aluguno and ninguno (when referring to people) are the direct object, the personal a is required.

The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses Refers to a negative antecedent such as nadie, nada, or ninguno. No conozco a nadie que sepa hablar esperanto. I don’t know anyone who knows how to speak Esperanto. No hay ningun estudiante que pueda resolver el problema. There is no student who can solve the problem.

The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses 2. The indicative is used after a relative pronoun when the clause the pronoun introduces refers to a person, place, or thing which definitely exists. Alejandro busca una computadora que no cueste mucho. Alejandro is looking for a computer that doesn’t cost much. Elena tiene una computadora que costó poco. Elena has a computer that cost very little.

The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses ¿Hay alguien que tenga un boligrafo? Is there someone who has a ballpoint pen? Si, hay alguien que tiene un boligrafo. Yes, there is someone who has a ballpoint pen. Note that in the first sentence of each pair above, the existence of the antecedent is in question and, therefore, the subjunctive is used. In the second sentence of each pair, the speaker affirms that there is such an object or person, so the indicative is used.

Other Uses of the Subjunctive 1. The ending –quiera can be added to certain words to form indefinite expressions know as –quiera compounds. Some important ones are: Adondequiera ( to wherever) Comoquiera (however) Cualquiera (whatever) Cuandoquiera (whenever) Dondequiera (wherever) Quienquiera (whoever)

Other Uses of the Subjunctive These compounds are followed by the subjunctive if uncertainty is implied and by the indicative if referring to something known. Yo compraré cualquier coche que me guste. I will buy whatever car I like. But: Samuel compra cualquier coche que le gusta. Samuel buys whatever car he likes.

Other Uses of the Subjunctive 2. The subjunctive is used in the construction: Por + adjective or adverb + que + sunjunctive Por difícil que sea el examen, saldré bien. Por rápido que él corra, no ganará el maratón. No matter how difficult the exam may be, I will do well. No mater how fast he runs, he will not win the marathon.

Other Uses of the Subjunctive 3. The subjunctive is also used in the following construction: Subjunctive + lo que + subjunctive Venga lo que venga, le daré la bienvenida. Diga lo que diga, no le haré caso. No matter what comes, I will welcome him. No matter what he says, I will not pay attention to him.

4. Tal vez, quizás, a lo mejor, and posiblemente can be followed by either the indicative or the subjunctive depending on the degree of certainty of the statement. Tal vez llueva hoy. Tal vez lloverá hoy. Perhaps it will rain today. Perhaps is will rain today. (more doubtful- subjunctive ) (less doubtful- indicative)