Miembros de Concreto Reforzado

Presentación del tema: "Miembros de Concreto Reforzado"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Miembros de Concreto Reforzado
Profesor Rolando Salgado Estrada Profesor de Tiempo Completo Dr. Ingeniería (Estructuras) Correo-e: Celular: Thank you People of the Jury and all the audience for being here to attend my defences named Damage detection methods in bridges through vibration monitoring: Evaluation and Application. This thesis was under the supervision of Professor Paulo Cruz at the University of Minho in Guimarães, Portugal and Professor Gustavo Ayala from the National Autonomous University of México. Boca del Río, Veracruz, 1° de agosto 2011

2 Organización del Curso
1 Introducción 2. Temario 3. Criterios de Evaluación 4. Trabajos 5. Bibliografía This research is divided in 5 main parts: Firstly is given a short introduction, the selected damage detection methods are evaluated under data acquired from simulation of the dynamic response of cracked bridges, Moreover, methods are also evaluated from data acquired from beam specimens tested in the laboratory. In the main part of this thesis, the methods were evaluated using the dynamic response calculated from bridges. Finally, it is drawn some conclusions and are given recommendations.

3 Perfil del alumno Calendario de clases Antecedentes
Introducción Perfil del alumno Calendario de clases Antecedentes

4 ¿Cuál es el perfil del Ingeniero Civil?
Curso ¿Cuál es el perfil del Ingeniero Civil? El Ingeniero Civil es el profesional capaz de resolver los problemas relacionados con las obras civiles, abordando dichas problemáticas en cuestión de: planeación, proyecto, construcción, supervisión, rehabilitación, gestión así como la investigación de nuevos métodos de resolver estas problemáticas y la enseñanza. Buscando en la realización de tales actividades, la seguridad de las obras de ingeniería encomendadas, su funcionalidad, buena calidad y economía. ¿Que se pretende que el alumno aprenda al aprobar el curso? El alumno será capaz de proponer soluciones estructurales basadas en el concreto reforzado aplicando e interpretando la normatividad vigente y su juicio ingenieril para la solución de problemas no comunes, pudiendo además interpretar y revisar proyectos estructurales en esta área. We can start asking the question why damage detection in bridges is so important? Firstly because if damage can be detected in the first steps, it would be possible to plan the maintenance and rehabilitation of the bridge with more detail saving money. Moreover, the current and traditional methods to evaluate bridges are based on visual inspection which several times fail to detect inner damage or these located in not accessible places. For these reasons, the scientific community was encouraged to propose more advanced techniques to detect damage in structures. From the vast number of proposed methods proposed in the last 20 years, those based on the monitoring of the vibration parameters of the structure are considered suitable for their application to big structures like bridges. These methods compared the vibration parameters determined from two different structural conditions of the bridges. Furthermore, there are methods able to detect damage just with the information provided from the damaged vibration parameters like those based on wavelet analysis. Unfortunately, the application of the vibration based damage detection methods to bridges is not a straightforward procedure. Several problems have to be addressed. For instance, the change of the vibration parameters of the structure after some damage appeared is very small. For this reason, advanced mathematical methods have been proposed to highlight this small difference. However, there are other factors that also can provoke changes in the vibration parameters of structures like gradient of temperatures, humidity among others. Finally, we would like to say that these advanced damage detection methods have not been evaluated under the same structure and kind of damage, therefore a comparative performance evaluation cannot be done.

5 Exámenes y Evaluaciones
Curso Calendario de clases Exámenes y Evaluaciones Lunes a Viernes de 16:00 a 16:59 1er examen parcial Lunes 12 de septiembre del 2011 2o examen parcial Lunes 24 de octubre del 2011 Exámenes Ordinario 22 de nov. al 2 de dic. del 2011 Entrega final del proyecto Día del examen ordinario Aulas del 1°/ago/2011 al 18/nov/2011 Feriados: 16 de septiembre 1 y 2 de noviembre Probables días sin clase Foro estatal de Posgrado UV: 31/ago a 2/sep/2011 Congreso Nacional Ingeniería Sísmica 26/oct al 28/oct/2011 After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

6 Antecedentes del alumno
Curso Antecedentes del alumno Aclaración Antes de cursar esta EE, se sugiere que el alumno haya acreditado las siguientes EEs: Si no ha cursado una o varias de estas EEs, o pretende cursarlas al mismo tiempo que este EE, tenga presente que algunos conceptos de estas EEs se aplican en la solución de problemas en esta EE, por lo cual el alumno deberá estudiarlos por su cuenta. Análisis Estructural Introducción a la Mecánica del Medio Continuo Mecánica de Materiales Estructuras Isostáticas Dibujo de Ingeniería Lenguajes de Programación Mecánica de Suelos After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

7 Programación tentativa de contenido y horas/clase
Temario Programación tentativa de contenido y horas/clase

8 TEMARIO 1. Generalidades y propiedades de materiales (4) horas
1.1 Filosofías de diseño y seguridad estructural 1.2 Propiedades mecánicas del concreto y acero de refuerzo 1.3 Curva esfuerzo deformación del concreto Diseño de elementos a flexión (15) horas 2.1 Relaciones momento-curvatura 2.2 Diseño de vigas por resistencia última 3. Elementos sujetos a carga axial (12) horas 3.1 Efecto de confinamiento 3.2 Efectos de esbeltez 3.3 Diagramas de interacción N-M 4. Cortante (8) horas 4.1 Teoría tradicional (reglamento ACI-08 y NTC-04) 4.2 Procedimiento basado en la Teoría del Campo de Compresión In the first part of the development of this research it was done a numerical model of a composite bridge (steel I beams with concrete deck) with the dimensions shown in the figure. The bridge was modelled as two-dimensional numerical model and the severity of damage was represented by three cases. The first one represents the undamaged condition of the bridge called as D0, the second one, an open vertical crack was introduced along all the bottom flange of the steel I beam, in the most severe damage scenario called D2, the crack grows until half of the web of the beam. The location of the damage was represented by 4 different cases in the internal and external beam each one.

9 TEMARIO 5. Adherencia y anclaje (8) horas 5.1 Longitud de anclaje
5.2 Desarrollo de acero positivo y puntos de inflexión 6. Diseño de losas (13) horas 6.1 Losas planas 6.2 Losas perimetralmente apoyadas 6.3 Losas encasetonadas 6.4 Vigueta y bovedilla 6.5 Diseño de elementos de sección compuesta 7. Torsión (6) horas 7.1 Teoría de los elementos a torsión 7.2 Resistencia de elementos de concreto a torsión 8 Deflexiones en miembros de concreto reforzado (5) horas 8.1 Estado límite de servicio y estado límite de falla 8.2 Ductilidad, capacidad a deformación y efectos de esbeltez In the first part of the development of this research it was done a numerical model of a composite bridge (steel I beams with concrete deck) with the dimensions shown in the figure. The bridge was modelled as two-dimensional numerical model and the severity of damage was represented by three cases. The first one represents the undamaged condition of the bridge called as D0, the second one, an open vertical crack was introduced along all the bottom flange of the steel I beam, in the most severe damage scenario called D2, the crack grows until half of the web of the beam. The location of the damage was represented by 4 different cases in the internal and external beam each one.

10 Criterios de Evaluación
Instrumentos de Evaluación Aclaraciones Sugerencias

11 Criterios de Evaluación
Tarea. Resolver problemas de diseño de elementos de concreto reforzado en forma individual. Objetivos de desempeño Criterios evaluación Excelente Muy bueno Bueno No suficiente Que el alumno comprenda el comportamiento de los elementos de concreto reforzado siendo capaz de proponer un dimensiona-miento de los ele-mentos acorde a las cargas actuan-tes. Tareas y ejercicios del diseño de elementos principales de concreto reforzado. Buena presentación, llega a los resultados correctos sin errores numéricos. Presenta información adicional analizando el tema, proporciona sus puntos de vista y recomendaciones sobre los problemas resueltos. Buena presentación, llega a los resultados correctos sin errores numéricos graves. Proporciona sus puntos de vista y recomendaciones sobre los problemas resueltos. Presenta comentarios sobre el desarrollo del problema, pero no profundiza en el tema. Presenta errores numéricos no graves. El procedimiento es el correcto pero no llega a los resultados correctos Mala presentación escrita, no presenta comentarios sobre el desarrollo del problema, no profundiza en el tema. Presenta errores numéricos graves. El procedimiento es incorrecto, no presenta orden en la solución del problema. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

12 Criterios de Evaluación…
Tarea. Resolver problemas de diseño estructural de elementos de concreto reforzado mediante el uso de programas de cómputo. Objetivos de desempeño Criterios evaluación Excelente Muy bueno Bueno No suficiente Que el alumno sea capaz de desarrollar pro-gramas de cómputo para diseñar elementos de concreto reforzado y los aplique en la solución de pro-blemas prácticos. Comprobar los programas de cómputo mediante tareas y ejercicios de diseño estructural El(Los) programas de cómputo llega(n) a la solución correcta, existe una interface gráfica amigable para la introducción de datos; se presentan los resultados de forma gráfica y se muestran los resulta- dos numéricos en base de datos orde- nadas. El(Los) progra-ma(s) de cómputo llegan a la solución correcta, la pre-sentación visual de los resulta-dos es buena, pero no hay una interface visual amigable. Se muestran los resultados en base de datos ordenadas. El(Los) progra-ma(s) de cómputo llegan a la solución correcta. No hay una interface visual y los re-sultados no se muestran en forma gráfica. Los resultados se muestran en base de datos ordenadas. El(Los) programa(s) de cómputo no llegan a la solución correcta. No hay una interface visual y los resulta-dos no se muestran en forma gráfica. Los resultados no se muestran en base de datos or-denadas. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

13 Criterios de Evaluación…
Tarea. Realizar un proyecto estructural de un edificio de concreto reforzado de 4 niveles en el cual se abarcará el diseño y dimensionamiento de los elementos estructurales más comunes. Objetivos desempeño Criterios evaluación Excelente Muy bueno Bueno No suficiente Que el alumno realice, de manera independien-te, el proyecto estructural de un edificio de concreto re-forzado, estando al final capacitado para realizar proyectos estructurales de concreto reforzado en cualquier obra civil. Entrega del proyecto estructural del edificio de concreto reforzado en forma elec-trónica a través de la plataforma ms. Buena presentación del proyecto, redacción clara y concisa, presenta todos los pun-tos acordados, el alumno da conclusiones de los resultados obtenidos, presenta sugerencias al proceso constructivo, no muestra errores de cálculo o de conceptos, las dimensiones de los elementos estructurales son correctas para resistir las cargas. Presenta información adicional que ayuda a com- plementar el trabajo. Buena presenta-ción del proyecto, redacción clara y concisa, presenta todos los puntos acordados, da conclusiones de los resultados obtenidos, no pre-senta sugerencias al proceso constructivo, no muestra errores de cálculo o de con-ceptos, las dimen-siones de los ele-mentos estructura-les son correctas para resistir las cargas. Buena presenta-ción del proyecto, redacción confu-sa, presenta to-dos los puntos acordados, no se muestran conclu-siones de los re-sultados obteni-dos, muestra errores de cálculo o de con-ceptos pero no son graves, las dimensiones de los elementos estructurales son adecuadas para resistir las car-gas. Mala presenta-ción del proyecto, redacción confusa, no presenta todos los puntos acordados, no da conclusio-nes, tiene errores de cálculo y/o de conceptos, las dimensiones de los elementos es-tructurales no son correctas. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

14 Criterios de Evaluación final
Criterios desempeño Puntaje (%) Exámenes Parciales Responder acertadamente las preguntas y problemas planteados 15 % c/u Tareas y trabajos de investigación Redacción adecuada, respaldada con bibliografía, presentación oral fluida y clara. Problemas bien realizados con resultados correctos. 10 % Programas de cómputo Código correcto, se llega al resultado adecuado, de fácil uso, interface gráfica. 15 % Proyecto final Redacción buena, presentación excelente, resultados correctos, comentarios, su-gerencias, puntos de vista, dibujo estructural y secciones transversales adecua-das. Cumple con todos los puntos establecidos. 25 % Examen ordinario 20 % TOTAL 100 % La participación en clase también se evalúa. Responder a las preguntas abiertas que hace el profesor en las clases, realizar preguntas, sugerencias y comentarios en forma continua y adecuada se considera con un puntaje de 10% sobre la calificación final del curso. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

15 Aclaraciones de los criterios de evaluación
Todos tienen derecho a presentar los exámenes sin importar el número de asistencias. Los exámenes sólo se aplicarán, sin excepción, en las fechas indicadas. En caso de tener una razón justificada, presentar los documentos que así lo comprueben. Cualquier intento de copiar durante las evaluaciones se sancionará con la anulación del examen. Si no presenta un examen, tendrá una calificación de UNO, no cinco. Si se presenta al examen y desiste sin contestar nada tendrá una calificación de UNO. Para aprobar el curso deberá cumplirse con los criterios mínimos de evaluación. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

16 Aclaraciones de los criterios de evaluación
En las evaluaciones de los exámenes, el llegar a la respuesta cierta no se considera suficiente sino se presenta el desarrollo lógico y adecuado del problema. Cualquier resultado numérico de un problema no tiene validez si no se expresa en las unidades correctas. El problema se considera resuelto satisfactoriamente cuando: Se llega al resulta correcto, Se presenta el adecuado desarrollo del problema Se presentan los comentarios y conclusiones pertinentes. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

17 Aclaraciones de los criterios de evaluación
Sugerencias para aprobar el curso Un error numérico en la solución de un problema reduce la calificación final del examen en un 5%. Más de 3 errores numéricos en un problema lo anulan completamente. Un error en el planteamiento para la solución del problema, se considera una falta grave resultando en la anulación del problema. Estudie continuamente, realice ejercicios y pregunte al profesor aunque la respuesta sea obvia. NO SE CONFÍE. Si estudia hasta las fechas indicadas para las evaluaciones no tendrá tiempo para estudiar todas sus EEs. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

18 Trabajos Tareas Proyecto final

19 Trabajos y tareas Aclaraciones
Descripción de los trabajos Se encargarán 3 trabajos durante el curso: Trabajo 1: agosto-septiembre Trabajo 2: septiembre-octubre Trabajo 3: octubre-noviembre Trabajo 1 Realizar un programa para diseñar un elemento con acero a tensión y compresión. Trabajo 2 Realizar un programa para realizar el diagrama de interacción de una columna rectangular. Trabajo 3 Diseñar una viga sometida a cargas transversales. Aclaraciones Se reciben trabajos hasta 3 días después de la fecha estipulada. No obstante, su calificación tendrá 2 puntos menos. Después de 3 días no se reciben trabajos y su calificación se considera nula. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

20 Descripción de los trabajos
Proyecto Final Descripción de los trabajos Consistirá en el diseño de un edificio de 4 niveles ubicado en diferentes lugares de la República Mexicana. El proyecto se revisará en 3 etapas: 1ª etapa: Revisión del cálculo de las acciones sobre la estructura. Deberá entregarse: memoria de las cargas, dibujo con cortes y alzados del edificio. Fecha de entrega: 30/sep/2011 2ª etapa: Revisión del análisis estructural. Deberá entregarse: memoria del cálculo estructural. Fecha de entrega: 21/oct/2011 3ª etapa: Dimensionamiento de la estructura. Deberá entregarse: Archivo excel con resultados, memoria pormenorizada, dibujo con cortes y alzados del edificio. Fecha de entrega: 11/nov/2011 After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

21 Básica Complementaria
Bibliografía Básica Complementaria

22 Bibliografía Básica Complementaria
Aspectos Fundamentales del Concreto Reforzado, O.M. González C. y F. Robles F.B., Editorial Limusa, quinta reimpresión, 1994 Estructuras de Concreto Reforzado, R. Park y T. Paulay, Editorial Limusa, tercera reimpresión, 1984. Complementaria Concreto Reforzado: Un Enfoque Básico, E.G. Nawy, Editorial Prentice-Hall, 1988. Diseño de Estructuras de Concreto, A.H. Nilson, Editorial McGraw-Hill, 11ª reimpresión, 1994. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J.G. MacGregor, Editorial Prentice-Hall, 1997. After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

23 Bibliografía Reglamentación Artículo
Normas Técnicas Complementarias del Reglamento de Construcciones para el D.F., Diseño y Construcción de Estructuras de Concreto, 2004. Comentarios, Ayudas de Diseño y Ejemplos de las Normas Técnicas Complementarias para el Diseño y Construcción de Estructuras de Concreto, DDF, S. Loera y C.J. Mendoza, Series del Instituto de Ingeniería, ES-2, 1991. Reglamento de las Construcciones de Concreto Reforzado (ACI ) y Comentarios, IMCYC, Editorial Limusa, 3ª reimpresión, 1990. Artículo Towards a Rational Theory for RC Members in Shear, Collins, M.P., Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, Abril 1978, pp Biblioteca Virtual de la Universidad Veracruzana After a exhaustive literature review of the most important vibration-based damage detection methods, it was determined that the most promising techniques are: Methods based on Wavelet Analysis: we can mention in this category the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), the Discrete Wavelet Analysis (DWA), the Wavelet Packet Signature (WPS) and the combined method (CWT-DI) method; Furthermore, It was considered methods based on curvatures of the mode shapes, it means, its second derivative. In this category fails the curvature and the well-known Damage Index (DI) method. It was also considered methods based on changes in the stiffness matrix of the structure: the stiffness and flexibility change matrix methods are included in this category; All the before mentioned methods can detect and locate the position of the damage in the structure. (methods of level II). Into the category of those methods able to detect damage are included the change of frequency method and the Modal Assurance Criterion method and its derivatives as the Normalized Modal Difference (NMD) method.

24 No dudes en comunicar al Profesor cualquier duda y/o comentario
Thank you