Ruido y conservación de la audición

Presentación del tema: "Ruido y conservación de la audición"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Ruido y conservación de la audición
Slide Show Notes This session is part of the training required under our Hearing Conservation Program. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, requires a Hearing Conservation Program whenever employees are exposed to noise levels that equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average sound level of 85 decibels. This training session will cover: The impact of noise on your hearing; Advantages and disadvantages of hearing protection devices; The use, care, and fit of hearing protection devices; and The need for hearing—or “audiometric”—tests and what to expect when you have these tests. Hand out copies of your company’s hearing conservation plan or tell the employees where or how they can obtain copies. Image credit: OSHA

2 Objetivos de la sesión Usted podrá:
Comprender los efectos del ruido sobre la audición Identificar las fuentes de ruido en su lugar de trabajo Describir el propósito de los exámenes audiométricos y ser capaz de interpretar los resultados Escoger, ajustar y usar protección de oídos Slide Show Notes Here are the main objectives of this training session. You will be able to: Understand the effects of noise on your hearing; Identify the sources of potentially hazardous noise in your workplace; Describe the purpose of audiometric testing, and be able to interpret your test results; and Select, fit, and use hearing protection.

3 ¿Qué es el sonido? El sonido es una onda de presión longitudinal de energía con las siguientes características: Frecuencia (tono) medida en hertz (Hz) Presión (intensidad sonora) medida en decibeles (dB) La frecuencia y la presión de una onda de sonido con duración de exposición determinan el riesgo de pérdida de audición Slide Show Notes First let’s discuss the basics of sound and noise, so that you better understand why certain kinds of noise can be hazardous. Sound is a longitudinal pressure wave of energy with two important characteristics: frequency and pressure. Frequency, or pitch, is measured in hertz, or cycles per second. The human ear can hear between a range of 20 to 20,000 hertz. The human voice is normally in the range of 500 to 2,000 hertz. Pressure is what determines the loudness of a sound, and it is measured in decibels. A whisper is approximately 10 dB, while the noise of a chain saw is approximately 100 dB. The frequency and pressure of a sound wave, together with the duration of exposure to this wave, determine the risk of hearing loss and other noise hazards. The longer you are exposed to noise, the greater your chances of hearing damage.

4 Fuentes de ruido La maquinaria, las herramientas y el equipo emiten sonidos de intensidad sonora variable y en frecuencias particulares Continuo o intermitente Las fuentes de ruido de baja frecuencia provocan pérdida de la audición en las frecuencias del habla Slide Show Notes There is a wide variety of noise sources in a typical workplace. Machinery, tools, and equipment emit sounds of varying loudness and in a particular range of frequencies. Noise sources may be continuous, like most machines, or they may be intermittent, like a punch press or a jackhammer. Low-frequency noise sources, such as vibrating equipment, are particularly hazardous. They can cause hearing loss in speech frequencies—that is, your ears can lose their ability to hear what other people are saying. Think about the sources of noise in your workplace, such as machinery or power tools, and whether they are continuous or intermittent. Ask trainees to name some noise sources in your facility. Bring your facility noise survey to the training and discuss the major sources of noise as well as the decibel levels associated with these sources. Consider bringing in a few noise sources to illustrate varying frequencies and sound pressure levels (e.g., whistle, air horn).

5 Niveles de presión del sonido de ruidos comunes
Fuente de ruido Intensidad sonora Murmullo dB Conversación dB Herramientas de taller dB Taladro neumático dB Taller de carpintería dB Limpieza a presión con abrasivos dB Martillo neumático dB Slide Show Notes This slide shows the sound pressure levels of different common sources of noise: A whisper is at 10 decibels. A normal conversation is at 65 decibels. Shop tools are around 90 decibels. Pneumatic drills, woodworking machinery, blasting, and jackhammers can be at 100 decibels or more. You risk hearing damage when you are exposed to more than about 90 decibels over an 8-hour period without hearing protection. A sound level of 140 decibels for any length of time is considered to be very dangerous to your hearing. Note from the list how many common workplace noise sources are more than 90 decibels. Ask the employees if they can think of other activities that are loud.

6 Límites de la OSHA sobre la exposición al ruido
90 dBA para una exposición de 8 horas 95 dBA para una exposición de 4 horas 100 dBA para una exposición de 2 horas 105 dBA para una exposición de 1 hora Usar controles de ingeniería, controles administrativos y equipo de protección personal (protección auditiva) para cumplir con las normas Slide Show Notes OSHA requires different exposure limits, depending on the loudness of the sound; the louder the noise, the less time for exposure is permitted. For example: 8 hours of exposure is permitted for noise of 90 decibels, while Only 4 hours is permitted for noise of 95 decibels. As noise goes up by 5 decibels, the permissible exposure limit is cut in half. 100 decibels time weighted average or “TWA” for 2-hour exposure. 105 decibels TWA for 1-hour exposure. When these limits are reached, we try to reduce exposure to noise by using engineering and administrative controls. Hearing protection is used if these controls are not effective or cannot be put into place.

7 Indicadores de niveles altos de ruido
Las condiciones ruidosas pueden dificultar una conversación normal 80 dB: la gente tiene que hablar en voz muy alta 85-90 dB: la gente tiene que gritar 95 dB: la gente tiene que acercarse bien para poder oírse Slide Show Notes You can generally tell when noise levels are close to or go beyond permissible exposure limits. Noisy conditions make normal conversation difficult, or impossible. At 80 decibels, people have to speak very loudly to be heard. At 85 to 90 decibels, people need to shout in order to be understood. And at 95 decibels, people have to move very close together in order to be able to hear each other at all.

8 ¿De qué forma es peligroso el ruido?
El ruido puede provocar la pérdida temporaria o permanente de la audición Puede hacer que usted no comprenda bien una comunicación Puede hacer que se pierda advertencias importantes de seguridad Puede provocar estrés insalubre Slide Show Notes How can noise be hazardous to your health and safety? First, noise can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Noise can cause you to misunderstand communication with co-workers. This could cause you to do something that causes an accident. Similarly, noise can cause you to miss important safety warnings, such as if a co-worker tries to warn you of a nearby hazard. Finally, noise creates stress that can affect you both physically and mentally.

9 Cómo oímos los sonidos Las ondas sonoras entran por el canal auditivo
Las vibraciones del tímpano pasan por varios huesos pequeños Células diminutas similares a cabellos se mueven de atrás hacia adelante El nervio auditivo envía señales al cerebro que se registran como sonido Slide Show Notes To understand how noise can be harmful, we first need to understand how we hear sounds. Sound waves enter the ear canal and travel until they strike the eardrum. The vibrations of the eardrum are passed along by tiny bones— sometimes referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup—into the inner ear. The vibrations cause tiny hairlike cells in the inner ear to move back and forth, similar to a field of grass being moved by a gust of wind. Finally, the moving cells stimulate the auditory nerve that sends a “sound” signal to your brain.

10 Cómo se daña el oído La capacidad de oír depende en partes delicadas que se pueden dañar Niveles altos aplastan las células similares a cabellos del oído interno y con el tiempo las lesionan Pérdida de audición es gradual El daño en el oído es permanente Slide Show Notes This slide explains how hearing can be damaged by loud noise. Our ability to hear depends on the small, delicate parts in the middle ear or inner ear—especially the hairlike cells in the inner ear. When functioning normally, these cells lie flat when exposed to loud noise. When the noise stops, the cells spring back. But over a long period of exposure to loud noise, the cells take longer and longer to spring back, until they eventually are too damaged to return to their normal position. People who say that noise doesn’t bother them may in fact be losing their hearing function, so noise does not seem as loud. Hearing loss is gradual, and most often is caused by long-term damage to the cells in the inner ear. Once hearing damage happens, it is usually permanent and cannot be regained. Image Credit: OSHA

11 Pérdida de la audición La pérdida de la audición es reducción en la capacidad de oír Existen dos tipos: La pérdida temporaria (desplazamiento temporal del umbral sonoro) puede ocurrir inmediatamente después de exponerse La pérdida permanente (desplazamiento permanente del umbral sonoro) Slide Show Notes “Hearing loss” is any reduction in your ability to hear sounds, compared with that of a person with normal hearing who is about your same age. There are two types of hearing loss: Temporary hearing loss (known as temporary threshold shift) may occur immediately following exposure to a very loud noise. In this type of hearing loss, because the damage to the ear is only temporary, the ability to hear normally is restored after a few hours. Permanent hearing loss (known as standard threshold shift) is the result of permanent damage to the inner ear. This type of hearing loss cannot be restored.

12 Señales de pérdida de la audición
Dificultad para oír a la gente cuando habla Imposibilidad de oír ciertos sonidos suaves o agudos Ruido o campanilleo en los oídos Recibir quejas de que el volumen de la radio o del televisor está demasiado alto Slide Show Notes Signs of hearing loss are often difficult to notice because hearing loss is usually very gradual and is not painful. Here are some of the signs that you should be alert to: Difficulty in hearing people speak. Do you find yourself asking people to speak up or to repeat what they have said because you couldn’t hear them? Inability to hear certain high-pitched or soft sounds. You may have trouble hearing the ticking of a clock or a watch. Noise or ringing in one or both ears. Getting complaints from others that the volume of the radio or TV is too high. Can you think of someone you know who has experienced hearing loss? Think of the signs that this person may have shown that indicated hearing loss. Ask employees if they can think of any other possible signs of hearing loss that they or someone they know have experienced. Image Credit: Tom Ouimet

13 Evaluación del peligro de exposición al ruido
Lleve a cabo una encuesta de ruido Identifique y caracterice las fuentes de ruido alto Identifique a los empleados afectados Monitoree a los empleados afectados Repita el monitoreo Slide Show Notes To know whether there is a risk of hearing damage in the workplace, we must first evaluate the noise exposure to see if it is hazardous. The first step is to conduct a noise survey. This identifies and characterizes sources of high noise, and it identifies employees who may be impacted by high noise levels. Next, we monitor the noise exposure of employees who may be impacted. Typically, a “noise dosimeter” is used. The dosimeter records all noise levels and computes the average noise exposure for each employee. The readings from one employee may be also used for other employees who have similar jobs. Finally, we repeat the noise monitoring whenever there is a change in production, process, or equipment that may change noise levels. What was the monitoring strategy employed by your company? Who conducted the monitoring? Was it done internally or by an outside company? Discuss here. Show trainees a map that indicates all the high-noise areas and the results of your company’s noise monitoring, if available. Image Credit: Tom Ouimet

14 Peligros del ruido: ¿Alguna pregunta?
Usted: ¿Comprende los peligros del ruido excesivo y cómo identificarlos? ¿Comprende las señales y los síntomas de la pérdida de la audición? ¿Comprende la medición de la pérdida de la audición? Slide Show Notes Do you understand the information that has been presented about noise hazards? Now it’s time to ask yourself if you understand: The hazards of noise and how to identify these hazards; The signs and symptoms of hearing loss; and Measuring hearing loss. It is important for your safety that you understand how excessive noise can affect your hearing and the symptoms of hearing loss.

15 Programa de Conservación de la Audición
Deben participar todos los empleados expuestos a >85 dBA durante 8 horas Usted recibe: Audiogramas anuales y de referencia Capacitación anual sobre pérdida de la audición Se suministra protección auditiva Se lleva a cabo una evaluación de la exposición en forma periódica Slide Show Notes The Hearing Conservation Program is intended to help protect you from hearing damage and hearing loss. Here are the basic elements of our Hearing Conservation Program: All employees who are exposed to 85 decibels or more over 8-hour periods must participate in the program. As a participant, you receive: A baseline and an annual audiogram, which measures your hearing; Annual training on hearing loss and hearing protection Hearing protection will be provided to you. Finally, we will continue to conduct noise exposure assessments, especially when our operations change, to accurately assess our employees’ exposure to noise.

16 Exámenes audiométricos
Los exámenes pueden detectar señales tempranas de la pérdida de la audición Normalmente miden el umbral de audición en seis frecuencias Los umbrales de audición se comparan con audiogramas anteriores Slide Show Notes Audiometric exams, or audiograms, are an important part of our Hearing Conservation Program. These exams can detect early signs of hearing loss. An audiometric exam typically measures hearing ability in each ear, and finds your threshold for hearing six different sound frequencies—500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 hertz. These hearing thresholds are compared with previous audiograms to determine if there has been a “threshold shift,” or a loss of hearing, at any of the frequencies.

17 Desplazamiento permanente del umbral
Ha habido pérdida de la audición si usted ha experimentado un desplazamiento permanente del umbral (STS) La capacidad auditiva cambió en un promedio de 10 dB Para STS se requiere protección auditiva revisada Slide Show Notes What is a Standard Threshold Shift, or STS? A hearing loss has occurred if you have experienced an STS during your annual audiogram. The STS may be slight, moderate, or severe. Specifically, an STS will be found if your threshold for hearing has increased by an average of 10 decibels or more at 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 hertz in either ear from your baseline audiogram. Your age is also a factor in evaluating whether an STS has occurred. If an STS is detected, you will be notified within 21 days. Changes in the hearing protection you use may be required if you have an STS. You may be asked to start wearing hearing protection if you have not done so previously. Or if you have been wearing hearing protection, you may be asked to start using a different kind. Because hearing loss may be caused by other factors besides noise, such as illnesses or injuries, you may also be required to have further medical evaluation.

18 ¿Ha ocurrido un STS? Punto de referencia Anual Slide Show Notes
Take a few moments to study this graph. Does it show that an STS has occurred? (Pause for a few seconds.) Yes, the graph shows that the average threshold shift in the 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 hertz frequencies is more than 10 decibels when compared against the baseline. Image Credit: Tom Ouimet

19 Un ejemplo de pérdida de la audición en carpinteros
Slide Show Notes This graph shows an example of hearing loss experienced by carpenters who are exposed to high noise levels. Take a few moments to study the graph. (Pause for a few seconds.) The 55-year-old carpenter has experienced severe hearing loss, especially at the 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 hertz levels, and would have a great deal of difficulty understanding anyone who is speaking at a normal level. The 25-year-old carpenter has already experienced some hearing loss at the high frequencies, so that his hearing is about equal to a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to high noise levels. Image Credit: Tom Ouimet

20 Uso de protección auditiva
Uso voluntario si se expone a dB en un promedio de tiempo de 8 horas Uso obligatorio cuando: Se expone a 90 dB en un promedio de tiempo de 8 horas Se expone a 85 dB en un promedio de tiempo de 8 horas y ha sufrido un STS (pérdida de la audición) o no se le ha hecho un examen de oído de referencia Slide Show Notes To protect against hearing loss, the use of hearing protection is required by OSHA under different conditions of noise exposure. Hearing protection use is voluntary for employees who are exposed to an 8-hour time weighted average of 85 to 90 decibels. Use of hearing protection becomes mandatory when: There is exposure to an 8-hour time weighted average of 90 decibels or higher; or There is exposure to an 8-hour time weighted average of 85 decibels when an STS, or hearing loss, has already been measured, or if a baseline hearing test has not yet been conducted. Individual companies may have requirements for wearing hearing protection that are stricter than OSHA’s requirements. The information on the slide is what OSHA requires. Your company may have internal rules that require the mandatory use of hearing protection by all employees if they are exposed to an 8-hour TWA of 85 dB. This would be an easier program to manage.

21 Dispositivos de reducción de ruido
Los dispositivos de protección auditiva deben reducir la exposición de los empleados al ruido a menos de 90 dB en un promedio de tiempo de 8 horas En empleados con STS, la exposición al ruido se reduce a menos de 85 dB Índice de reducción de ruido (NRR, por sus siglas en inglés) Tapones de oídos: aprovechan 1/3 del NRR Orejeras: aprovechan 1/2 del NRR Slide Show Notes Hearing protection devices reduce your exposure to noise. Here is what these devices are expected to achieve. Hearing protection devices must reduce noise exposure to below an 8-hour time weighted average of 90 decibels. For employees who have suffered an STS, hearing protection must reduce exposure to less than an 8-hour TWA of 85 decibels. The noise reduction ratio, or “NRR,” is the number of decibels that different types of hearing protection devices are rated to reduce noise exposure. However, the NRR is only what is achieved through laboratory testing, rather than in real-world applications. Therefore, you should assume that the real-world NRR of a hearing protection device will be significantly less than what may be shown on the package, due to such variables as poor fit or incorrect use. For example, for earplugs, you should assume that the real-world NRR is no better than one-third of the NRR shown on the package. For earmuffs, assume that the real-world NRR is no better than about one-half the NRR shown on the package. Note that removing your hearing protection device for short periods during the day will further reduce the real-world NRR of the device. Always wear your hearing protection when you are in noisy locations. What is the NRR of the hearing protection devices that your company is providing? Is it adequate?

22 Tapones de oídos y tapones de goma espuma
Deben insertarse correctamente para sellar el canal auditivo Enróllelos lentamente y comprima la espuma hasta formar un cilindro Insértelos en el canal auditivo mientras estén comprimidos No dejan que el ruido llegue al tímpano El algodón no es un tapón de oídos Slide Show Notes Two of the most commonly used hearing protection devices are earplugs and canal caps. There are many different brands of earplugs, but they all work in a similar way. Typically, you roll or compress the foam plug into a cylinder, insert it in your ear, and allow the foam to expand and fill the ear canal. Earplugs are effective protection against noise and are lightweight and unobtrusive. Make sure that the plugs are clean before inserting them in your ear. You should get a new pair of earplugs each day, or more frequently if necessary. Canal caps can be useful if you are exposed to loud noise for short periods of time, or if you need to walk through a noisy area to get from one place to another. Canal caps usually do not provide the same degree of protection as earplugs because they do not enter the ear canal. Cotton balls are not effective as hearing protection, and should not be used. Bring samples of the types of hearing protection devices that your company makes available to employees. Describe how employees can obtain the hearing protection devices. Where do they go to get them? What do they have to do? Image Credit: State of WA-WISHA Services

23 Dispositivos de protección auditiva: orejeras
Selladas contra la cabeza con las orejas totalmente encerradas El cabello fuera Los anteojos y las gorras no interfieren Se ajusta la cinta de la cabeza para que las almohadillas ejerzan presión pareja Se limpian con agua tibia y jabón Slide Show Notes Earmuffs are hearing protection devices that are usually used in combination with earplugs to reduce noise exposure even further. However, they must fit correctly and form a good seal, or they might actually increase noise exposure by creating an “echo” effect inside the earpiece. Note that headphones from radios or CD players do not count as earmuffs or hearing protection devices. Here are some guidelines for using earmuffs: The muffs must be sealed against the head and fully enclose the ears. Hair should be pulled out and away from earmuffs. Glasses and caps should not interfere with the seal. The headband should be adjusted so that the cushions exert even pressure. Finally, earmuffs should be cleaned periodically with warm, soapy water and rinsed thoroughly.

24 ¿Preguntas? Usted: ¿Comprende los exámenes audiométricos?
¿Comprende nuestro programa de protección auditiva? ¿Comprende cuándo usar protección auditiva? ¿Comprende los dispositivos de protección auditiva? Slide Show Notes It is time to ask yourself if you understand the information presented so far . Do you understand: Audiometric testing; Our hearing protection program; When to use hearing protection; or Different types of hearing protection devices. It is important for your safety that you understand how to protect your hearing.

25 Puntos clave para recordar
El oír es un sentido muy importante; no lo pierda La exposición a ruidos de 85 dB o mayores puede provocar pérdida de la audición La pérdida de la audición no se puede curar Los exámenes de oído se llevan a cabo anualmente y pueden detectar la pérdida de la audición Los dispositivos de protección auditiva deben usarse en áreas de mucho ruido Slide Show Notes Here are the key things to remember about this training session on noise and hearing conservation: First, your hearing is a very important sense—don’t lose it. Noise exposure of 85 decibels or more can cause hearing loss. Hearing loss cannot be cured or repaired. Hearing tests that are conducted annually can detect hearing loss, so that steps can be taken to prevent further hearing loss. Finally, hearing protection devices must be worn in high-noise areas in accordance with our company’s rules. This concludes the training session on Noise and Hearing Conservation. Consider adding an additional bullet point describing the areas of high noise in your company’s facility.