Organización Internacional para las Migraciones

Presentación del tema: "Organización Internacional para las Migraciones"— Transcripción de la presentación:

1 Organización Internacional para las Migraciones
Detención, rechazo y devolución de personas migrantes: Estándares internacionales para la formulación de políticas públicas Organización Internacional para las Migraciones Tegucigalpa, Honduras – 11 de febrero de 2011 Seminario-taller sobre Derechos Humanos de la población migrante Salvador Gutiérrez Oficial nacional Oficina Regional para Centroamérica y México 1

2 Índice de la presentación
Derechos Humanos en el marco de la detención, la expulsión y la deportación. Estándares internacionales en materia de detención de personas migrantes. Estándares internacionales en materia de expulsión y devolución de personas migrantes.

3 Sección 1: Derechos Humanos en el marco de la detención, la expulsión y la devolución de personas migrantes. Tegucigalpa, Honduras 11 de febrero de 2011 Salvador Gutiérrez, IOM, oficial nacional 3 3

4 Contenidos Características de los Derechos Humanos
Derechos Humanos en el marco de la detención, la expulsión y la devolución. Derechos Humanos en el marco de la gestión migratoria. Rights & Duties -> sovereignity vs. fundamental rights

5 ¿Cuáles son las características de los derechos humanos?
Derechos Humanos en el marco de la detención, la expulsión y la devolución – características de los DDHH ¿Cuáles son las características de los derechos humanos? Los derechos humanos son: Inalienables – no pueden serle arrebatados a una persona, por lo tanto no dependen del status. Universales – deben aplicarse sin discriminación, por razones de raza, color de piel, sexo, idioma, religión, opinión política, origen nacional o social, lugar de nacimiento o estatus. No absolutos – algunos derechos son derogables bajo algunas circunstancias (por ejemplo: en situaciones de emergencia, Art 4. PIDCP). No obstante, algunos derechos fundamentales no pueden ser suspendidos, es decir, son absolutos. SLIDE 20: Human Rights Are— Human rights are INALIENABLE, this means that they cannot be taken away from a person. Therefore, human rights are applicable to ALL migrants, regardless of their status. Human Rights are to be applied WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION. Every human rights instrument which we will be looking at has a non-discrimination clause in it, which says that the human rights in that instrument are to be applied without distinction as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Some human rights are NOT ABSOLUTE, this means that in certain limited circumstances, they can be derogated. For example, in times of war or emergency, States can suspend the application of certain human rights. However, some fundamental human rights can NEVER be suspended, such as the right to life, freedom from torture. Rights which can be derogated are specified in an instrument. Further, some rights may be limited to persons lawfully on the territory of a State, that is, a distinction is allowed between regular and irregular migrants. For example, rights under the ICCPR which are restricted to aliens “lawfully with the territory of the host state” include the freedom of movement, the right to chose one’s residence and the right to certain procedural protections in expulsion proceedings. 5

6 Derechos Humanos en el marco del rechazo, la detención y la repatriación
¿Cuáles son algunos de los Derechos Humanos más relevantes en la materia? Los Estados se comprometen a respetar los derechos civiles y políticos de “todos los individuos que se encuentren en su territorio y que estén sujetos a su jurisdicción” (PIDCP). Cláusula ampliada de no discriminación, estas derogaciones con criterios de distinción no pueden sustentarse en raza, color, idioma, sexo u origen social. En casos de emergencia pública se permite la derogación de estos derechos – permitiéndose incluso la distinción entre nacionales y no nacionales (PÍDCP). 6

7 ¿Cuáles Derechos Humanos no son nunca derogables?
Derechos Humanos en el marco del rechazo, la detención y la repatriación ¿Cuáles Derechos Humanos no son nunca derogables? Prohibición de la tortura. Prohibición de la detención injustificada. Prohibición de la discriminación racial y de género. Derecho del detenido a recibir un trato humano. Principio de non-refoulement. 7

8 Derechos Humanos en el marco de la gestión migratoria
¿Qué facultades tiene el Estado en ejercicio de su soberanía? El Estado, en ejercicio de su soberanía, está facultado para normar: La adquisición de su nacionalidad (Convención de la Haya de 1930). Los requisitos para la admisión de las personas no nacionales. La expulsión y devolución de las personas no nacionales. La detención. Exampels Expressions of the states sovereignity are the states competences. i.e. The states has power to determine the following: 8

9 Derechos Humanos en el marco de la gestión migratoria
¿Cuáles son los límites al ejercicio de la soberanía? Principio fundamental: El ejercicio de la gestión migratoria debe realizarse en el pleno respeto a los derechos humanos y en estricto apego a los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado. SLIDE 4: State Sovereignty and Human Rights Obligations State Obligations to Non Nationals Inherent to any discussion on migrants and human rights is the balance between sovereign power of the State duties of the State to non-nationals under international human rights law. A fundamental premise of national sovereignty is, as we all know, that a State has the power to determine the non-nationals it admits to its territory, to remove non-nationals in certain circumstances, to control its borders and take necessary steps to protect its security. This power to manage migration has, however, to be exercised in the full respect of the fundamental human rights and freedoms which are granted under a wide range of international human rights instruments and customary international law. Traditionally, the close link between sovereignty and nationality has resulted in differential treatment of nationals and aliens or migrants, both under international law and in state practice. Migration policy, as with other aspects of state policy, has long been premised on the promotion of the best interests of a State’s own nationals, which, in some instances, has led to exploitation and abuse of migrants. On a positive note, however, recent years have shown increasing international recognition of the migration and human rights nexus through, inter alia, the creation of a UN Special Raporteur on the human rights of migrants, and the promulgation of a number of human rights treaties and declarations dealing with migration issues.

10 Sección II: Estándares internacionales en materia de detención de personas migrantes
Tegucigalpa, Honduras 11 de febrero de 2011 Salvador Gutiérrez, IOM, oficial nacional 10 10

11 Estándares internacionales en materia de detención.
Contenidos Estándares internacionales en materia de detención. Estándares regionales en materia de detención. Rights & Duties -> sovereignity vs. fundamental rights

12 Libertad de movimiento (PIDCP, Art.12; CIPDTMF, Art. 8; CDN, Art. 10).
Estándares internacionales en materia de detención Instrumentos internacionales Libertad de movimiento (PIDCP, Art.12; CIPDTMF, Art. 8; CDN, Art. 10). – Derecho a abandonar cualquier país & derecho a ingresar al propio país. Libertad contra la detención arbitraria (PIDCP). Protección contra la detención arbitraria (CIPDTMF, Art. 16, 17(3)). SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

13 Estándares internacionales en materia de detención Instrumentos internacionales
DUDH Derecho a la vida, a la libertad y a la seguridad de la persona (Art 3). Prohibición contra la detención arbitraria (Art 9). Art 9 PIDCP (derecho a la libertad) principios La detención arbitraria está prohibida. La detención solamente puede establecerse sobre la base y de conformidad con procedimientos establecidos previamente. Derecho a iniciar procedimientos ante una corte con el objeto de definir la legalidad de la detención. Derecho a exigir una compensación si la detención fue ilegal. Arbitrary –difficult to define, more than just unlawful, relates to injustice, unprectibility Art 9 also states that need to be told about reasons for arrest and charges; is not a prohobitiona against detentention butprocedureal guarantee to ensure fair and cirrect detenttion Problems with detention: indefnite detention, no court to reveiw detention, often also used as anti-terrorism measure  Arts. 10, ICCPR: All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Art 16 MWC (extensive procedural rights) arbitrary detention prohibited detention only on grounds and in accordance with procedures established by law consular authorities of State or origin, if migrant so requests, to be informed without delay right to prompt communication with the authorities right to take proceedings before the court so that lawfulness of detention can be determined enforceable right to compensation if detention unlawful Try to explore alternative measures to detention. There is softlaw on detentention Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Deliberation No. 5 on situation regarding immigrants and asylum-seekers, CHR 56th session, E/CN.4/2000/4 (28 Dec 1999) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (adopted Aug. 30, 1955 by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders) Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners (G.A. res. 45/111) Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (G.A. res. 43/173) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, CHR, 59th Session, E/CN.4/2003/85 (30 Dec 2002) includes a section on “the human rights of migrants deprived of their liberty” and recommendations

14 Protección a la familia, Art. 17 y 23 (PIDCP).
Estándares internacionales en materia de detención Instrumentos internacionales Protección a la familia, Art. 17 y 23 (PIDCP). Protección de la familia (PIDESC, Art.; CIPDTMF, Art. 14 and 44; CDN, Art. 10(1), 7 y 16). El derecho a la salud (PIDESC, Art. 12). 14

15 Estándares internacionales en materia de detención Instrumentos internacionales
CDN, Artículo 37. La detención es una medida de último recurso y durante el período más breve que proceda. Todo niño en detención debe ser tratado de manera que se tengan en cuenta las necesidades de las personas de su edad. Estará separado de los adultos, a menos que ello se considere contrario al interés superior del niño, y tendrá derecho a mantener contacto con su familia. Tendrá derecho a un pronto acceso a la asistencia jurídica y otra asistencia adecuada, así como a impugnar la legalidad y a una pronta decisión.. Arbitrary –difficult to define, more than just unlawful, relates to injustice, unprectibility Art 9 also states that need to be told about reasons for arrest and charges; is not a prohobitiona against detentention butprocedureal guarantee to ensure fair and cirrect detenttion Problems with detention: indefnite detention, no court to reveiw detention, often also used as anti-terrorism measure  Arts. 10, ICCPR: All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Art 16 MWC (extensive procedural rights) arbitrary detention prohibited detention only on grounds and in accordance with procedures established by law consular authorities of State or origin, if migrant so requests, to be informed without delay right to prompt communication with the authorities right to take proceedings before the court so that lawfulness of detention can be determined enforceable right to compensation if detention unlawful Try to explore alternative measures to detention. There is softlaw on detentention Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Deliberation No. 5 on situation regarding immigrants and asylum-seekers, CHR 56th session, E/CN.4/2000/4 (28 Dec 1999) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (adopted Aug. 30, 1955 by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders) Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners (G.A. res. 45/111) Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (G.A. res. 43/173) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, CHR, 59th Session, E/CN.4/2003/85 (30 Dec 2002) includes a section on “the human rights of migrants deprived of their liberty” and recommendations

16 Estándares internacionales en materia de detención Otros lineamientos internacionales
Principios para la protección de todas las personas sometidas a cualquier forma de detención o prisión. Principio 11 1. Nadie será mantenido en detención sin tener la posibilidad real de ser oído sin demora por un juez u otra autoridad. 2. Toda persona detenida y su abogado, recibirán una comunicación inmediata y completa de la orden de detención, junto con las razones en que se funde. Principio 12 1. Se harán constar debidamente: a) Las razones del arresto; b) La hora del arresto y traslado al lugar de custodia, así como la hora de su primera comparecencia ante el juez u otra autoridad; c) La identidad de los funcionarios encargados; d) Información precisa acerca del lugar de custodia. Principio 16 La persona detenida o presa será también informada prontamente de su derecho a ponerse en comunicación por los medios adecuados con una oficina consular o la misión diplomática del Estado del que sea nacional. Arbitrary –difficult to define, more than just unlawful, relates to injustice, unprectibility Art 9 also states that need to be told about reasons for arrest and charges; is not a prohobitiona against detentention butprocedureal guarantee to ensure fair and cirrect detenttion Problems with detention: indefnite detention, no court to reveiw detention, often also used as anti-terrorism measure  Arts. 10, ICCPR: All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Art 16 MWC (extensive procedural rights) arbitrary detention prohibited detention only on grounds and in accordance with procedures established by law consular authorities of State or origin, if migrant so requests, to be informed without delay right to prompt communication with the authorities right to take proceedings before the court so that lawfulness of detention can be determined enforceable right to compensation if detention unlawful Try to explore alternative measures to detention. There is softlaw on detentention Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Deliberation No. 5 on situation regarding immigrants and asylum-seekers, CHR 56th session, E/CN.4/2000/4 (28 Dec 1999) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (adopted Aug. 30, 1955 by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders) Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners (G.A. res. 45/111) Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (G.A. res. 43/173) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, CHR, 59th Session, E/CN.4/2003/85 (30 Dec 2002) includes a section on “the human rights of migrants deprived of their liberty” and recommendations

17 Estándares regionales en materia de detención Instrumentos regionales
Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, 1969 Artículo 7.1 Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad… Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre,1948 Artículo I. Todo ser humano tiene derecho a la vida, a la libertad y a la seguridad de su persona. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

18 Estándares regionales en materia de detención Caso Vélez Loor
El señor Vélez Loor, de nacionalidad ecuatoriana, fue arrestado por la policía panameña el 11 de noviembre de 2002 en el Darién por ingresar de forma irregular al país, y fue puesto a disposición de las autoridades de migración. Fue condenado a dos años de prisión por haber infringido la legislación migratoria en reiteradas ocasiones y estuvo privado de libertad durante 10 meses para luego ser deportado. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

19 Estándares regionales en materia de detención Caso Vélez Loor
El Tribunal resolvió que los Estados pueden normar el ingreso y salida de su territorio siempre y cuando esas medidas no confronten a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos. La criminalización de los flujos migratorios es incompatible con la Convención. Las medidas privativas de libertad por incumplimiento de las leyes migratorias sólo deben utilizarse –y durante el menor tiempo posible- cuando sean necesarias y proporcionadas y tengan como fin asegurar la comparecencia al proceso administrativo o judicial o garantizar la aplicación de una orden de deportación. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

20 Estándares regionales en materia de detención Caso Vélez Loor
Cuando la detención es ordenada por una autoridad administrativa, la revisión por parte de un juez o tribunal es un requisito fundamental para garantizar un adecuado control del respeto de los derechos fundamentales. Derecho a la asistencia consular en casos de privación de libertad de una persona no nacional. Tres componentes esenciales de este derecho: 1) la notificación de los derechos de la persona detenida; 2) el acceso efectivo a la comunicación con el funcionario consular; y 3) la asistencia consular misma. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

21 Estándares regionales en materia de detención Caso Vélez Loor
En caso de que sea indispensable, los migrantes sólo podrán ser retenidos en establecimientos específicos y no en prisiones comunes o lugares donde puedan estar junto con personas acusadas o condenadas por delitos penales. Información visible en varios idiomas acerca de la condición legal de los detenidos, los nombres y teléfonos de los consulados, así como de los asesores legales y organizaciones a los que estas personas pudiesen recurrir. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

22 Sección III: Estándares Internacionales en materia de expulsión y devolución de personas migrantes
Tegucigalpa, Honduras 11 de febrero de 2011 Salvador Gutiérrez, IOM, oficial nacional 22 22

23 Estándares internacionales en materia de expulsión y devolución.
Contenidos Estándares internacionales en materia de expulsión y devolución. Experiencias prácticas. Rights & Duties -> sovereignity vs. fundamental rights

24 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales
“El extranjero que se halle legalmente en el territorio de un Estado Parte en el presente Pacto sólo podrá ser expulsado de él en cumplimiento de una decisión adoptada conforme a la ley; y, a menos que razones imperiosas de seguridad nacional se opongan a ello, se permitirá a tal extranjero exponer las razones que lo asistan en contra de su expulsión, así como someter su caso a revisión ante la autoridad competente o bien ante la persona o personas designadas especialmente por dicha autoridad competente, y hacerse representar con tal fin ante ellas.”. (Art. 13 PIDCP)

25 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales
Cuando la detención es ordenada por una autoridad administrativa, la revisión por parte de un juez o tribunal es un requisito fundamental para garantizar un adecuado control del respeto de los derechos fundamentales. Derecho a la asistencia consular en casos de privación de libertad de una persona no nacional. Tres componentes esenciales de este derecho: 1) la notificación de los derechos de la persona detenida; 2) el acceso efectivo a la comunicación con el funcionario consular; y 3) la asistencia consular misma. SLIDEs 24 & 25: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – ICCPR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – ICESCR In 1966, the two Covenants were adopted in an effort to give legal form to the rights contained in the Declaration. Both have been widely ratified and are legally binding on States Parties.[1] They are comprehensive instruments and enumerate a wide range of rights and freedoms. Both have clauses obliging States Parties to guarantee the rights to all persons, without discrimination. ICESCR it unequivocally limits the rights of non-nationals by allowing developing countries to determine to what extent they provide the economic rights to non-nationals [1] As at 31 December 1997, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights had been ratified by 137 States, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ratified by 140 States.

26 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales
Garantías concernientes a la expulsión (PIDCP, Art. 13; CIPDTMF, Art. 22 and 56; CAT, Art. 3). Un migrante tiene derecho a abandonar cualquier país, incluyendo el propio. No hay obligación internacional de los Estados de admitir a los no nacionales. Las únicas personas que tienen el derecho absoluto de retornar a su país son los nacionales del mismo (Nadie debe ser arbitrariamente desposeído de su derecho de entrar a su propio país, art 12, sec. 4 PIDCP). SLIDE 7: Right to Admit As indicated, it is commonly agreed that States have the authority to regulate the movement of persons across their borders. Such power flows from the concept of an international system of States, with States possessing primary authority over their territory and population. In particular, States have wide discretion on matters such as admission, stay, expulsion and naturalization for non-nationals. Concerning admission, while a migrant has a right to leave his/her own country, there is no general international obligation on a third State to permit entry to its territory. Inherent to the notion of sovereignty is the power of a State to permit or refuse entry to a migrant. Thus, a State is entitled to determine the number of immigrants that may enter, the prerequisites for entry, and the conditions upon which permission is granted.

27 Principio de non-refoulement. “interés superior del niño o niña”.
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales En principio, el Estado tiene el derecho de expulsar a los no nacionales de su territorio. Limitaciones: Principio de non-refoulement. “interés superior del niño o niña”. Limitaciones procedimentales de conformidad al derecho internacional (Art. 13 PIDCP). SLIDE 8: Right to Remove: As a corollary of the right to admit, a State also has the right to remove a migrant against his/her will from its territory. This applies to those lawfully present as well as those in an irregular situation. This is not an absolute right, but rather is tempered by a number of international norms. Examples of such restrictions include: The principle of non-refoulement, contained in Art 33(1) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, now a rule of customary international law. A similar principle is found in the Convention Against Torture; The “best interests of the child”, enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, may override the right of a State to remove a non-national from its territory. Similarly, in certain circumstances, the right of a family to stay together when balanced against the interests of the State in effecting expulsion may override the right of a State to remove a non-national from its territory. In addition to the substantive restrictions on the right of a State to expel a migrant, procedural limitations exist under international law. For instance, a migrant lawfully in the territory is, inter alia, entitled to have his/her case reviewed prior to expulsion. Two issues are, however, worthy of note: First, this provision is only applicable to aliens who are lawfully residing within the territory of a State; Second, these obligations are subject to derogation where “compelling reasons of national security” otherwise require. In many cases, however, expulsions continue to occur in disregard of limitations on the State power to expel imposed under international law. Similarly, as practice subsequent to the events of September 11 seems to show, there is little reticence in utilising the power to derogate from human rights obligations I n the name of national security.

28 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales
Art. 33, Convenio sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados, 1951 Los Estados no deben poner en modo alguno a un refugiado en las fronteras de los territorios donde su vida o su libertad peligre por causa de su raza, religión, nacionalidad, pertenencia a determinado grupo social, o de sus opiniones políticas. Art. 3 (1), Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, 1984 Los Estados no deben expulsar o devolvera a una persona a otro Estado cuando haya razones fundadas para creer que estaría en peligro de ser sometida a tortura. Para determinar esto, las autoridades deben tomar en cuenta todas las consideraciones pertinentes, inclusive, la existencia en el Estado de que se trate de un cuadro persistente de violaciones manifiestas, patentes o masivas de los derechos humanos. Right to removal of states is limited by principle of non-refoulement 28

29 El interés superior del niño (Artículo 3 CDN)
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales El interés superior del niño (Artículo 3 CDN) Consideración primaria en todas las acciones en que se involucren niños, incluyendo la búsqueda de soluciones de corto y largo plazo. Es necesario determinar la identidad del niño, incluyendo la nacionalidad, el origen étnico y cultural, las vulnerabilidades y necesidades de protección. Identificación y designación de un tutor tan pronto como sea posible. 29 29 29

30 Derecho a la vida y al pleno desarrollo (Artículo 6 CDN)
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales Derecho a la vida y al pleno desarrollo (Artículo 6 CDN) Derecho a la vida, a la sobrevivencia y al desarrollo. A la unidad familiar (Artículo 16 CDN, artículos 14 y 44 CIPDTMF) La familia como unidad grupal fundamental de la sociedad es objeto de protección por el Estado. Reunificación del niño con su familia, con la excepción de que no vaya acorde al interés superior del niño. 30 30 30

31 Capacidades en desarrollo (Artículo 5 CDN)
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Instrumentos internacionales Capacidades en desarrollo (Artículo 5 CDN) El niño como sujeto activo de derechos. Participación (Artículo 12 CDN) Al parecer del niño debe otorgársele “su debido peso de conformidad con su edad y madurez”. 31 31 31

32 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas
Directiva 2008/115/EC del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de fecha 16 de diciembre de 2008 sobre los estándares y procedimientos comunes en los países miembros para el retorno de extranjeros que se encuentran ilegalmente en el territorio comunitario. Alcance: Los nacionales de terceros países que han permanecido ilegalmente en el territorio de un país miembro. Excepciones La posibilidad de obtener una residencia legal en otro Estado miembro. El derecho a permanecer por “motivos de compasión, humanitarios o por otras razones similares” Border cases Art. 5: Human rights considerations: when implmenting the returns diretcive, MS should take due account of: Best interest of the child Family life Health Non-refoulement The purpose of this Directive is to lay down EU-wide rules and procedures on the return of irregular migrants. It covers periods of detention as well as re-entry bans but also includes a number of legal safeguards. (Paramount for Member States in negotiating this Directive was the need to ensure that return and removal were facilitated and cooperation in this area greatly enhanced by a Community measure. Provisions which were likely to prevent or delay the process – by introducing restrictions on detention, obligations to provide legal aid, increasing the possibilities for challenging return decisions – were resisted). The Directive applies to third country nationals staying illegally in the territory of a Member State (Article 2(1)). A third country national who applied for asylum is not considered as staying illegally “until a negative decision on the application, or a decision ending his or her right of stay as asylum seekers has entered into force” (recital 9). Excluded from the scope are third country nationals who are being removed for criminal law reasons (Article 2(2)(b)) and those enjoying the EC free movement rights (Article 2(3)). The latter category concerns particularly third country nationals who are family members of citizens of the Union and have exercised their right to free movement. Member States can decide to exclude from the scope third country nationals who are refused entry, or stopped in connection with an irregular crossing of the external land, sea, or air border of a Member State and were not later allowed to stay in that Member State (Article 2(2)(a)). The effect of excluding categories of irregular migrants from the scope of the Directive is that third country nationals falling within the excluded categories can be returned or removed without the complete set of minimum legal guarantees provided for in this instrument. The Directive however establishes that they are to be treated not less favourably with regard to the limitations provided on the use of coercive measures (Article 8(4) and (5)), postponement of removal due to the person’s physical state or mental capacity (Article 9(2)(a)), emergency health care and special needs of vulnerable persons pending removal (Article 14 (1)(b) and (d)) and the provisions on detention conditions and detention of minors and families (Articles 16 and 17). There is also a prohibition on refouling persons who are apprehended or intercepted in connection with an illegal border crossing or refused entry at the border. 32 32

33 Salidas voluntarias, Art.7 En cumplimiento de una orden de salida.
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas Salidas voluntarias, Art.7 En cumplimiento de una orden de salida. Es preferible al retorno forzado. Obligación de proveer de un periodo apropiado para una salida voluntaria (7 a 30 días). Posibilidad de adelantar el término fijado para el retorno, cuando: Riesgo real de evación. Riesgo para la seguridad pública o nacional. Voluntary departure means “compliance with the obligation to return within the time-limit fixed for that purpose in the return decision” (Article 3(8)). It is generally accepted that voluntary departure is preferable to forced return as it is more humane and dignified for the migrant and results in enormous cost-savings for the State. A return decision must allow for a possible voluntary departure within a period which has been set at between seven and 30 days (Article 7(1)). This is subject to important exceptions. It can be extended in individual cases to take account of specific circumstances such as family and social links, children attending school etc (Article 7(2)); it can be done away with entirely or granted for a shorter period if there is a risk that the irregular migrant might abscond, has submitted a fraudulent application for legal stay or otherwise poses a public security, public order or national security risk (Article 7(4)).The definition in the Directive refers to “the existence of reasons in an individual case which are based on objective criteria defined by law to believe that a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures may abscond” (Article 3(7)). This definition is not supported however by more precise indications on the reasons which might induce the authorities to believe that such a risk exists or the criteria which domestic law may lie down to verify these conditions. 33 33

34 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas
Expulsiones, Art. 8 Condiciones: Expiración del plazo para el retorno voluntario. Uso de medidas cohercitivas en caso de resistirse a la expulsión: Como última alternativa. Proporcionales. Uso de la fuerza razonable. De conformidad con los derechos fundamentales, preservando la dignidad y la integridad física. Postergación de la expulsión, Art. 9: Obligatoria: si hay violación del principio de non-refoulement y hasta que dure el efecto de una orden suspensoria. Discrecional: ante circunstancias específicas; como por ejemplo: estado físico o mental; razones técnicas y falta de identificación. Ebfore return decision due regard to bets interests of the child Member States are required to enforce the return decision and remove a person if no period for voluntary departure has been granted or once it has expired (Article 8(1)). Removal may be enforced as a last resort by the use of coercive measures but these must be proportional, not exceed reasonable force and be in accordance with human rights and the dignity and integrity of the person concerned (Article 8(4)). There is also a requirement to provide for an “effective forced-re turn monitoring system” (Article 8(6)). No indication is given as to what mechanisms are to be put in place for Member States to comply with this obligation. The obligation to remove is also subject to exceptions: there is a requirement to postpone removal if there is a risk of refoulement or if a review of the return decision is pending in cases in which such a review has suspensive effect under national legislation (Article 9(1)); removal may be postponed in circumstances relating to the person’s physical or mental state or for technical reasons such as lack of transport capacity or failure to identify the person to be removed (Article 9(2)). If removal is postponed, the person concerned may be required to report regularly to the authorities, deposit a financial guarantee, submit specific documents or stay in a certain place (Article 9(3)). The converse obligation upon Member States to ensure to people in limbo basic standards of subsistence was moved from the operative text to the preamble (recital 12). In respect of unaccompanied minors, their removal is subject to an additional condition: the authorities of the Member States must be satisfied that the minor will be returned to a family member, a nominated guardian or that adequate reception facilities are in place (Article 10 (2)). 34 34

35 Respeto al principio de unidad familiar.
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas Salvaguardas hasta que se lleve a cabo el retorno, la expulsión y la devolución: Respeto al principio de unidad familiar. Atención médica de emergencia y primaria en caso de enfermedad. Acceso a educación básica para NNA. Atención a las necesidades especiales de personas vulnerables. Free legal aid only to be transposed by 24 dec 2011, rest fo directive by 24 dec 2010, becasue of fincial burden. Return fund can be used The Directive establishes a common minimum set of legal safeguards on decisions related to return which are meant “to guarantee effective protection of the interests of the individuals concerned” (preamble recital 11). Procedural safeguards are provided for in Chapter III and concern the following: – Return, removal and entry ban decisions must be issued in writing, contain reasons in fact and law, as well as information on remedies, and translation of the main elements must be provided upon request – except for irregular entrants where a standard form is to be issued instead (Article 12(1) and (2)); – There is a right to appeal or review of return, removal and entry ban decisions be fore judicial or administrative authorities or other independent body with power to temporarily suspend the execution of removal (Article 13 (1) and (2)); – Provision is made for free legal assistance, in accordance with relevant national rules on legal aid (Article 13(3) and (4)), subject to the limitations provided for in the Asylum Procedures Directive. Up to 75 per cent of costs for provision of free legal aid to returnees could be covered from the Community Return Fund. – While removal is pending and save for those in detention, Member States are obliged to respect the principle of family unity, and ensure emergency health care and essential treatment of illness, access to basic education for minors, and special needs of vulnerable people (Article 14(1)). 35 35

36 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas
Condiciones para la devolución, Art. 10: Antes de emitir la decisión: obligación de que intervenga la autoridad de protección especial con la consideración del interés superior del niño/a. Seguridad de que el menor será retornado a algún miembro de su familia, a un tutor designado o a instituciones con instalaciones de recepción adecuadas en el Estado a donde se retorna. UAM high on EU agenda, many countries and espec in the Nordics increase of arrivals of UAM asylum seekers and migrants, challeges bec special need; EU is wokrinf on various initiative wiht respect to UAM (one of the priority of the Spanish Presidency9 36 36

37 ¿Cuál es la evaluación que se ha hecho de la Directiva?
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas ¿Cuál es la evaluación que se ha hecho de la Directiva? Obligación de ejecutar una orden de devolución, pero no hay obligación de otorgar un estatus legal si el retorno no es posible. Periodo extremadamente corto para preparar adecuadamente el retorno (7 a 30 días). Falta de evaluación adecuada de la calidad de la atención que recibiran los NNA en el país a donde se retornan. Periodo de impedimento de entrada cuando se presenta una deportación, es generalmente fijo. Positive: attempt forsetting standrds, focus in human rigths, 2 step procedures: ->priority of vol return; generally positive that preference for voluntary return Howver, also critiscm -> see slide The Directive now provides that Member States may only keep in detention a third country national who is subject to return procedures, in order to prepare return and/or carry out the removal process, in particular (i) when there is a risk of absconding or (ii) if the person concerned avoids or hampers the removal process. It is only justified to detain a returnee while removal arrangements “are in progress and executed with due diligence” (Article 15(1)). The Directive clearly makes detention a last resort measure if “other sufficient but less coercive measures [cannot] be applied effectively in a specific case” (Article 15(1)) and explicitly subjects detention to a proportionality test (preamble recital 16). As regards judicial supervision, the decision to place a person in detention following an administrative decision must be approved by the courts “as speedily as possible” (Article 15(2)). There must be regular reviews of detention, either automatically or at the request of the person concerned (Article 15(3)). If there is no “reasonable prospect of removal” or the conditions for detention no longer exist, the person concerned must be released immediately (Article 15(4)). In the case of both an administrative or judicial decision to detain, it must be ordered in writing and state the reasons in fact and in law. As regards detention conditions, the Directive provides the following (Article 16): – as a rule, third country nationals should be placed in specialised detention facilities, or separated from ordinary prisoners if detained in prisons; – detainees have the right to contact legal representatives, family member and consular authorities; there will be provision of emergency health care and essential treatment of illness; visits to detention facilities by relevant and competent independent bodies are to be allowed but may be subject to authorisation; relevant information must be provided to the detainee. 37 37

38 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas
Readmisión — acto de un Estado que reacepta a un individuo (nacional o de un tercer país), que ingresó o permaneció ilegalmente en un país. Acuerdo de readmisión – acuerdo que establece procedimientos para que un Estado devuelva a extranjeros irregulares a su país o a otro país por el que transitó. IOM Glossario, 2004

39 Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas
Prevé marcos y procedimientos para la devolución forzada de migrantes, mediante el cual se fijan / asumen compromisos bilaterales. Se pueden fijar mecanismos de protección especiales para migrantes vulnerables. Se puede pactar una colaboración más efectiva entre Estados puede reducir los tiempos de la detención. Se pueden establecer mecanismos para facilitar la identificación y la certificación de la nacionalidad. Especially in EU; Effective readmission: common understading and standardized procedures To establish… rapid and effective procedures for the identification and return of persons who do not, or no longer, fulfil the conditions for entry to, presence in, or residence on a territory” Read out slide European Community readmission agreements EC readmission agreements set out clear obligations and procedures for the European Community, its Member States and third countries as to when and how to take back people illegally resident in the EU. These agreements typically include: technical rules on the readmission procedure and transit operations, including contents and format of readmission applications, means of evidence establishing nationality, time limits for replies to readmission applications, means of transit, etc; rules on costs, data protection, and the protection of other international rights and obligations. Countries that have signed agreements with the EU must readmit their own nationals. In addition the agreements may oblige them to readmit stateless personsand people of other jurisdictions who illegally entered the EU from there, and vice versa. Examples are illegal immigrants in the EU who were also illegal in the country from which they entered, or who had temporary residence permits in that country that have since expired. The Council so far authorised the Commission to negotiate Community readmission agreements with 16 third countries: Albania , Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hong Kong, Macao, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco , Pakistan, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka , Turkey, and Ukraine. The agreements with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hong Kong, Macao, Montenegro, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Ukraine entered into force between 2001 and 2008. Readmission agreements fully respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. They must comply with the 1951 Geneva Convention and the 1967 Protocol on the status of refugees, internal treaties concerning extradition, transit, readmission of foreign nationals and asylum (e.g. the 1990 Dublin Convention) and the 1950 Human Rights Convention.

40 División de costos de repatriación.
Estándares regionales en materia de expulsión y devolución Experiencias prácticas Se pueden establecer mecanismos para que uno u otro país expidan los documentos para la devolución. División de costos de repatriación. Establecimiento de plazos máximos para las diferentes etapas del procedimiento. Especially in EU; Effective readmission: common understading and standardized procedures To establish… rapid and effective procedures for the identification and return of persons who do not, or no longer, fulfil the conditions for entry to, presence in, or residence on a territory” Read out slide European Community readmission agreements EC readmission agreements set out clear obligations and procedures for the European Community, its Member States and third countries as to when and how to take back people illegally resident in the EU. These agreements typically include: technical rules on the readmission procedure and transit operations, including contents and format of readmission applications, means of evidence establishing nationality, time limits for replies to readmission applications, means of transit, etc; rules on costs, data protection, and the protection of other international rights and obligations. Countries that have signed agreements with the EU must readmit their own nationals. In addition the agreements may oblige them to readmit stateless personsand people of other jurisdictions who illegally entered the EU from there, and vice versa. Examples are illegal immigrants in the EU who were also illegal in the country from which they entered, or who had temporary residence permits in that country that have since expired. The Council so far authorised the Commission to negotiate Community readmission agreements with 16 third countries: Albania , Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hong Kong, Macao, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco , Pakistan, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka , Turkey, and Ukraine. The agreements with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hong Kong, Macao, Montenegro, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Ukraine entered into force between 2001 and 2008. Readmission agreements fully respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. They must comply with the 1951 Geneva Convention and the 1967 Protocol on the status of refugees, internal treaties concerning extradition, transit, readmission of foreign nationals and asylum (e.g. the 1990 Dublin Convention) and the 1950 Human Rights Convention.

41 ¡Gracias! 41 41